Anat chapter 18

____________ finishes the process by clotting the blood and protecting the body from excess blood loss.

coagulation

Waste produced in metabolism and amino acids

nonprotein nitrogenous substances

Used and produced during cellular respiration

plasma gases

Transportation

-Blood carries oxygen to the tissues of the body -movement of carbon dioxide from respiring tissues to the lungs -movement of urea to the kidneys

Protection

-Formed elements help destroy pathogens -Globulins sequester and contribute to the elimination of infectious agents

Select all that occur to the components of aged erythrocytes targeted for destruction.

-Heme is altered and excreted in the urine and feces. -Some iron is eliminated in the urine and feces.

Vascular

-The first step in hemostasis -Involves Vasoconstriction

Platelet plug formation

-involves the disruption of prostacyclin -Involves endothelial collagen exposure -The segond stage in hemostasis -Involves degranulation and serotonin, thromboxane A2, and ADP

Organize the steps of the common pathway of blood clotting in the correct sequence from beginning to end.

1. Factor X + Factor II and V, Ca²⁺, and PF₃ 2. Prothrombin activator activates prothrombin Prothrombin activator activates prothrombin 3.Thrombin formed 4.Thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin 5.Fibrin + Ca²⁺ + Activated Factor XIII 6.Fibrin polymer formed

Put the life cycle of an erythrocyte in order, beginning with their formation in red bone marrow.

1.Erythrocytes form in red bone marrow. 2.Erythrocytes circulate for 120 days in the bloodstream. 3.Erythrocytes are phagocytized in the liver and spleen. 4.Hemoglobin is converted to biliverdin.

The cell fragments that are a component of blood are

Platelets

There are ____________ hemostatic phases.

Three

Bilirubin is transported by albumin in the blood to the liver.

True

Transports lipids

alpha and beta globulin

Helps with blood clotting

fibrinogen

A type of antibody for defense

gamma globulin

Vitamins, lipids, sugars, amino acids transported to cells for use in metabolic processes

plasma nutrients

Hemopoiesis occurs in ____________ of certain bones. The process of hemopoiesis starts with hemopoietic stem cells called ____________ . They produce two different lines for blood cell development: The ____________ forms (1) erythrocytes, (2) all leukocytes except lymphocytes, and (3) megakaryocytes. The ____________ forms only lymphocytes. The maturation and division of hemopoietic stem cells is influenced by ____________ . These molecules are all growth factors.

red bone marrow, hemocytoblasts, pluripotent, myeloid line, lymphoid line, colony-stimulating factors

Coagulation

-Also known as clotting -Includes intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms -Includes a vast enzymatic cascade of proteins produced by the liver -The last stage in Hemostasis -Involves the conversion of fibronogen to fibrin

Plasma is composed of about ___________ % water.

92

As blood volume decreases, blood pressure ____________ . If greater than ____________ of the blood volume is lost from the blood vessels, the ____________ division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) is activated, bringing about ____________ vasoconstriction of blood vessels, increased heart rate, and force of heart contraction in an attempt to maintain blood ____________ . These processes are effective in maintaining blood pressure until approximately ____________ of the blood is lost. Blood loss greater than this amount results in insufficient blood ____________ within the blood vessels, and blood pressure decreases to levels unable to support life.

As blood volume decreases, blood pressure decreases. If greater than 10% of the blood volume is lost from the blood vessels, the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) is activated, bringing about increased vasoconstriction of blood vessels, increased heart rate, and increased force of heart contraction in an attempt to maintain blood pressure. Blood flow is also redistributed to the heart and brain. These processes are effective in maintaining blood pressure until approximately 40% of the blood is lost. Blood loss greater than 40% results in insufficient blood volume within the blood vessels, and blood pressure decreases to levels unable to support life.

Regulation

Bicarbonate buffers acids and bases

Type O Blood

Erythrocytes: Neither surface A nor B Plasma: Both Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies

Type A Blood

Erythrocytes: Surface antigen A Plasma: Anti-B antibodies

Type B Blood

Erythrocytes: Surface antigen B Plasma: Anti-A antibodies

Type AB Blood

Erythrocytes: Surface antigens A and B Plasma: Neither anti-A nor Anti-B antibodies

First, ____________ spasm constricts the broken blood vessel, reducing hemorrhage.

Vascular

The first stage of hemostasis is ___________, where the damaged blood vessel constricts suddenly.

Vascular Spasm

When a blood vessel is injured, the first phase in hemostasis to occur is ____________ . This limits the amount of blood that can leak from this damaged vessel. This continues during the next phase, as both ____________ and the ____________ of the blood vessel wall release an array of chemicals to further stimulate this process. The first phase usually lasts ____________ . The more extensive the vessel and tissue damage, the greater the degree of ____________ .

Vascular Spasm; Platelets; Endothelial Cells; From a Few to Many Minutes; Vasoconstriction

In platelet plug formation, a large mass of platelets ____________ and undergo degranulation.

aggregate

Protein that maintains osmotic pressure

albumin