Anatomy and Physiology ch. 12, 13, & 14 practice questions

______ acts as cushioning fluid that floats the brain.

CSF (cerebrospinal fluid)

______ bathes the exposed surfaces of the central nervous system.

CSF (cerebrospinal fluid)

The presence of ______ ions causes the synaptic vesicles to bind to the membrane, allowing neurotransmitters to be released.

Calcium

True or false: A neuromodulator is another name for a neurotransmitter.

FALSE A neuromodulator regulates the response of a neuron to a neurotransmitter.

Prefrontal eye field (is part of frontal cortex)

What is C

______ are star shaped.

astrocytes

Ventricles are ______ in the brain.

cavities

One half of the cerebrum is called a ______.

cerebral hemisphere

The ______ are paired, irregular masses of gray matter buried deep within the central white matter in the basal region of the cerebral hemispheres.

cerebral nuclei

Synapses are classified as:

chemical synapses and electrical synapses

Each cerebral hemisphere is divided into five ______.

lobes

The function of a neuron is dependent on ______.

resting membrane potentials changing

The cavities within the brain are called .

ventricles

The measure of the difference in electrical charge between two areas is called a _______.

voltage

Funiculi of the spinal cord are composed of ______ matter.

white

If a subthreshold value is reached on an axon membrane, an action potential ______.

will not occur

Initially, the voltage-gated Na+ channels are closed and the membrane potential is ______ mV. As Na+ flows in the membrane potential changes to ______ mV and the threshold is reached.

-70, -55

Events of an EPSP in order

-Excitatory neurotransmitter released from the presynaptic neuron. - The neurotransmitters bind to chemically -gated sodium channels on the postsynaptic membrane. - Sodium channels open.

The central nervous system is made of the______and spinal _______.

Brain & Cord

CSF is normally a ______ liquid.

Clear, colorless

white and gray matter

In the figure, the letter A is representing ______ matter and the letter B is representing ______ matter.

The electrical gradient in a resting neuron is such that the _______ of the cell is negative relative to the _______ .

Inside or cytosol Outside or interstitial

Repolarization is due to the opening of voltage-gated _______ and the subsequent movement of _____ out of the cell.

K+, K+

Dopamine

Monoamine A neurotransmitter associated with movement, attention and learning and the brain's pleasure and reward system.

The threshold is reached when the ______ ions flow into the cell.

Na+

The nerve impulse has the voltage-gated ______ channels opened first followed by the opening of the voltage-gated ______ channels.

Na+ and K+

Which of the following pumps can you find in the plasma membrane?

Na+, K+, Ca2+

Which of the following membrane transporters are present throughout the membrane of a neuron?

Na+/K+ pumps sodium leak channels potassium leak channels

Neuronal pools are also called ______.

Neuronal pathways and neuronal circuits

The sequential opening of voltage-gated sodium channels is followed by the sequential opening of voltage-gated_______ channels.

Potassium or k+

Na+ and K+ leak channels and Na+/K+ pumps on the neuron are responsible for establishing and maintaining the_______ membrane_______ .

Resting and Potential

The flow of ______ ion is the most common cause of depolarization.

Sodium

The two factors that affect PNS regeneration are ______.

The amount of damage and the distance between injury and the effector organ

left cerebral hemisphere

The figure shows the ______ cerebral hemisphere.

True or false: Graded potentials vary in size depending on the stimulus.

True

True or false: The primary visual area (cortex) interprets incoming visual information.

True

Dendrites

What is A

motor speech area (Broca's area)

What is A

primary gustatory cortex

What is A

Axon

What is B

Primary motor area (cortex)

What is B

primary olfactory cortex

What is B

axon collateral

What is C

primary auditory cortex

What is C

premotor area (PMA)

What is D

primary visual cortex

What is D

terminal extensions

What is D

A synapse is a junction between ______

a neuron and another cell

Action potentials are always propagated along an axon at the same ______ but ______ can vary depending on the strength of the stimulus.

amplitude and frequency

A substance synthesized at the cell body must undergo ______ transport to reach the synaptic knobs.

anterograde

Cells that act as "gatekeepers" that permit materials to pass to the neurons of the brain from the capillaries are called ______.

astrocytes

Which glial cell occupies the space of dying neurons?

astrocytes

The myelin sheath covers ______.

axons of neurons

Cytoplasm within an axon is called ______.

axoplasm

There is a ______- brain barrier that prevents harmful materials from the brain.

blood

Many excitatory neurotransmitters cause the opening of channels that allow for the flow of ______.

both Na+ and K+

Which are components of the central nervous system?

brain and spinal cord

The total length of the axon is called the ______ segment.

conductive

The main activity of the ______ is the propagation of an action potential along the axolemma.

conductive segment

The ______ provides rigid support that protects the brain.

cranium

A positive change in the membrane potential is called ______.

depolarization

Another way for the neurotransmitter to be removed from the synaptic cleft is by ______ where there is uptake by surrounding glial cells.

diffusion

Glial cells ______ transmit electrical impulses.

do not

Creating and transmitting _________ currents is central to the function of neuron physiology.

electrical

A difference in the number of charged particles between two sides of the membrane forms a(n) ______.

electrical gradient

Which of the following are characteristics of neurons?

excitability, conductivity, secretion, extreme longevity, amitotic

A larger axon transmits an impulse ______ than a smaller axon.

faster

A potential that is a temporary change in membrane potential which lasts only as long as the stimulus that causes it and can vary in size is called a ______ potential.

graded

The cerebrum is composed of two halves called the left and right cerebral .

hemispheres

Neuronal pools are made of ______.

interneurons

During an action potential, voltage-gated potassium channels open after voltage-gated sodium channels. The effect this has on the membrane potential is ______.

it becomes less positive and more negative

The myelin sheath is made of a high percentage of ______.

lipids

The protective membranes that surround, stabilize and partition parts of the brain are called the cranial _____.

meninges

The brain interprets the increased frequency of nerve signals as a ______ stimulus.

more intense

______ neurons are most common.

multipolar

Most motor neurons are______

multipolar neurons

The presence of a sheath increases the rate of impulse conduction.

myelin

A cablelike bundle of axons in the peripheral nervous system is called a ______.

nerve

A ______ is the propagation of an action potential along an axon.

nerve impulse

What is the primary tissue of the nervous system?

nervous tissue

The neural plate is induced by the notochord to form a tube.

neural

Neuromodulation alters the response of ______ to neurotransmitters.

neurons

The components of nervous tissue that conduct electrical impulses are ______.

neurons

Neuropeptide

neurotransmitter type that includes protein molecules and shorter chains of amino acids, Ex enkephalin

______ are released from neurons in response to conductive activity.

neurotransmitters

substances that can pass through the blood-brain barrier.

nicotine, alcohol, some anesthetics

Neural tissue begins as a thickening of a portion of the ectoderm that overlies the ______.

notochord

A nerve is part of the ______ nervous system.

peripheral

Voltage is a measure of relative ______ energy.

potential or electrical

Membrane molecules that use the energy of ATP to move ions against a concentration gradient are called _______.

pumps or proteins

______ is the return of polarity from positive back to negative (the RMP).

repolarization

The removal of neurotransmitters from the synaptic cleft by transport into the synaptic knob is known as ______.

reuptake

The representational hemisphere in most people is the ______ hemisphere.

right

Glial cells are ______ than neurons.

smaller

A damaged axon within the PNS can regenerate if Blank______.

some neurilemma remains

The all-or-none law refers to the fact that action potentials will only occur if the initial segment reaches ______.

threshold or -55mV

Vesicles involved in retrograde transport are moving ______ the cell body.

toward

Most of the central white matter is grouped into bundles called ______.

tracts

Glycine

An amino acid; an important inhibitory neurotransmitter in the lower brain stem and spinal cord.

The nerve impulse causes ______ in the number of calcium ions that enter the synaptic knob.

An increase