Anatomy 2 Ch 19
Normal average blood pressure for a newborn baby is ________.
90/55
Each of the following describes the action of aldosterone except one. Which of the following does NOT describe the activity of aldosterone hormone? A) It will result in higher sodium levels in the urine. B) It will reduce urine output. C) It promotes an increase in sodium reabsorption from the kidney to the blood. D) It promotes an increase in blood pressure.
A
The abdominal aorta splits into which vessels? A) right and left common iliac arteries B) right and left subclavian arteries C) right and left femoral arteries D) right and left common carotid arteries
A
The pulse rate depends on all of the following except one. Select the one answer the does NOT affect a pulse rate reading. A) the vessel selected to palpate B) postural changes C) emotions D) activity
A
The velocity of blood is slowest in the capillaries and pressure of blood is lowest in the veins. Which of the following is NOT an accurate description of the benefits of slow, low pressure blood in the capillary beds? A) Lower pressure in the capillary bed helps to increase pressure in the venous circulation. B) Lower pressure reduces the chance of injury to delicate capillary vessels. C) Lower pressure on the venous end of the capillary bed allows for greater reabsorption of fluid back to the plasma. D) Slower blood flow through capillaries allows more time for diffusion to take place in the capillary bed.
A
Which of the following does NOT contribute to venous blood pressure? A) venous anastomoses B) increased abdominal pressure during breathing C) skeletal muscle activity D) constriction of smooth muscle around veins by the sympathetic nervous system
A
Which of the following is least involved in pulmonary circulation? A) superior vena cava B) pulmonary arteries and veins C) left atrium D) right ventricle
A
Which of the following is most likely to occur in the arteriovenous shuts present in the blood vessels of the finger tips and toes? A) Colder temperatures will result in vasoconstriction in the arteriovenous shuts. B) Colder temperatures will result in vasodilation in the arteriovenous shuts. C) Exercise will result in vasoconstriction in the arteriovenous shuts. D) Warmer temperatures will result in vasoconstriction in the arteriovenous shuts.
A
Which of the following would NOT be expected from taking a diuretic drug? A) greater stress on the heart to provide adequate perfusion B) lower plasma volume C) decreased blood pressure D) increased urine output
A
Which of the following would NOT result in the dilation of the feeder arterioles and opening of the precapillary sphincters in systemic capillary beds? A) a local increase in pH B) an increase in local tissue carbon dioxide C) a decrease in local tissue oxygen content D) a local increase in histamine
A
A patient with essential hypertension might have pressures of 200/120 mm Hg. This hypertensive state could result in all of the following changes EXCEPT ________. A) increased damage to blood vessel endothelium B) decreased size of the heart muscle C) increased work of the left ventricle D) increased incidence of coronary artery disease
B
During a marathon which of the following hormones is least likely to be released by the runner? A) angiotensin II B) atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) C) antidiuretic hormone (ADH) D) epinephrine
B
Select the correct statement about factors that influence blood pressure. A) Systemic vasodilation would increase blood pressure, due to diversion of blood to essential areas. B) Excess red cell production would cause a blood pressure increase. C) Excess albumin transport protein production would decrease blood pressure. D) An increase in cardiac output corresponds to a decrease in blood pressure, due to the increased delivery.
B
Which of the choices below reflects the balance (or imbalance) between the direction and amount of fluid that flows across the capillary walls? A) plasma and formed element concentration B) hydrostatic and osmotic pressure C) blood volume and viscosity D) hydrostatic pressure only
B
Which of the following statements is NOT true of the precapillary sphincters? A) They regulate the flow of blood to tissues served by the true capillaries. B) They decrease the osmotic pressure in the thoroughfare channel. C) They increase or decrease rates of perfusion to the tissues served by the true capillaries. D) They allow blood to bypass the true capillaries that are fed by the metarteriole.
B
Which of the following statements regarding the hepatic portal system is false? A) It carries nutrients, toxins, and microorganisms to the liver for processing. B) It branches off of the inferior vena cava. C) It consists of a vein connecting two capillary beds together. D) Its major vessels are the superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric, and splenic veins.
B
What is the most significant source of blood flow resistance?
Blood Vessel Diameter
A person suddenly gaining significant amounts of adipose tissue can expect all of the following physiological changes except one. Which of the following is least likely to occur with a sudden and significant gain in adipose tissue? A) increased angiogenesis and higher total peripheral resistance B) higher total peripheral resistance and higher blood pressure C) lower heart rate and reduced blood flow D) increased risk of developing atherosclerosis
C
Arteriolar blood pressure increases in response to all but which of the following? A) rising blood volume B) increasing heart rate C) falling blood volume D) increasing stroke volume E) all of these
C
If a person has lost a significant amount of blood but still maintains a normal blood pressure it does not necessarily mean that the person is maintaining adequate perfusion. Which of the following best explains why this is so? A) The heart has increased its contractile force increasing cardiac output. B) The heart has increased its rate to increase cardiac output. C) Blood vessels are constricting causing greater peripheral resistance. D) The sympathetic nervous system has increased its nervous impulses
C
If a person were to have substantial blood loss, you would expect to see all of the following physiological events to happen EXCEPT one. Select the least likely response to substantial blood loss. A) increasing vasomotor tone B) a weak, thready pulse C) decreased heart rate D) increases total peripheral resistance
C
Which of the following is NOT true regarding fenestrated capillaries? A) Fenestrated capillaries in the small intestine receive nutrients from digested food. B) Fenestrated capillaries in endocrine organs allow hormones rapid entry into the blood. C) Fenestrated capillaries form the blood-brain barrier. D) Fenestrated capillaries are essential for filtration of blood plasma in the kidney.
C
Which of the following processes provides a long-term response to changes in blood pressure? A) baroreceptor-initiated reflexes B) neural controls C) renal regulation D) chemoreceptor-initiated reflexes
C
Which will NOT occur if blood pressure drops below homeostatic levels? A) Cardiac output will increase. B) Vasomotor center of the medulla will trigger vasoconstriction. C) Baroreceptors in the carotid sinuses and aortic arch will be stimulated. D) The cardioacceleratory center of the medulla will be activated.
C
Factors that aid venous return include all EXCEPT ________. A) pressure changes in the thorax B) venous valves C) activity of skeletal muscles D) urinary output
D
Mechanisms that do NOT help regulate blood pressure include ________. A) nervous control that operates via reflex arcs involving baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, and higher brain centers B) chemical controls such as atrial natriuretic peptide C) renal regulation via the renin-angiotensin system of vasoconstriction D) the dural sinus reflex
D
Select the correct statement about blood flow. A) It is greatest where resistance is highest. B) It is relatively constant through all body organs. C) It is measured in mm Hg. D) Blood flow through the entire vascular system is proportional to cardiac output.
D
The baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch are sensitive to which of the following? A) an increase in oxygen levels B) a decrease in carbon dioxide C) a decrease in oxygen levels D) changes in arterial pressure
D
The short-term controls of blood pressure, mediated by the nervous system and bloodborne chemicals, primarily operate via all but which of the following? A) reflex arcs associated with vasomotor fibers B) reflex arcs involving baroreceptors C) chemoreceptors D) altering blood volume
D
Which of the following blood pressure readings would be indicative of hypertension? A) 120/80 B) 140/90 C) 110/60 D) 170/96
D
Which of the following is a type of circulatory shock? A) hypovolemic, caused by increased blood volume B) circulatory, where blood volume is normal and constant C) cardiogenic, which results from any defect in blood vessels D) vascular, due to extreme vasodilation as a result of loss of vasomotor tone
D
Which of the following is likely during vigorous exercise? A) The skin will be cold and clammy. B) Blood will be diverted to the digestive organs. C) Blood flow to the kidneys increases. D) Capillaries of the active muscles will be engorged with blood
D
Which of the following signs of hypovolemic shock is a relatively late sign? A) rapid, thready pulse B) cold, clammy skin C) increased heart rate D) rapidly falling blood pressure
D
The aorta receives the full force of blood exiting the heart during ventricular systole. What best describes the adaptive anatomy of the aorta?
Elastic fibers are extensive in the tunica media of the aorta and dampen the pulse pressure generated by the heart.
(T/F) Arterial pressure in the pulmonary circulation is much higher than in the systemic circulation because of its proximity to the heart.
False
T/F) Osmotic pressure is created by the presence in a fluid of small diffusible molecules that easily move through the capillary wall.
False
Atherosclerosis causes elastic arteries to become less stretchy. How does this affect pulse pressure?
Pulse Pressure is chronically increased
In red bone marrow newly formed blood cells enter the circulation. You would expect to see many ________ type of capillaries in red bone marrow.
Sinusoid capillaries
why are arterioles known as resistance vessels?
The contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscle in their walls can change their diameter.
(T/F) An obstruction in the superior vena cava would decrease the flow of blood from the head and neck to the heart.
True
(T/F) The cerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis) is an arterial anastomosis.
True
(T/F) The pulmonary circulation does not directly serve the metabolic needs of body tissues.
True
T/F) An increase in blood viscosity will cause an increase in total peripheral resistance.
True
T/F) Arteries supplying the same territory are often merged with one another, forming arterial anastomoses.
True
T/F) The adjustment of blood flow to each tissue in proportion to its requirements at any point in time is termed autoregulation.
True
T/F) The carotid sinus reflex protects the blood supply to the brain, whereas the aortic reflex is more concerned with maintaining adequate blood pressure in the systemic circuit as a whole.
True
T/F) Whereas diffusion is more important for solute exchange between plasma and interstitial fluid, bulk flow is more important for regulation of the relative volumes of blood and interstitial fluid.
True
The term ductus venosus refers to
a special fetal vessel that allows umbilical blood to bypass the liver
Brain blood flow autoregulation is abolished when
abnormally high CO2 levels persist
Which statement best describes arteries?
all carry blood away from the heart
Due to the branching of arteries the type of arteries that would be most numerous would be ________
arterioles
The release of which hormone is most likely to cause a reduction in blood volume and pressure?
atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
In general, it is expected that hydrostatic pressure will drop as
blood moves away from the arteriole end of the capillary bed
three important sources of resistance
blood viscosity, vessel length, and vessel diameter
Permitting the exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells is the primary function of ________.
capillaries
which blood vessels lack elastic tissue?
capillaries and venules
in general, it is expected that osmotic pressure will remain relatively consistent throughout the
capillary bed
Reduction in the concentration of albumin in blood plasma would alter capillary exchange by ________.
decreasing colloid osmotic pressure and edema will occur
Blood flow is ________ proportional to the difference in blood pressure. Blood flow is ________ proportional to the total peripheral resistance.
directly; inversely
total peripheral resistance ________.
increases as blood viscosity increases
Cerebral blood flow is regulated by ________.
intrinsic autoregulatory mechanisms
What do the ductus arteriosus and the foramen ovale become at birth?
ligamentum arteriosum and fossa ovalis
The beginning of a true capillary is surrounded by a precapillary sphincter. The opening and closing of precapillary sphincters is controlled by ________.
local chemical conditions
Vessels that carry blood away from the heart and are named by the organs they supply (renal) are ________
muscular arteries
Secondary hypertension can be caused by
obstructed renal arteries, kidney disease, and endocrine disorders like hyperthyroidism and cushing's syndrome
Which of the following contain oxygenated blood? A) pulmonary trunk B) lobar arteries C) pulmonary arteries D) pulmonary veins
pulmonary veins
A thrombus (blood clot) in the first branch of the arch of the aorta would affect the flow of blood to the ________.
right side of the head and neck and right upper arm
blood flow to the skin increases when environmental temperatures _______
rise
The form of circulatory shock known as hypovolemic shock is ________.
shock that results from large-scale loss of blood volume, or after severe vomiting or diarrhea
The influence of blood vessel diameter on total peripheral resistance is ________.
significant because resistance is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the vessel radius (if radius of vessel doubles, resistance drops to one-sixteenth of its original value)
These capillaries may be lined with phagocytes that can extend their process into the plasma to catch "prey."
sinusoid capillaries
pulse pressure =
systolic pressure - diastolic pressure
Where in the body would you find low oxygen levels causing vasoconstriction and high levels causing vasodilation?
the lungs
the velocity of blood flow is slowest in the capillaries because ________
the total cross-sectional area is the greatest
Histologically, the ________ is squamous epithelium supported by a sparse connective tissue layer.
tunica intima
Which structural layer of blood vessels is most responsible for maintaining blood pressure?
tunica media
