Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 1 Atlas A

organ systems

1. Integumentary- organs includes skin, hair, nails, cutaneuous glands. Protect, retain water, vitamin D synthesis, cutaneous sensation, nonverbal communication 2. Skeletal-Bones, cartilages, ligaments. Support, movement, protective enclosure of viscera, blood formation, storage, acid base balance 3. Muscular-skeletal muscles. Movement, stability, communication, control of body openings, heat production 4. Nervous- Brain, spinal cord, nerves, ganglia. Rapid internal communication, coordination, motor control and sensation 5. Endocrine-Pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, thymus, pancreas, testes, ovaries. Hormone reproduction, internal chemical communication and coordination 6. Circulatory system- heart and blood vessels. Distributes nutrients, oxygen, wastes, hormones,electrolytes,heat,immune cells and antibodies, fluid, electrolyte and acid base balance. 7. Lymphatic/immune-lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, thymus, spleen and tonsils. Recovery of excess tissue fluid, detection of pathogens. Production of immune cells, defense against disease. 8. Respiratory system- Nose, pharynx,larynx,trachea, bronchi, lungs. Absorption of oxygen, discharge of carbon dioxide, acid-base balance, speech. 9. Urinary-kidneys, ureters,urinary bladder, urethra. Eliminates wastes, regulates blood volume and pressure. Stimulation of red blood cell formation. Control of fluid, electrolyte, and acid base balance. Detox. 10. Digestive system-teeth, tongue,salivary glands, esophagus,stomach,small and large intestines,liver,gallbladder,pancreas. Nutrient breakdown and absorption,liver functions include metabolism of carbs, lipids,proteins,vitamins and minerals. Synthesis of plasma proteins toxins and hormones. Cleans blood. 11. Reproductive Men-testes, epididymides,spermatic ducts,seminal vesicles, prostate gland,penis, bulbourethral glands. Production and delivery of sperm, secretes sex hormones. Women-ovaries, uterine tubes,uterus,vagina,mammary glands. Production of eggs, site of fertlization and fetal development, fetal nourishment, birth, lactation, secretion of sex hormones.

Feedback loops

Feedback mechanisms alter the original changes that triggered them ex. fever as a result of infection

characteristics of life

Organization- living things exhibit afar higher level of organization than the nonliving world around them. • Cellular composition-living matter is always compartmentalized into one or more cells. • Metabolism-Living things take in molecules from the environment and chemically change the into molecules that form their own structures, control their physiology, or provide them with energy. Sum of all internal chemical change. Requires excretion, separation of wastes from the tissues and their elimination from the body. Consists of two classes: anabolism and catabolism • Responsiveness and movement-the ability of organisms to sense and react to simuli(changes in their environment) • Homeostasis- ability to maintain internal stability • Development-change in form or function over the lifetime of the organism. 1.differentiation the transformation of cells with no function into cells that commit to a task 2. Growth-an increase in size • Reproduction-all living organisms can produce copies of themselves • Evolution- all living species exhibit generic change from generation to generation and therefore evolve.

Cell theory

Schleidan and Schwann discovered that all organisms were composed of cells

homeostasis

ability to maintain internal stability

superior

above

lateral

away from medial plane

Cells

basic function of life

inferior

below

tissues

cells or cell productions that form a region within a organ

superficial

closer to body surface

proximal

closer to the point of attachment or origin

molecules

composed of atoms

organs

composed of two or more tissues to perform a specific function

Abdominopelvic Cavity

consists of the abdomininal cavity superiorly and the pelvic cavity inferiorly. The abdominal cavity contains most of the digestive organs as well as the spleen, kidneys and ureters. • Abdominal cavity • Pelvic cavity • Associated viscera- digestive organs, spleen, kidneys, bladder, rectum, reproductive organs • Membranous lining- peritoneum for both sets of organs

Robert Hooke

designed the first compound microscope

Antony Van Leeuwenhock

designed the simple microscope but had better magnification.

traverse

divides body into upper and lower portions

median plane

divides body or organ into equal halves

deep

farther from body surface

distal

farther from the point of attachment or origin

Harvey and Servetus

first western scientists to learn that blood must circulate continuously around the body

Moses ben Maimon

fled jewish persecution at 24. wrote of jewish law and theology and also wrote 10 influential medical books

organ systems

group of organs with a unique collective function. ex. respiratory, reproductive

Versailus

opposed Galen and proved him wrong. Wrote and published first atlas on anatomy called on structure of the human body

sagittal plane

passes vertically through the body or an organ and divides it into right or left positions. : :

frontal plane

perpendicular to sagittal plane and divides the body into front and back portions.

negative feedback

process in which the body senses a change and activates mechanisms that negate or reverse it.

positive feedback

self-amplifying cycle in which a physiological change leads to even greater change in the same direction

organism

single, complete individual

Atoms

smallest particles with unique chemical identities

organelles

structures within a cell

physiology

study of function

anatomy

study of structure

posterior

toward dorsal side (back)

medial

toward the medial plane

anterior

toward ventral side (front)

Dorsal

towards the back or spine

Ventral

towards the front or belly

Avicenna

wrote the cannon of medicine. Galen of Islam

Thoracic Cavity

• 2 pleural cavities • Pericardial cavity • Associated Viscera-Lungs and Heart • Membraneous Lining-Pericardium

Cranial cavity

• Associated Viscera-Brain • Membranous Lining-Meninges is enclosed by the cranium and contains the brain.

vertebral canal

• Associated Viscera-Spinal cord • Membraneous Lining-Meninges enclosed by the vertebral column and contains the spinal cord

axial

• Axial region consists of the head, neck, and trunk • Trunk is divided into thoracic region above the diaphragm and abdominal region is below it. • Regions are divided into quadrants • Abdomen can also be divided into regions • Midclavicular line passes through the midpoint of the clavicle • Subcostal line connects the inferior borders of the lowest costal cartilages (Superior horizontal line) • Intertubercular line passes from left to right between the tubercles of the pelvis. • Three lateral regions from upper to lower are hypochondriac, lumbar, inguinal • Three medial regions from upper to lower are epigastric, umbilical, and hypogastic

Appendicular

• The appendicular region of the body consists of the upper and lower limbs. The upper limb includes the arm, forearm, wrist, hand, and fingers. The lower limb includes the thigh, leg, ankle, foot, and toes. • A segment of a limb is a region between one joint and the next. The arm is the segment between the shoulder and elbow joints.