Anatomy & Physiology- CH 21 The Respiratory System

The process by which dissolved gases are exchanged between the blood and interstitial fluids is external respiration. pulmonary ventilation. internal respiration. breathing. cellular respiration.

internal respiration

During inhalation, a. the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases. b. oxygen molecules move into the lungs, and carbon dioxide molecules move out of the lungs. c. the diaphragm and rib muscles contract. d. the diaphragm relaxes. e. air moves up the trachea.

the diaphragm and rib muscles contract.

When the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract, the volume of the thorax decreases. the lungs shrink. the volume of the thorax increases. expiration occurs. the volume of the lungs decreases.

the volume of the thorax increases

Absorption of O2 from blood and release of CO2 from tissue cells is known as alveolar ventilation. internal respiration. external respiration. pulmonary ventilation. gas diffusion.

internal respiration

The auditory tubes open into the larynx. oropharynx. nasal cavity. laryngopharynx. nasopharynx.

nasopharynx.

The glottis is a flap of elastic cartilage. the opening to the pharynx. the soft tissue that hangs off the end of the soft palate. part of the hard palate. the opening to the larynx.

the opening to the larynx

The opening or closing of the glottis involves rotational movement of the vestibular folds vocal folds. rima glottidis. cricoid cartilages. arytenoid cartilages.

arytenoid cartilages

The most important chemical regulator of respiration is carbon dioxide. bicarbonate ion. hemoglobin. oxygen. sodium ion.

Carbon dioxide

The right lung has ________; the left lung has ________. two lobes; two lobes three lobes; three lobes two lobes; three lobes three lobes; two lobes None of the answers is correct.

three lobes; two lobes

________ is the amount of air that moves into the respiratory system during a single respiratory cycle under resting conditions. Expiratory reserve volume Inspiratory reserve volume Residual volume Tidal volume Inspiratory capacity

tidal volume

If a patient being tested inhales as deeply as possible and then exhales as much as possible, the volume of air expelled would be the patient's vital capacity. reserve volume. total lung capacity. tidal volume. expiratory reserve volume.

vital capacity

The vocal ligaments are found in the rima glottidis. vestibular folds. aryepiglottic folds. vocal folds. cricoid cartilage.

vocal folds

Which of the following statements is true regarding partial pressure and the diffusion of gases in the body? a. The partial pressure of oxygen in the systemic capillary is 40 mm of Hg before it moves into the interstitial fluid. b. Internal respiration involves the diffusion of oxygen from the alveolus into the pulmonary capillary. c. If the partial pressure of oxygen in the interstitial fluid is lower than the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the interstitial fluid, carbon dioxide will not diffuse from the interstitial fluid into the systemic circulation. d. In internal respiration, the PCO2 in the systemic capillary is 40, while the PCO2 in the interstitial fluid is 45. e. The partial pressure of oxygen in the pulmonary circulation as it returns to the heart is 95 mm of Hg.

d. In internal respiration, the PCO2 in the systemic capillary is 40, while the PCO2 in the interstitial fluid is 45.

The apneustic centers promote quiet inhalation by stimulating the dorsal respiratory group (DRG). pre-Bötzinger complex. ventral respiratory group (VRG). pneumotaxic centers. None of the answers is correct. The apneustic centers cannot promote inhalation.

dorsal respiratory group (DRG)

Compare dysplasia, metaplasia, neoplasia, and anaplasia.

Dysplasia is the development of abnormal cells; metaplasia is the development of abnormal changes in tissue structure; neoplasia is the conversion of normal cells to tumor cells; and anaplasia is the spread of the malignant cells throughout the body.

Which statement is correct? View Available Hint(s) a. As oxygen diffuses from the lungs into capillaries, blood becomes deoxygenated. b. Oxygen is released from the mitochondria as a product of cellular respiration. c. In the blood, oxygen is bound to hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells. d. Carbon dioxide diffuses from the alveoli into surrounding capillaries. e. Oxygen diffuses from large blood vessels into the body's cells.

In the blood, oxygen is bound to hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells.

Which is true regarding the compliance of the lungs? The lower the compliance, the less easily air flows along the conducting passages. The greater the compliance, the greater the tension in the walls of the lungs at a given volume. Arthritis increases compliance. The loss of supporting tissues decreases compliance.

The lower the compliance, the less easily air flows along the conducting passages.

Each terminal bronchiole supplies air directly to a single alveolar duct. a single pulmonary lobule. about 6500 bronchioles. several alveolar sacs. over 150 million alveoli.

a single pulmonary lobule

Explain the relationship among BPG, oxygen, and hemoglobin. (Module 21.13C) a. BPG is a compound generated by RBCs that decreases hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen. If the concentration of BPG increases, the amount of oxygen released by hemoglobin will increase. b. BPG is a compound generated by RBCs that increases hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen. If the concentration of BPG increases, the amount of oxygen released by hemoglobin will decrease. c. BPG is a compound generated by RBCs that decreases hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen. If the concentration of BPG increases, the amount of oxygen released by hemoglobin will decrease. d. BPG is a compound generated by RBCs that increases hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen. If the concentration of BPG increases, the amount of oxygen released by hemoglobin will increase.

a. BPG is a compound generated by RBCs that decreases hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen. If the concentration of BPG increases, the amount of oxygen released by hemoglobin will increase.

From which structures do oxygen molecules move from the lungs to the blood? Alveoli Bronchioles Trachea Nose Bronchi

alveoli

Where does gas exchange between the air and the lungs occur? (Module 21.1A) segmental bronchi bronchioles alveoli lobar bronchi trachea

alveoli

If the fluid bond between the parietal and visceral pleura is broken and the lung collapses, the resulting condition is termed apnea. atelectasis. anaplasia. metaplasia. emphysema.

atelectasis

Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as bicarbonate ions. carbonic acid. solute dissolved in the plasma. carbaminohemoglobin. solute dissolved in the cytoplasm of red blood cells.

bicarbonate ions

Are chemoreceptors more sensitive to blood CO2 levels or blood O2 levels? (Module 21.17A) blood O2 levels blood CO2 levels

blood CO2 levels

A mucosa consists of a. both an underlying layer of areolar tissue and stratified squamous cells. b. stratified squamous cells. c. both an epithelium and an underlying layer of areolar tissue. d. an underlying layer of areolar tissue. e. an epithelium.

c. both an epithelium and an underlying layer of areolar tissue.

How are hypoxia and anoxia different? (Module 21.8B) a. Hypoxia is low tissue oxygen levels; anoxia is low tissue carbon dioxide levels. b. Hypoxia is low lung oxygen levels; anoxia is low lung carbon dioxide levels. c. Hypoxia is low lung carbon dioxide levels; anoxia is low lung oxygen levels. d. Hypoxia is low tissue carbon dioxide levels; anoxia is low tissue oxygen levels. e. Hypoxia is low tissue oxygen levels; anoxia is the complete cutoff of oxygen supply.

e. Hypoxia is low tissue oxygen levels; anoxia is the complete cutoff of oxygen supply.

Which of the following is defined as the amount of air remaining in the lungs after one has completed a quiet respiratory cycle? functional residual capacity (FRC) expiratory reserve volume (ERV) tidal volume (VT) inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

functional residual capacity (FRC)

The ________ is a depression in the lung that allows attachment of the primary bronchi, pulmonary vessels, and other structures. root apex base cardiac notch hilum

hilum

Hemoglobin is the site of cellular respiration. is found in blood plasma. uses ATP to move oxygen from blood to body cells. is a protein that can bind four molecules of oxygen. has five subunits.

is a protein that can bind four molecules of oxygen.

Which of the following statements about the chloride shift is false? It involves a movement of chloride ion into RBCs. It is driven by a rise in PCO2. It involves a movement of bicarbonate ions into the plasma. It depends on the chloride-bicarbonate countertransport mechanism. It causes RBCs to swell.

it causes RBCs to swell

After blood becomes oxygenated, a. it does not return to the heart, but goes directly to the lungs. b. it does not return to the heart, but goes directly to capillaries that supply the body's cells with oxygen. c. it returns to the heart, and is then pumped to the lungs. d. it returns to the heart, and is then pumped to body cells. e. it does not return to the heart, but goes to the nose and mouth.

it returns to the heart, and is then pumped to body cells.

The pneumotaxic center of the pons modifies the rate and depth of breathing. both prolongs inspiration and modifies the rate and depth of breathing. suppresses the expiratory center in the medulla. sets the at-rest respiratory pattern. prolongs inspiration.

modifies the rate and depth of breathing.

The beating of the cilia of the respiratory passages in the direction of the pharynx forms the respiratory defense system. conducting portion of the respiratory tract. lamina propria. respiratory mucosa. mucus escalator.

mucus escalator

Emphysema: a. is a condition characterized by conducting passageways that are extremely sensitive to irritants. b. occurs in individuals identified as blue bloaters. c. is a long-term inflammation and swelling of the bronchial lining. d. occurs due to the destruction of alveolar surfaces and inadequate surface area for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange.

occurs due to the destruction of alveolar surfaces and inadequate surface area for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange.

The respiratory mucosa of the conducting airways consists of ciliated squamous epithelium. moist cuboidal epithelium. pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. surfactant cells. simple squamous epithelium

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

During a choking episode, most foreign objects are more likely to become lodged in the ________ bronchus due to its larger diameter and steeper angle. right secondary right primary left primary left secondary None of the answers are more likely.

right primary

The respiratory membrane of the gas exchange surfaces consists of moist cuboidal epithelium. simple squamous epithelium. pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. ciliated squamous epithelium. surfactant cells.

simple squamous epithelium

Which of the following statements regarding tobacco smoking and lung damage is true? a. Twenty-five percent of lung cancers are the direct result of cigarette smoking. b. The incidence of lung cancer is greater among women than men. c. Anaplasia is reversible if a person stops smoking. d. Cancer rates are the same for smokers and non-smokers. e. Neoplasia is not reversible, even if the person stops smoking, but can be treated by surgery

Neoplasia is not reversible, even if the person stops smoking, but can be treated by surgery

What pressures determine the direction of airflow within the respiratory tract? (Module 21.9C) a. The sinus cavity pressures and the intrapulmonary pressure b. The intrapulmonary pressure and the atmospheric pressure c. The intrapleural pressure and the intrapulmonary pressure d. The intratracheal pressure and intrapulmonary pressure e. The sinus cavity pressures and the atmospheric pressure

The intrapulmonary pressure and the atmospheric pressure

Which ventilates alveoli more effectively: slow, deep breaths or rapid, shallow breaths? Explain why. (Module 21.11C) a. Rapid, shallow breaths because a larger amount of the tidal volume of each breath is spent moving air into and out of the anatomic dead space. b. Slow, deep breaths because a smaller amount of the tidal volume of each breath is spent moving air into and out of the anatomic dead space. c. Slow, deep breaths because a larger amount of the tidal volume of each breath is spent moving air into and out of the anatomic dead space. d. Rapid, shallow breaths because a smaller amount of the tidal volume of each breath is spent moving air into and out of the anatomic dead space.

b. Slow, deep breaths because a smaller amount of the tidal volume of each breath is spent moving air into and out of the anatomic dead space.

Distinguish between the conducting portion and respiratory portion of the respiratory tract. (Module 21.1B) a. The conducting portion includes the trachea, bronchi, larger bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles and alveoli. The respiratory portion includes the nasal cavity and extends through the pharynx and larynx. b. The conducting portion includes the nasal cavity and extends through the pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and larger bronchioles. The respiratory portion includes the respiratory bronchioles and alveoli. c. The conducting portion includes the nasal cavity and extends through the pharynx and larynx. The respiratory portion includes the trachea, bronchi, larger bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles and alveoli. d. The conducting portion of the respiratory tract includes the respiratory bronchioles and alveoli. The respiratory portion includes the nasal cavity and extends through the pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and larger bronchioles. e. The conducting portion includes the nasal cavity and pharynx. The respiratory portion includes the larynx, trachea, bronchi, larger bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, and alveoli.

b. The conducting portion includes the nasal cavity and extends through the pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and larger bronchioles. The respiratory portion includes the respiratory bronchioles and alveoli.

During exercise, hemoglobin releases more oxygen to active skeletal muscles than it does when those muscles are at rest. Why? (Module 21.13B) a. Decreased temperature and increased pH generated by active skeletal muscles cause hemoglobin to release more oxygen during exercise than when the muscles are at rest. b. Decreased temperature and decreased pH generated by active skeletal muscles cause hemoglobin to release more oxygen during exercise than when the muscles are at rest. c. Increased temperature and decreased pH generated by active skeletal muscles cause hemoglobin to release more oxygen during exercise than when the muscles are at rest. d. Increased temperature and increased pH generated by active skeletal muscles cause hemoglobin to release more oxygen during exercise than when the muscles are at rest. e. Decreased temperature and increased oxygen generated by active skeletal muscles cause hemoglobin to release more oxygen during exercise than when the muscles are at rest.

c. Increased temperature and decreased pH generated by active skeletal muscles cause hemoglobin to release more oxygen during exercise than when the muscles are at rest.

Which of the following is the best explanation for the C shape of the tracheal cartilages? a. It facilitates turning of the head. b. Large masses of air can pass through the trachea. c. Large masses of food can pass through the esophagus during swallowing. d. Cartilage can constrict during an asthma attack. e. Cartilage can change shape during sympathetic activation.

c. Large masses of food can pass through the esophagus during swallowing.