Anatomy and Physiology 2: Chapter 18: Blood

name the 2 pathways that initiate clotting

1. intrinsic pathway (common action): 3-6 minutes, inside body; triggered damage inside of the vessel wall and initiated by platelets 2. extrinsic pathway (tissue factor): approx. 15 seconds, outside body, initiated by damage to exterior tissue

what are the 3 stages of hemostasis?

1. vascular spasm: sudden constriction of blood vessels-smooth muscle response 2. platelet plug: formed from platelets arriving at injury site, platelets attached to exposed collagen in torn vessel wall 3. coagulation: blood clotting-clot w/ insoluble PRO network composed of fibrin (4. clot retraction-occurs as clot is forming; fibrinolysis-degradation of fibrin strands by plasmin)

what is the normal pH of blood

7.35-7.45

Plasma is composed of about ___________ % water.

92%

In the breakdown of hemoglobin, the iron A) is transported by transferrin to the liver. B) is transported by transferrin to the spleen. C) is transported by transferrin to the red bone marrow. D) All of the choices are correct. E) None of these choices are correct.

D) All of the choices are correct.

T/F: If an individual's erythrocytes exhibit surface antigen D, the person is said to be Rh negative.

F

Match each phrase to the formed element it describes.

NEUTROPHIL 1) increase in number during bacterial infections ERYTHROCYTE 1) transportation of respiratory gases BASOPHIL 1) initiate the inflammatory response 2) vasodilatory and vasocoagulatory function LYMPHOCYTE 1) includes b-cell and t-cell subpopulations 2) destroy cancerous and virally infected cells 3) differentiate into cells that produce antibodies 4) include memory cell lines EOSINOPHIL 1) increase in number during parasitic infections MONOCYTE 1) differentiate into dendritic cells and tissue macrophages 2) involved with immune clearance

Tiny cell fragments involved in blood clotting

Platelets Thrombocytes

About 95% of the volume of the formed elements; transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

Red blood cells (RBCs) Erythrocytes

T/F: A deficiency in leukocyte number may lead to an increase in opportunistic infections.

T

T/F: Bilirubin is transported by albumin in the blood to the liver.

T

Most of the remaining 5% of the volume of the formed elements; are involved in immunity

White blood cells (WBCs) Leukocytes

Platelets are formed from a. pieces of the megakaryocyte breaking off. b. recycled erythrocytes. c. leukopoiesis. d. lymphoid stem cells.

a

The first stage of hemostasis is ___________, where the damaged blood vessel constricts suddenly. a. vascular spasm b. vascular relaxation c. platelet plug formation d. blood clot formation

a

There are several varieties of leukemia and they are categorized by a. the cell of origin (granulocyte or lymphocyte) and their clinical course (acute vs. chronic). b. the kind of symptoms the person presents with; bleeding, anemia or repeat infections. c. the color and staining properties of the remaining healthy cells of the bone marrow. d. the size of the malignant cells.

a

what are the 3 components of hemoglobin? indicate whether they can be recycled and which ones bind to oxygen

a. 4 iron molecules-bind to oxygen (weakly); recyclable b. 4 globin protein chains (2 alpha, 2 beta)-bind to oxygen; recyclable c. 4 heme groups

list the names and functions of 3 types of blood vessels

a. arteries: transport blood away from heart b. capillaries: permeable, microscopic vessels between arteries and veins; serve as sites of exchange between blood and body tissues; oxygen and nutrients exit blood, carbon dioxide and cellular waste enter blood c. veins: transport blood towards heart

list the 3 types of formed elements:

a. erythrocytes: (RBC) transport respiratory gases in blood b. leukocytes: defend against pathogens c. help clot blood

what are the 2 types of agranulocytes?

a. lymphocytes: 20-40% of leukocytes; T-lymphocytes: manage immune response, B-lymphocytes: become plasma cells that make antibodies, NK cells: attack abnormal and infected tissue cells b. monocytes: 2-8% of leukocytes; take up residence in tissues; transform into macrophages and phagocytize bacteria, viruses, debris

what are they 3 types of granulocytes?

a. neutrophils: most numerous leukocyte in blood; phagocytize bacteria in tissue (number rising dramatically in bacterial infection) b. eosinophils: 1-4% of leukocytes; phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes or allergens, active in cases of parasitic worm infection c. basophils: .5-1% of leukocytes; release histamine and heparin during coagulation

A simple protein that makes up approximately 58% of the plasma proteins. Many act as transport molecules

albumin

what is the most common blood protein and where are most blood proteins made?

albumin-binding proteins; liver

Choose the correct statement regarding the function of platelets. a. Platelets secrete chemicals that repel neutrophils and monocytes. b. Platelets secrete factors that inhibit mitosis in fibroblasts and smooth muscle. c. Platelets secrete procoagulants, or clotting factors, which promote blood clotting. d. Platelets secrete vasodilators. e. Platelets prevent the formation of a clot-dissolving enzyme that dissolves blood clots that have outlasted their usefulness.

c

In the breakdown of hemoglobin, the globin chains a. are converted into biliverdin by macrophages. b. are converted into bilirubin by macrophages. c. are broken down by macrophages into amino acids. d. are stored in various tissues. e. contribute to the color of feces.

c

The aspects of Nathan's blood panel that concerned him were: a. an elevated white blood cell count. b. anemia indicated by a low red blood cell count. c. all listed choices. d. a low platelet count.

c

The underlying problem in all forms of leukemia leading to the patient's clinical symptoms and potentially their death is that a. the remaining healthy bone marrow stem cells begin to proliferate so fast that they run out of nutrients and vitamins and die. b. the malignant cells release agents into the blood stream that cause the stymptoms. c. the clinical symptoms of anemia, bleeding and infections that result from a lack of normal RBCs, WBCs and platelets.

c

what is the last step of common pathway to clotting

clot elimination

Pale color of the skin can be an indication of anemia, however, it isn't always easy to assess this in a person of color. To make a quick assessment of his own status, Nathan looked at a. conjunctiva. b. oral mucus membranes. c. nail beds. d. all listed choices.

d

which hormone controls erythrocyte production? which organ is primary producer?

erythropoietin; kidneys

A protein that forms blood clots

fibrin

A simple protein that makes up approximately 38% of the plasma proteins. Many act as part of the immune system

globulin

The red pigmented protein in erythrocytes that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide is called

hemoglobin

which organ disposes most of the morn out erythrocytes?

liver (or spleen)

The liquid portion of blood connective tissue

plasma

list the 2 major blood components

plasma and formed elements

The cell fragments that are a component of blood are

platelets

Plasma without the clotting factors

serum