Anatomy & Physiology Exam 2

bone 3 _______ and suture that unites this bone to the left parietal bone is the _______ suture.

- Left temporal bone - Squamous

Fossa

Bone depression

The synovial joint between the atlas and axis is a: A. Ellipsoidal joint B. Ball-and-socket joint C. Hinge joint D. Pivot joint

D. Pivot joint

Lies at the junctions between the squamous and coronal sutures

Sphenoid fontanel

(Additional Structures) The most medial portion of the clavicle is called the

Sternal end

Epiphyseal line

The area of bone where the epiphyseal plate used to be between the diaphysis and epiphysis. Was cartilage, in maturity it's bone

Kyphosis

Thoracic and sacral

Check all answers that describe the hyoid bone. (select all that apply) - It is a paired bone - It is an U-shaped bone - It is located between the maxillae and the mandible - This bone does not articulate with any other bone - It is part of the appendicular skeleton

- It is an U-shaped bone - This bone does not articulate with any other bone

Check all that apply with regards to the sternum. - It is made of the fusion of the manubrium, the body and xiphoid process - It will articulate with all ribs anteriorly - It articulates with the scapula - It is a paired bone - It is part of the axial skeleton - It articulates with the clavicle

- It is made of the fusion of the manubrium, the body and xiphoid process - It is part of the axial skeleton - It articulates with the clavicle

The sphenoid sinus is located in which bone? _______ Is this bone cranial or facial? _______

- Sphenoid - Cranial

(Upper Limb Articulations) How many phalanges are there total in one hand?

14

Deposition of new calcium and phosphorus for hardening of new bone

Bone remodeling phase

This mineral is the most abundant in bones

Calcium

The cells that produce cartilage matrix is:

Chondroblasts

Structurally, joints are classified as: fibrous joint, cartilaginous joint and synovial joint. Match their definitions below. Fibrous Joint Cartilaginous Joint Synovial Joint

Fibrous Joint --> Connected by fibrous connective tissue Cartilaginous Joint --> Connected by cartilage Synovial Joint --> Connected by both

Forehead bone

Frontal

In this type of cartilage growth, cells in the center of the tissue divide and add more matrix in between existing cells

Interstitial growth

Tiny bones that contain tear ducts

Lacrimal

(Lower Limb Articulations) The lateral femoral condyle articulates with which bone feature?

Lateral tibial condyle

Clavicle

Long bone

Bones that have greater length than width

Long bones

Body releases calcium when calcium blood levels are too:

Low

(Lower Limb Articulations) This bone feature is located on the distal portion of the tibia and articulates with the talus to form part of the ankle joint.

Medial malleolus

The bones will provide an attachment point for these structures

Muscle tendons

Tubercle

Projections for ligament and tendon attachment

Carpals

Short

Sella turcica

Sphenoid

Functionally, joints are classified as: synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis and diarthrosis. Match their definitions below. Synarthrosis Amphiarthrosis Diarthrosis

Synarthrosis --> Immovable Amphiarthrosis --> Somewhat movable Diarthrosis --> Freely movable

Diaphysis

The elongated shaft/body of a long bone

Epiphysis

The ends of the long bone that have articulations with other bones

Central canal

The space in the center of the osteon to allow blood flow into bone tissue

Vomer Bone Appendicular or Axial: Paired or Unpaired:

Vomer Bone - Axial - Unpaired

Bone(s) that form(s) the nasal septum

Vomer and ethmoid

Occurs at an angle that is not 90 degrees

Oblique fracture

Posterior bone of the hard palate

Palatine

Creates cavities that will house important organs

Protection of internal organs

This compound, present in cartilage, makes the cartilage resilient by trapping water

Proteoglycans

Medullary cavity

The space inside bone that houses bone marrow

Sphenoid Bone Appendicular or Axial: Paired or Unpaired:

Sphenoid Bone - Axial - Unpaired

Synchondrosis structure _______ and function _______

Cartilaginous joint Amphiarthrosis/ synarthrosis

Bone(s) that form(s) the chin

Mandible

Ribs

Flat bone

Cheek bone

Zygomatic

Meatus

Bone opening

Hard palate

Maxillae and palatines

Addition of minerals and collagen fibers to bone by osteoblasts

Bone deposition

Match the type of vertebrae on the left with the correct number of vertebrae on the right. Cervical: Thoracic: Lumbar: Sacral: Coccyx:

Cervical: 7 Thoracic: 12 Lumbar: 5 Sacral: 5 fused Coccyx: 3-5 fused

Crista galli

Ethmoid

Lies at the junctions between the squamous and lambdoid sutures

Mastoid fontanel

Infraorbital foramen

Maxilla

Of the vetebrae bone features below, choose the ones that are standard features, which means that it belongs to ALL vertebrae (cervical, thoracic and lumbar). (choose ALL that apply) - Costal facets - Sacral foramen - Dens - Intervertebral foramen - Articular facets - Transverse foramen - Transverse process - Vertebral foramen - Spinous process

- Articular facets - Transverse process - Vertebral foramen

The ethmoid sinus is located in which bone? _______ Is this bone cranial or facial? _______

- Ethmoid - Cranial

Which of the following bone features are only found in cervical vertebrae? (choose ALL that apply) - Largest vertebral foramen when compared to other vertebrae - Split spinous process - Dens - Articular Facets - Smallest centrum when compared to other vertebrae - Largest centrum when compared to other vertebrae - Smallest vertebral foramen when compared to other vertebrae - Transverse process - Costal facets - Transverse foramen

- Largest vertebral foramen when compared to other vertebrae - Split spinous process - Dens - Smallest centrum when compared to other vertebrae - Transverse foramen

bone 4 _______ and suture that unites this bone to the left parietal bone is the _______ suture.

- Occipital bone - Lambdoidal

Check all answers that describe the ossicles. (select all that apply) - Made up of four bones, which are the tympanic, malleus, incus and stapes - Smallest bones in the body - Part of the axial skeleton - Located in the inner ear - Helps with hearing

- Smallest bones in the body - Part of the axial skeleton - Helps with hearing

Which of the bone features below is only found in the lumbar vertebrae? (choose ALL that apply) - Smallest vertebral foramen when compared to other vertebrae - Transverse foramen - Articular facets - Largest vertebral foramen when compared to other vertebrae - Largest centrum when compared to other vertebrae - Ala - Vertebral foramen - Transverse process - Smallest centrum when compared to other vertebrae - Dens

- Smallest vertebral foramen when compared to other vertebrae - Largest centrum when compared to other vertebrae

Place the endochondral ossification events listed on RIGHT column in the order in which they occur. 1: 2: 3: 4: 5: 6: 7:

1: Development of cartilage model --> mesenchymal cells develop into chondroblasts, which form the cartilage model 2: Growth of cartilage model --> growth occurs by cell division of chondrocytes and formation of bone collar 3: Development of primary ossification center --> in diaphysis, bone tissue has replaced most of cartilage 4: Development of the medullary (marrow) cavity --> bone breakdown by osteoclasts forms the medullary cavity 5: Development of secondary ossification centers--> these occur in the epiphyses of the bone 6: Formation of epiphyseal plate between diaphysis and epiphyses 7: Closure of epiphyseal plate and formation of epiphyseal line

(UL V. LL Anatomy) The pectoral girdle is formed by _______bone(s). The pelvic girdle is formed by _______bone(s).

2;1

The main function of a fibrous joint is to: A. Provide stability between two bones B. Allow motion to occur between two bones C. Unite two bones with a synovial cavity D. Unite two bones with cartilage allow some motion while still E. Providing stability between two bones

A. Provide stability between two bones

What bone makes up the superior portion of the lateral side of the cranium? A. Occipital bone B. Parietal bone C. Frontal bone D. Temporal bone E. Zygomatic bone

B. Parietal bone

Fissure

Bone opening

Forman

Bone opening

Ongoing replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue

Bone remodeling

This body structure acts to store calcium

Bones

There are two joints between the thoracic vertebrae and ribs. Which of the following pairs of bone features articulate with one another to form one of these joints? A. Spinous process; rib head B. Costal facet on the transverse process; rib head C. Costal facet of the centrum; rib head D. Spinous process; rib tubercle E. Costal facet on the centrum; rib tubercle

C. Costal facet of the centrum; rib head

The crista galli is a bone feature found on which of the following bones? A. Frontal B. Cribriform plate C. Ethmoid D. Sphenoid E. Vomer

C. Ethmoid

When calcium levels in the blood fall below homeostasis, which bone cells act to raise calcium levels and through what mechanism? A. Osteoclast; deposition B. Osteoblast; resorption C. Osteoclast; resorption D. Osteoblast; deposition

C. Osteoclast; resorption

This bone feature which is present in all vertebra, except the atlas, projects posteriorly and appears thickest and most blunt in lumbar vertebra. A. Superior articulating process B. Centrum C. Spinous process D. Transverse process E. Inferior articulating process

C. Spinous process

If osteoclast activity exceeds osteoblast activity, how will the mass of the bone be affected? A. The bone would have an increased mineral content and, as a result, it would also be stronger. B. Mineralization of the bone would occur at a much slower rate. C. The bone would have a decreased mineral content and, as a result, it would also be weaker. D. Matrix deposition would occur at a much slower rate and therefore resorption would occur at a slower rate as well.

C. The bone would have a decreased mineral content and, as a result, it would also be weaker.

(Additional Structures) The ligament on the plantar portion of the foot that puts an extra "spring" in your step connects what two tarsal bones together?

Calcaneus; navicular

Chemical element that cannot be produced by any biological processes

Calcium

Symphysis structure _______ and function _______

Cartilaginous joint Amphiarthrosis

Osteoblast

Cell that deposits/builds bone *Transform into osteocytes

Osteocyte

Cell that maintains living bone tissue *Mature bone cell

These cells are involved in appositional growth:

Chondroblasts

These cells are involved in interstitial growth:

Chondrocytes

Clavicle Bone Appendicular or Axial: Paired or Unpaired:

Clavicle Bone - Appendicular - Paired

The matrix of the hyaline cartilage will be formed by these fibers:

Collagen

Bone is splintered, crushed or broken into pieces at impact site

Communicated fracture

Coxal Bone Appendicular or Axial: Paired or Unpaired:

Coxal Bone - Appendicular - Paired

Which bone is NOT a flat bone? A. Scapula B. Ribs C. Sternum D. Clavicle

D. Clavicle

An amphiarthrosis is defined as a: A. Joint that allows no motion B. Joint that is freely movable C. Joint with multiple axes of motion D. Joint that allows some motion

D. Joint that allows some motion

Scoliosis occurs from: A. Over-curvature anteriorly B. Over-curvature posteriorly C. Under-curvature anteriorly D. Over-curvature laterally E. Under-curvature posteriorly

D. Over-curvature laterally

The outside lining of bone that helps it attach to fascia and circulatory components is the: A. Perimetrium B. Endosteum C. Endometrium D. Periosteum E. Connective tissue

D. Periosteum

Which two bones/bone features come together to form the nasal septum? A. Ethmoid bone and sphenoid bone B. Crista galli and perpendicular plate C. Ethmoid bone and perpendicular plate D. Perpendicular plate and vomer E. Nasal bone and vomer bone

D. Perpendicular plate and vomer

(Additional Structures) This rough spot on the lateral side of the humerus is a muscle attachment for a major muscle in the shoulder

Deltoid tuberosity

A pregnant woman would most likely suffer what type of spinal curvature and in what vertebral area? A. Hyperkyphosis in the sacral area B. Hyperkyphosis in the lumbar area C. Hyperkyphosis in the thoracic area D. Hyperlordosis in the cervical area E. Hyperlordosis in the lumbar area

E. Hyperlordosis in the lumbar area

Syndesmosis structure _______ and function _______

Fibrous joint Amphiarthrosis

Suture structure _______ and function _______

Fibrous joint Synarthrosis

Frontal Bone Appendicular or Axial: Paired or Unpaired:

Frontal Bone - Axial - Unpaired

Bone(s) connected by the coronal suture

Frontal and parietal

Cranial Bones

Frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid

Osteon

Functional unit of compact bone

(Upper Limb Articulations) What bone feature and bone articulates with the humeral head?

Glenoid fossa of scapula

Partial fracture where only one side of the bone is fractured

Greenstick fracture

Sulcus

Groove along a bone surface that accomodates a blood vessel, nerve, or tendon

The rib cage will serve as protection site for these organs

Heart and lungs

Body deposits calcium in the bones when calcium blood levels are too:

High

Condition characterized by abnormally low levels of calcium

Hypocalcemia

Mandibular condyle

Mandible

Special categories are given to diarthroses (synovial joints), based on motion. Define the words below briefly. Monaxial Biaxial Triaxial

Monaxial -->Also known as uniaxial. Allow motion around a single axis Biaxial --> Permit movement in 2 axes Triaxial --> Also known as multiaxial. Permits movement in 3 axis

(Lower Limb Articulations) Your friend falls and lands with all his weight on the medial aspect of his foot just distal to the heel bone and proximal to the metatarsals. Which tarsal is most likely broken?

Navicular

Hypoglossal canal

Occipital

(Lower Limb Articulations) The patella articulates with which femoral bone feature?

Patellar surface

Once the perichondrium starts to form bone, it is known as _________

Periosteum

Present of pockets

Pneumatized bones

Lies at the junction between the lambdoid and sagittal sutures

Posterior fontanel

Crest

Projections for ligament and tendon attachment

Epicondyle

Projections for ligament and tendon attachment

Line

Projections for ligament and tendon attachment

Head

Projections on bones that form joints

(Upper Limb Articulations) The radial head articulates with this depression on the humerus.

Radial fossa

Formation of blood clot near injury site

Reactive phase

Initiation of inflammatory process with swelling

Reactive phase

Production of blood cells occurs in this connective tissue

Red bone marrow

Check all that apply with regards to the ribs. Ribs 1-7: Ribs 8-10: Ribs 11-12: Bone feature that articulates with the vertebrae: Bone feature that articulates with the sternum: Type of vertebrae that the ribs articulate with:

Ribs 1-7: Vertebrosternal Ribs 8-10: Vertebrochondral Ribs 11-12: Vertebral Bone feature that articulates with the vertebrae: Head & tubercle Bone feature that articulates with the sternum: Sternal end Type of vertebrae that the ribs articulate with: Thoracic

(Upper Limb Articulations) This joint is where the axial and appendicular skeletons meet in the lower limb and serves to transmit the weight of the torso onto the pelvis and lower limb

Sacroiliac joint

Sacrum Appendicular or Axial: Paired or Unpaired:

Sacrum - Axial - Unpaired

Separates right and left parietal bones

Sagittal suture

Shaft

Same as diaphysis

Abnormal lateral curvature of the spine

Scoliosis

_________ Ossification centers appear in the epiphyses of a long bone.

Secondary

Spinous Process

Sharp, slender projection

Tarsals

Short and irregular

Nearly equal in length, width, and depth

Short bones

(UL V. LL Anatomy) The _______joint in the upper limb is more mobile than the _______joint in the lower limb.

Shoulder; hip

Presence of red bone marrow in medullary cavity

Site of blood cell production

Separates the parietal bone from the temporal bone on each side of the skull

Squamous suture

Place the following steps of bone growth in thickness in the correct order. Statement #1 - transformation of bone ridges into grooves to accommodate periosteal blood vessel Statement #2 - formation of bone ridges on either side of the periosteal blood vessel Statement #3 - formation of new osteon Statement #4 - periosteum becomes endosteum lining the tunnel Statement #5 - osteoblasts deposit new circumferential lamellae Statement #6 - osteoblasts become surrounded by extracellular matrix and develop into osteocytes Statement #7 - transformation of bone grooves into tunnels to accommodate periosteal blood vessel Statement #8 - periosteal cells differentiate into osteoblasts Statement #9 - formation of new concentric lamellae

Step 1: Statement #8 - periosteal cells differentiate into osteoblasts Step 2: Statement #6 - osteoblasts become surrounded by extracellular matrix and develop into osteocytes Step 3: Statement #2 - formation of bone ridges on either side of the periosteal blood vessel Step 4: Statement #1 - transformation of bone ridges into grooves to accommodate periosteal blood vessel Step 5: Statement #7 - transformation of bone grooves into tunnels to accommodate periosteal blood vessel Step 6: Statement #4 - periosteum becomes endosteum lining the tunnel Step 7: Statement #9 - formation of new concentric lamellae Step 8: Statement #3 - formation of new osteon Step 9: Statement #5 - osteoblasts deposit new circumferential lamellae

Stores substances that contributes to bone strength

Stores and releases minerals

Head of rib

Superior and inferior costal facets of thoracic vertebrae

Present between cranial sutures

Sutural bones

Zygomatic process

Temporal

Endosteum

The connective tissue layer covering the inside of bone (one cell thick)

Occurs straight across the long axis of the bone

Transverse fracture

(Upper Limb Articulations) The humeral trochlea articulates with the _______ of the _______ bone.

Trochlear notch; ulna

Choose if the bone belongs to the appendicular or axial subdivision. Then select if these bones are paired or unpaired. Ulna Bone Appendicular or Axial: Paired or Unpaired:

Ulna Bone - Appendicular - Paired

Vertebrae Appendicular or Axial: Paired or Unpaired:

Vertebrae - Axial - Unpaired

Invasion of osteoblasts and capillaries from diaphysis

Zone of calcified cartilage

This zone will become the new diaphysis

Zone of calcified cartilage

This zone contains large, maturing chondrocytes arranged in columns

Zone of hypertrophic cartilage

Cells located in this zone anchor the epiphyseal plate to the epiphysis.

Zone of resting cartilage

Cells located in this zone do not function in bone growth

Zone of resting cartilage

Layer nearest to the epiphysis

Zone of resting cartilage

Name of clot near site of injury

fracture hematoma

Spinous Process

Projections for ligament and tendon attachment

Trochanter

Projections for ligament and tendon attachment

Crest

Prominent ridge

Butterfly shaped bone(s)

Sphenoid

During intramembranous ossification, the trabeculae will fuse to form compact _________ bone.

Spongy

Superior and middle nasal conchae formed from its projections

Ethmoid

Bones containing paranasal sinuses

Ethmoid, frontal, sphenoid, maxillae

Os coxa

Flat and irregular

Scapula Bone Appendicular or Axial: Paired or Unpaired:

Scapula Bone - Appendicular - Paired

Twisting motion that pulls bone apart

Spiral fracture

Bone(s) that contain(s) the mandibular fossa

Temporal

Tibia Appendicular or Axial: Paired or Unpaired:

Tibia - Appendicular - Paired

In this zone occurs the process of endochondral ossification

Zone of calcified cartilage

The head of the femur articulates with which bone feature? A. Acetabulum B. Glenoid fossa C. Obturator foramen D. Pubic symphysis E. Femoral notch

A. Acetabulum

Which bone feature of the scapula is posterior? A. Acromion B. Subscapular fossa C. Coracoid process D. Glenoid fossa

A. Acromion

Which bone feature is most proximal when compared to the other answers? A. Head of the humerus B. Head of the radius C. Head of the ulna D. Styloid process of radius E. Styloid process of ulna

A. Head of the humerus

What type of ossification is involved in mandible, hip, limb and clavicle development? A. Intramembranous, endochondral, endochondral, intramembranous B. endochondral, endochondral, Intramembranous, endochondral C. Intramembranous, Intramembranous, endochondral, endochondral D. Intramembranous, endochondral, Intramembranous, endochondral

A. Intramembranous, endochondral, endochondral, intramembranous

Which of the following is NOT a function of synovial fluid? A. Nourishment for osteocytes B. Lubrication C. Shock absorption D. Nourishment for chondrocytes

A. Nourishment for osteocytes

Auditory Ossicles Appendicular or Axial: Paired or Unpaired:

Auditory Ossicles - Axial - Paired

The _____ suture separates the frontal and parietal bones of the skull. A. Lambdoidal B. Coronal C. Sagittal D. Squamosal

B. Coronal

Which of the following cells are in charge of bone resorption? A. Osteoblasts B. Osteoclasts C. Osteons D. Macrophages E. Osteocytes

B. Osteoclasts

Serves as framework for supporting soft tissues

Body support

Spongy bone gets replaced by compact bone

Bone remodeling phase

Removal of minerals and collagen fibers from bone by osteoclasts

Bone resorption

Osteoprogenitor cells

Bone stem cells *Become osteoblasts

Lordosis

Cervical and lumbar

Separates the frontal bone from the parietal bones

Coronal suture

(Upper Limb Articulations) What bone(s) can be located in the ARM?

Humerus

The three types of cartilages are:

Hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilages

Condition characterized by abnormally high levels of calcium

Hypercalcemia

One end of the fracture bone is forcefully driven into the interior of the other

Impacted fracture

Vertebrae

Irregular

Lacrimal Bone Appendicular or Axial: Paired or Unpaired:

Lacrimal Bone - Axial - Paired

Separates the occipital bone from the parietal bones

Lambdoid suture

Where will the secretions from the paranasal sinuses drain? _______

Lateral wall of nasal cavity

Endochondral ossification occurs in _________ bones

Long

Although all synovial joints share many characteristics in common, the shapes of the articulating surfaces vary; thus, many types of movements are possible. In most joint movements, one bone remains in a fixed position while the other moves around an axis. Synovial joints are divided into six special classification based on type of movement: plane, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, and ball-and-socket. Assign one of the three types of motion for each special classification. Plane Joint Pivot & Hinge Joints Saddle & Condyloid Joints Ball-and-Socket Joint

Plane Joint --> Biaxial & Triaxial Pivot & Hinge Joints --> Monoaxial/uniaxial Saddle & Condyloid Joints--> Biaxial Ball-and-Socket Joint --> Triaxial

Debris removal from injury site by neutrophils, macrophages and osteoclasts

Reactive phase

Metaphysis

The widened portion of the diaphysis where bone is added during growth

Cortical bone

Type of bone tissue with few spaces. Harder/denser. Has osteons

Final zone of bone growth

Zone of calcified cartilage

Chondrocytes in this zone divide to replace dying cells of epiphyseal plate that face diaphysis

Zone of proliferating cartilage

Chondrocytes in this zone will undergo interstitial growth

Zone of proliferating cartilage

Temporal process

Zygomatic

Why are paranasal sinuses so susceptible to infections? _______

They are prone to accumulate mucous

Trabecular bone

Type of bone with many spaces. Lighter, organized into trabeculae

Head

Usually rounded articular projection supported on the neck of a bone

This connective tissue is the site for a potential chemical energy reserve

Yellow bone marrow

Presence of mostly dead chondrocytes

Zone of calcified cartilage

(UL V. LL Anatomy) The elbow joint is formed by _______(number) bones; The knee is formed by _______(number) bones.

3;2

Which two bone features compose the condyle of the humerus? A. Capitulum and trochlea B. Medial and lateral epycondyles C. Radial and ulnar notches D. Radial and ulnar heads E. Olecranon and trochlea notch

A. Capitulum and trochlea

Which three bones form the coxal bone? A. Ischium, ilium, pubis B. Pelvis, pubic symphysis, sacrum C. Sacrum, pelvis, ilium D. Ilium, sacrum, ischium E. Sacrum, coccyx, ischium

A. Ischium, ilium, pubis

What purpose do they serve in the skull? _______

Allows for skull to increase in size without changing its weight

Broken ends of the bone do not protrude through the skin

Closed fracture

Without adequate calcium, blood has difficulty performing this process

Coagulation

Muscles need to undergo this process to be able to pull on bones and produce movement

Contraction

(Upper Limb Articulations) The ulnar notch is on the _______(distal/proximal) portion of the _______(bone) and articulates with the _______(bone feature).

Distal; radius; ulnar head

In _________ growth in long bone results in an increase in bone length.

Endochondral

Composed of parallel plates of compact bone enclosing a layer of spongy bone

Flat bones

Supraorbital foramen

Frontal

Epiphyseal plates are made of _________

Hyaline cartilage

This cartilage is the one associated with bones:

Hyaline cartilage

Exaggeration of thoracic curvature

Hyperkyphosis

Exaggeration of lumbar curvature

Hyperlordosis

When a bone forms directly within the mesenchyme, the process is called endochondral _________ ossification.

Intramembranous

Have complex shapes and vary in the amount of spongy and compact bones

Irregular bones

Facial Bones

Lacrimal, maxilla, zygomatic, palatine

Occipital Bone Appendicular or Axial: Paired or Unpaired:

Occipital Bone - Axial - Unpaired

Calcitonin stimulates the activity of:

Osteoblasts

Large numbers of _________ are found in the periosteum, which develops compact bone.

Osteoblasts

Parathyroid hormone stimulates the activity of:

Osteoclasts

When trapped in lacunae, osteoblasts become _________

Osteocytes

The protective layer that covers the cartilage is called:

Perichondrium

The blood vessels that supply nutrients to the chondrocytes are present in the: _________ and not in the _________

Perichondrium, matrix

Fracture of the fibular with serious implications of the ankle joint

Pott's fracture

Tuberosity

Projections for ligament and tendon attachment

Condyle

Projections on bones that form joints

Facet

Projections on bones that form joints

Torn blood vessels cross the fracture line

Reactive phase

Tuberosity

Rough projection

Foramen

Rounded opening through which blood vessels, nerves, or ligaments pass

(Upper Limb Articulations) Which carpal bones articulate with the forearm?

Scaphoid; lunate; triquetrum

Fossa

Shallow depression

Facet

Smooth, flat articular surface

Condyle

Smooth, rounded articular surface at the end of a bone

The vertebral canal will serve as protection site for this structure

Spinal cord

Bone(s) that contain(s) the foramen magnum

Occipital

Which of the bone feature below is ONLY found in the thoracic vertebrae? (choose ALL that apply) - Dens - Largest centrum when compared to other vertebrae - Smallest vertebral foramen when compared to other vertebrae - Spinous process - Transverse process - Largest vertebral foramen when compared to other vertebrae - Articular facets - Vertebral foramen - Transverse foramen - Smallest centrum when compared to other vertebrae - Costal facets

- Costal facets

Lamella

Concentric sheets of bone in osteons

Which of the bone features below is found in the sacrum? (choose ALL that apply) - Ala - Hiatus - Canal - Dens - Articular facet - Foramen - Spinous process

- Ala - Hiatus - Canal - Articular facet - Foramen

The frontal sinus is located in which bone? _______ Is this bone cranial or facial? _______

- Frontal - Cranial

bone 2 _______ and suture that unites this bone to the left parietal bone is the _______ suture.

- Frontal bone - Coronal

The maxillary sinus is located in which bone? _______ Is this bone cranial or facial? _______

- Maxillae - Facial

Which four bones will articulate with the left parietal bone? Make sure to choose also the suture that unite these bones accordingly. Bone 1 _______ and suture that unites this bone to the left parietal bone is the _______

- Right parietal bone - Sagittal

Place the intramembranous ossification events listed on RIGHT column in the order in which they occur. 1: 2: 3: 4: 5: 6:

1: Mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoprogenitor cells, which then differentiate into osteoblasts 2: Organic extracellular matrix is secreted by osteoblasts 3: Calcification of extracellular matrix forming ossification center 4: Extracellular matrix develops into trabeculae that come together to form spongy bone 5: Formation of periosteum from peripheral mesenchyme 6: Osteoblasts from periosteum deposit compact bone between periosteum and spongy bone

Much of the lateral superior part of the skull

Parietal

(UL V. LL Anatomy) There are _______(number) carpals and _______(number) tarsals in one side of the body.

8;7

What is the anatomical name for the bones that make up the distal portion of the wrist joint? A. Carpals B. Metacarpals C. Tarsals D. Radius and ulna E. Metatarsals

A. Carpals

The bones that form the pectoral girdle are the: A. Clavicle and scapula B. Ilium, ischium, pubis C. Scapula and humerus D. Humerus, radius, ulna E. Clavicle and sternum

A. Clavicle and scapula

The coronoid process articulates with the _________ of the humerus. A. Coronoid fossa B. Olecranon fossa C. Trochlea notch D. Capitulum E. Radial fossa

A. Coronoid fossa

The linea aspera is a bone feature of which bone? A. Femur B. Tibia C. Fibula D. Fibia E. Tibula

A. Femur

The outer covering of bone is known as: A. Periosteum B. Endosteum C. Perimysium D. Pericardium

A. Periosteum

The pubic symphysis unites which two bones? A. Right and left pubis B. Right and left ilium C. Right and left ischium D. Ilium to the sacrum E. Sacrum to the coccyx

A. Right and left pubis

Which bone feature is present in the sphenoid bone? A. Sella turcica B. Foramen magnum C. Perpendicular plate D. Crista galli E. Infraorbital fissure

A. Sella turcica

(Lower Limb Articulations) Femoral head articulates with which bone feature?

Acetabulum

Lies at the intersection of the frontal, sagittal, and coronal sutures

Anterior fontanel

(Additional Structures) This bone feature on the tibia is a sharp ridge that is responsible for causing pain when shin is hit

Anterior tibial margin

In this type of cartilage growth, cells in the perichondrium will add new cartilage to the outside of the existing cartilage

Appositional growth

The type of cartilage that covers the epiphysis of long bones is called:

Articular cartilage

Ribs Appendicular or Axial: Paired or Unpaired:

Ribs - Axial - Paired

What is the correct order of events for bone remodeling? A. Osteocyte mineralization, deposition, resorption B. Resorption, deposition, osteocyte mineralization C. Deposition, osteocyte mineralization, resorption D. Resorption, osteocyte mineralization, deposition

B. Resorption, deposition, osteocyte mineralization

Sulcus

Bone depression

The cranial bones will serve as protection site for this organ

Brain

The act of bending the wrist so that the palmar portion of the hand is moved closer to the forearm involves what movement? A. Extension B. Medial rotation C. Flexion D. Dorsiflexion E. Abduction

C. Flexion

The mature cells of a cartilage are called:

Chondrocytes

Which of the following is an example of a long bone? A. Parietal B. Patella C. Radius D. Sphenoid E. Carpal

C. Radius

Osteoclast

Cell that degrades bone *Functions in bone resorption

Fracture of the radius

Colles fracture

Estrogen is a hormone that aids in the absorption of calcium. When a woman reaches menopause, the production of estrogen is greatly reduced. Mary recently reached menopausal age and was advised to take a calcium supplement to reduce her risk of Osteoporosis. How can a menopause affect Mary's bones? A. Osteoblasts will begin to break down calcium stored within the bone which can cause Osteoporosis B. Osteoblasts will begin to use excess calcium to secrete matrix for bone formation which can cause osteoporosis C. Osteoclasts will begin to use excess calcium to secrete matrix for bone formation which can cause osteoporosis D. Osteoclasts will begin to break down calcium stored within the bone which can cause osteoporosis

D. Osteoclasts will begin to break down calcium stored within the bone which can cause osteoporosis

The cartilage model produced by chondroblasts during endochondral ossification will be the site for the future _________

Diaphysis

The sphenoid and ethmoid bones are part of the: A. Bony palate B. Facial bones C. Mandible D. Nasal septum E. Cranial bones

E. Cranial bones

Muscles attached to bones pull bones

Facilitates movement

Paranasal sinuses are fully formed by birth. (true/false) _______

False

Femur Bone Appendicular or Axial: Paired or Unpaired:

Femur Bone - Appendicular - Paired

(UL V. LL Anatomy) In both the upper and lower limb, there is a joint between the two bones of the forearm and leg formed by a sheet of fibrous connective tissue. What is this tissue called?

Interosseous membrane

Anterior bone of the hard palate

Maxillae

Fissure

Narrow slit between adjacent parts of bones through which blood vessels or nerves pass

Bridge of nose

Nasal

Paranasal sinuses are lined with mucous membranes that are continuous with the lining of which structure? _______

Nasal cavity

Paranasal sinuses increase in size during two critical periods of facial enlargement, which are: _______

Onset of puberty and teeth eruption

Broken ends of the bone protrude through the skin

Open fracture

Calcium homeostasis is regulated by:

Parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, and calcitonin

(Upper Limb Articulations) What bone forms the pelvic girdle?

Os coxa

Ethmoid

Pneumatized bone

(Upper Limb Articulations) What bones fuse to form the os coxa?

Pubis, ilium, ischium

(Additional Structures) What structure is the patella encased in and formed inside of?

Quadriceps femoris tendon

Death of bone cells near injury site

Reactive phase

Fibroblasts invade site of injury to produce collagen fibers

Reparative phase

Fibrocartilage converted into spongy bone

Reparative phase

Formation of bony callus

Reparative phase

Formation of fibrocartilaginous callus

Reparative phase

Production of fibrocartilage from chondroblasts

Reparative phase

These fibers are present in red bone marrow

Reticular fibers

Patella

Sesamoid bone

Develop inside tendons

Sesamoid bones

Presence of lipids in yellow bone marrow

Stores and releases triglycerides

Periosteum

The connective tissue covering/protecting the outside of bone

Rib tubercle

Transverse costal facets of thoracic vertebrae

This term is used to describe the process for production of blood cells

Hemopoiesis

Chondrocytes are present inside these spaces that are called:

Lacunae

Lower portion of the nasal septum

Vomer