Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 19 Test Review

rhythm method

a method that is less reliable than some other methods of contraceptions because it is difficult to pinpoint the date of ovulation, especially if the period is irregular

male

are made up from puberty up to old age (male reproductive cell/female reproductive cell)

symptoms of STDs

burning or pain during urination or intercourse, pain in lower abdomen, discharge from abdomen or penis, pain, itching, or inflammation in genital or anal area, sores, blisters, bumps, warts, rash anywhere on body, especially genitals or mouth, itchy, runny eyes are all _____

male & female

called gametes (male reproductive cell/female reproductive cell)

female

called oocytes (male reproductive cell/female reproductive cell)

male

called sperm (male reproductive cell/female reproductive cell)

AIDS

caused by HIV; symptoms of fever, weakness, infections; treatment: drugs have been developed to treat or delay symptoms

gonorrhea

caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae bacteria, if not treated can cause scarring on fallopian tubes or infertility; usually no symptoms on women, painful urination & discharge in men; can be treated by antibiotics, if not treated can cause scarring in fallopian tubes or infertility

chlamydia

caused by chlamydia bacteria; symptoms of painful urination & intercourse, mucous discharge from penis or vagina; treatment: can be treated by antibiotics

genital herpes

caused by herpes simplex 1 or 2 virus; symptoms of genital sores, fever; treatment: can be treated by antiviral drugs

genital warts

caused by human papilloma virus; symptoms of warts appearing on the genitals; treatment: can be treated by chemical or surgical removal

syphillis

caused by treponema pallidum bacteria, if not treated can be years between symptoms but then organ damage, brain damage; symptoms of sores on genitals or mouth, rash; can be treated by antibiotics, if not treated can be years between symptoms but then organ damage, brain damage

epididymis

coiled tubes above testes, sperm collect & mature here

seminiferous tubules

coiled tubes with spermatocytes in them, where sperm are made

chemical methods of contraception

creams, foams, jellies with spermicidal properties are all _____; fairly easy to use but have high failure rate if used alone

luteal stage

follicle cells become corpus luteum, which produces progesterone

follicular stage

follicle develops, preparing & nourishing oocyte

ovulation

follicle ruptures, releasing oocyte to travel into fallopian tubes

seminal vesicle

gland inferior to bladder that makes seminal fluid, fructose, & prostaglandins

prostate

gland that surrounds urethra, makes alkaline fluid, just inferior to rectum

uterus

hallow, muscular organ w/ three layers of wall; site of developing fetus

male & female

has 23 chromosomes (male reproductive cell/female reproductive cell)

male

has head with acrosome, body, flagella (male reproductive cell/female reproductive cell)

oral contraceptives, the pill

has synthetic estrogen & progesterone; prevent the LH surge that triggers ovulation; interferes with buildup of uterine lining/prevents implantation; 91% effective; side effects including nausea, weight gain, skin changes, breast soreness, risk of blood clot

using condoms

how can STDs be avoided

implant

implanted in arm; releases progesterone for 3 years; reversible; side effects similar to other hormonal birth control; 99%+ effective

male & female

is considered haploid (male reproductive cell/female reproductive cell)

injectable contraceptives, the shot

medoxyprogesterone acetate; prevents maturation & release of oocyte, also makes uterine lining less hospitable; prevents pregnancy for 3 months; side effects of acne, bleeding, depression, headaches, body hair growth, etc

condom, female condom, diaphragm, & cervical cap

methods of contraception that use mechanical barriers

vasectomy/tubal ligation

non-hormonal, very little side effects; 99%+ effective

hormonal methods of contraception

oral contraceptives such as the pill, injectable contraceptives such as the shot, or the implant are all _____

penis

organ with erectile tissue, glans, foreskin

testosterone

produces secondary sex characteristics

menstruation

progesterone level drops & endometrium lining is shed

LH

promotes interstitial cells to make testosterone

GnRH

promotes pituitary gland to make LH & FSH

FSH

promotes seminiferous tubules to respond to testosterone

rhythm/NFP/old calendar method

requires abstinence for a few days around ovulation; difficult to pinpoint date of ovulation, especially if period is irregular; 76% effective

vagina

site of intercourse/birth canal/conveys uterine secretions

intrauterine devices (IUD)

small, solid object placed by a doctor in the uterine cavity; interferes with implantation; 99.5-99.8% effective; side effects of abdominal pain or bleeding, uterine injury

bulbourethral gland

smallest gland that makes lubricating fluod

fallopian tubes

structures about 10 cm long that provide pathway for oocytes to uterus/also site of fertilization

inhibin

tells the brain to slow production of hormones

ovary

the primary reproductive organ/has oocytes in it

subcutaneous tissue

the structure of a mammary gland is included inside of the breast's _____ (lowermost skin layer)

ovarian hormones

these stimulate the development of breasts in mammary glands of females

breast cancer

thickened tissue, dimples, changes in contour, flattened nipple or changes in nipple, & discharge from nipple are all warning signs of _____

urethra

tube that runs through center of penis, conveys urine & semen

vas deferens

tune that runs from epididymis to ejaculatory duct, carries sperm

menopause

usually happens about age 50+, occurs because the ovaries are aging, is when ovulation & menstruating stop happening

stimulated the follicle to start developing

what does FSH do in the female reproductive cycle

spikes mid-cycle to stimulate ovulation

what does LH do in the female reproductive cycle

increases during the follicular phase, triggers pituitary to release LH & FSH, also causes secondary sex characteristics

what does estrogen do in the female reproductive cycle

slowly increases late in the cycle, supports growth of endometrium

what does progesterone do in the female reproductive cycle

secretes FSH & LH

what does the anterior pituitary do in the female reproductive cycle

secretes GnRH

what does the hypothalamus do in the female reproductive cycle

menstruation begins

what happens on day 1 of the cycle

coitus interruptus

withdrawal method; penis is withdrawn from vagina before ejaculation; 78% effective; can be difficult to do, also small amount of semen w/ sperm can come out of penis before ejaculation

body fluids such as blood & semen

STDs can be passed from person to person by contact of _____

true

T/F of oocytes; each one is developed within a follicle

false

T/F of oocytes; there are only about 1,000 in each ovary at birth

false

T/F of oocytes; they are formed in the medulla of ovaries

true

T/F of oocytes; they are triggered to develop by FSH

false

T/F of oocytes; when they divide, they divide evenly so that 4 equal sized eggs are produced each month