Anatomy & Physiology Exam 3

T/F: Cranial meninges are connective tissue layer that separates the brain tissue from the scalp

True

T/F: Myosin functions as a motor protein in all three types of muscle tissue

True

Contractile Proteins

- Generate force during contraction - Myosin and actin

Regulatory Proteins

- Help switch contraction process on and off - Tropomyosin and troponin

Which one of the following is not a branch of the Trigeminal Nerve (CN V)?

Auditory

__________ are found only in the peripheral nervous system. A. Ependymal cells B. Microglia C. Satellite cells D. Astrocytes E. Oligodendrocytes

C. Satellite cells

Structural Proteins

- Keep thick and thin filaments in proper alignment - Titin and dystrophin

The epimysium is a layer of dense irregular connective tissue that: A. Surrounds the entire skeletal muscle, separating the muscle from surrounding tissues and organs. B. Surrounds each skeletal muscle fiber and therefore binds each muscle fiver to its neighbor, and supports capillaries that supply individual fibers. C. Divides the muscle into a series of internal compartments, each containing a bundle of muscle fibers called a fascicle D. Attaches the muscle to bone, cartilage, skin, or another muscle

A. Surrounds the entire skeletal muscle, separating the muscle from surrounding tissues and organs.

Which area of the brain was damaged? Sudden death after falling off the horse and hitting the back of the neck

Brainstem

Node of Ranvier

Gaps in the myelin sheath

Myelinated Axons

Axons in the CNS and PNS that have a myelin sheath

What is represented as a single muscle cell? A. Skeletal muscle B. Muscle fiber C. Sarcomere D. Muscle fascicle

B. Muscle fiber

The Cell Body (Soma)

Contains most organelles , including the nucleus. control center of the neuron. Like dendrites, the cell body also serves as an input portion of neuron because

CN VI

Abducens Nerve

Shortest nerve of the body (number)

CN I

T/F: Fast glycolytic fibers are intermediate in diameter and have a high resistance to fatigue

False

Insula

Gustatory cortex is located inside

CN XII

Hypoglossal Nerve

Which band is narrowed as the thin filaments slide inward for contraction

I band

Pyramidal Cells

Large neurons that allow the conscious control of the skeletal muscle movement

Abducens Nerve

Motor

Accessory Nerve

Motor

Hypoglossal Nerve

Motor

Oculomotor Nerve

Motor

Occipital Lobe

Related to perception of visual stimuli

CN V

Trigeminal Nerve

T/F: The main component of the thin filament is the protein actin

True

CN X

Vagus Nerve

Which muscle extends the torso? A. Psoas major B. External oblique C. Splenius capitis C. Spinalis

C. Spinalis

T/F: Choroid plexus is only present in ventricles 3 and 4

False

T/F: The myosin tail of each myosin molecule points toward the Z line in the center of the sarcomere

False

T/F: Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) is made by capillary endothelial cells surrounded by astrocytes. It allows nutrients to go in and nourish the brain tissue and allows CO2 and waste to get out of brain tissue

True

T/F: Skeletal muscle fibers that have a high myoglobin content are termed red muscle fibers

True

Which of the following retracts the scapula? A. Rhomboid minor B. Pectoralis minor C. Serratus anterior D. Teres minor

A. Rhomboid minor

Myofibril

Contractile element of the skeletal muscle fiber; containing thick and thin filaments

T/F: To initiate muscle contraction, Ca2+ binds to tropomyosin

False

T Tubules

Invaginations of the sarcolemma; filled with extracellular fluid

T/F: A thin filament contains actin, troponin, and tropomyosin

True

T/F: Each myosin head has two binding sites: (1) an actin-binding site and (2) an ATP-binding site.

True

T/F: Fast glycolytic fibers have low myoglobin content, few blood capillaries, few mitochondria, and appear white in color

True

Trochlear Nerve

Motor

CN III

Oculomotor Nerve

Which area of the brain was damaged? Luis has trouble matching a face with a person

Occipital Lobe

T/F: Myosin are known as thick filaments while tropomyosin as thin filaments

False

What is the primary function of the abducens nerve?

Motor

Glossopharyngeal Nerve

Both or mixed

Trigeminal Nerve

Both or mixed

The glial cell that helps to form cerebrospinal fluid is the: A. Oligodendrocytes B. Astrocyte C. Ependymal cell D. Microglia

C. Ependymal cell

Lucy experienced a concussion recently and as a result, is gradually losing her eyesight. The doctor says this is because of the compression of a nerve. Which nerve (number) is being compressed?

CN II

These nerves move the eye in general. (number)

CN III, CN IV, CN VI

CN I

Olfactory Nerve

This branch of CN V carries only sensory fibers and innervates the eye.

Ophthalmic

CN II

Optic Nerve

Storing and moving substances

- Sustained contraction of a ring-like smooth muscle called sphincter - Propelling food down the digestive tract

T/F: Arachnoid mater protects blood vessels that supply the brain

True

CN VIII

Vestibulocochlear Nerve

A _________(blank 1) is the brief contraction of a group of muscle fibers within a muscle in response to a _________(blank 2) action potential. The record of a muscle contraction is called a _________(blank 3). Twitches of skeletal muscle fibers last anywhere from _________(blank 4) msec. The three sequential phases of a twitch are: _________(blank 5) periods.

Blank 1: Twitch Blank 2: Single Blank 3: Myogram Blank 4: A few to 100 Blank 5: Latent, contraction, and relaxation

Contraction Period

Ca2+ binds to troponin, myosin-binding sites on actin are exposed, and myosin cross bridges form. Peak tension also develops in the muscle fiber

Relaxation Period

Ca2+ is actively transported back into the SR, myosin-binding sites are covered by tropomyosin, myosin heads detach from actin, and tension in the muscle fiber decreases

Which area of the brain was damaged? Anita is a professional dancer. Lately she has had trouble coordinating her movements

Cerebellum

Which protein covers the active sites of the thin filaments, and therefore prevents muscle contaction? A. Troponin B. Actin C. Myosin D. Tropomyosin

D. Tropomyosin

A muscle that aids in chewing without moving the mandible is: A. Levator anguli oris B. Temporalis C. Mentalis D. Zygomaticus E. Buccinator

E. Buccinator

Microglia

Function as phagocytes. They remove cellular debris formed during normal development of the nervous system phagocytize microbes and damaged

Motor

Information is conveyed from the CNS through cranial and spinal nerves of the PNS to effectors (muscles and glands). Stimulation of the effectors causes

Myelin Sheath

Multilayered covering composed of lipids and proteins

Frontal Lobe

Related to conscious control of skeletal muscle, and trouble solving, reasoning and planning

Oligodendrocytes

Responsible for forming and maintaining the myelin sheath around the axons of neurons in the CNS

The Nervous System Performs Sensory, Integrative, and Motor Functions. Match each function below. Sensory

Sensory receptors detect external or internal stimuli. This information is then conveyed through cranial and spinal nerves of the PNS into the brain and spinal

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

Storage center for calcium in relaxed muscle

Sarcoplasm

Surrounded by the sarcolemma; the cytoplasm of the muscle fiber

T/F: The meningeal layer is the part of the dura mater that covers the brain and extends into the vertebral canal

True

Eccentric Isotonic Contraction

When the length of a muscle increases during a contraction

Which bands remain unchanged

A band

Elasticity

Ability of muscle to return to its original length and shape after contraction or extension

White Matter

Area of brain and spinal cord composed primarily of myelinated axons

Temporal Lobe

Auditory and olfactory cortex are located here

__________(Blank 1), also known as nerve cells, are the basic functional units of the nervous system. A typical neuron has three major parts: a __________(blank 2) which will be the control center of the neuron, a __________(blank 3) which receive the stimuli from the environment and __________(blank 4) which generates the action potential and propagates them. Throughout the nervous system, the cell bodies of adjacent neurons are often clustered together. A cluster of neuronal cell bodies in the PNS is called a __________(blank 5) __________(plural is blank 6); a similar arrangement of neuronal cell bodies in the CNS is known as a __________(blank 7) __________(plural is blank 8). While the axons also group in bundles. If those axon bundles are located in the CNS, they will be referred to as __________(blank 9). And if they are located in the PNS, they will be referred to as __________(blank 10).

Blank 1: Neuron Blank 2: Cell body Blank 3: Dendrite Blank 4: Axon Blank 5: Ganglion Blank 6: Ganglia Blank 7: Nucleus Blank 8: Nuclei Blank 9: Tracts Blank 10: Nerves

What is the largest mass of neuronal cell bodies found within the central nervous system? A. Hypothalamus B. Cerebellum C. Thalamus D. Pineal Gland

C. Thalamus

Collectively as a group, the muscles of the anterior thigh that work together to extend the leg are referred to as: A. Hamstrings B. Rectus femoris C. Gluteus maximus D. Quadriceps femoris

D. Quadriceps femoris

Olfactory Nerve

Sensory

Central Sulcus

Separates the frontal from parietal lobes

Isometric Contraction

The tension generated is not enough to exceed the load, and the muscle does not change its length

Stabilizing body positions

- Postural muscles contract continuously when you are awake - Help maintain body positions, such as standing or sitting

Thermogenesis

- Used to maintain body temperature - Body shivers when you are cold

The gastrocnemius acts to do the following: A. Dorsiflex the ankle and flex the knee B. Extend and adduct the femur C. Dorsiflex the ankle and extend the knee D. Plantar flex the ankle and flex the knee

D. Plantar flex the ankle and flex the knee

Neurons of the sympathetic nervous system __________(blank 1) heart rate, and neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system __________(blank 2). In general, the sympathetic nervous system helps support exercise or emergency actions, so called __________(blank 3) responses, and the parasympathetic nervous system controls __________(blank 4) activities. In addition, the __________(blank 5) nervous system, will control most of the body functions as it is the major regulator of the __________(blank 6) muscle of the cardiovascular system. While the __________(blank 7) is the major regulator of the smooth muscle of the digestive and __________(blank 8) systems, which are derived from the embryonic __________(blank 9) tube.

Blank 1: Increase Blank 2: Slow it down Blank 3: Fight-or-flight Blank 4: Rest-and-digest Blank 5: Sympathetic Blank 6: Smooth Blank 7: Parasympathetic Blank 8: Respiratory Blank 9: Gut

Which of the following abducts the arm? A. Pectoralis major B. Trapezius C. Biceps brachii D. Deltoid

D. Deltoid

Adduction at the wrist involves contraction of the: A. Extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor carpi ulnaris B. Extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor carpi radialis brevis, flexor carpi radialis C. Flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris D. Flexor carpi ulnaris & extensor carpi ulnaris

D. Flexor carpi ulnaris & extensor carpi ulnaris

Schwann Cells

Produce myelin sheaths in the PNS

Astrocytes

They surround brain capillaries and are responsible for maintaining the "tightness" of tight junctions. They are especially important in maintaining this

This is the longest nerve; it innervates the digestive system (number).

CN X

Axon

Is a single long, thin process that extends from the cell body. It functions as the output portion of the neuron by generating action potentials and then

Extensibility

Ability of muscle to stretch without being damaged

Which muscle inserts on the tibia? A. Tibialis anterior B. Semitendinosus C. Gluteus minimus D. Tibialis posterior E. iliopsoas

B. Semitendinosus

Trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus are examples of what kind of nerves?

Both or mixed

Nerve involved in hearing (number)

CN VIII

Neuroglia ____________. Some examples of neuroglia in the CNS are _________. A. Are responsible for the transfer of information in the nervous system; Oligodendrocytes, Astrocytes and Ependymal Cells. B. Process information in the nervous system; Satellite Cells and Schwann Cells C. Support neurons; Oligodendrocytes, Microglia, Schwann cells and Satellite Cells D. Support neurons; Oligodendrocytes, Microglia and Ependymal Cells.

D. Support neurons; Oligodendrocytes, Microglia and Ependymal Cells.

Which cranial nerve innervates muscles that help with facial expression?

Facial

T/F: Dura mater is the toughest out the 3 meninges and contours every gyrus of cerebral cortex

False

Aponeurosis: A. Attach muscle to muscle, only B. Consists of collagen fibers C. Consists of cartilage D. Attach muscle to bone, only

B. Consists of collagen fibers

The axon of the Purkinje cells are located in the: A. Purkinje cell layer B. Axonic layer C. Molecular layer D. Granular cell layer

D. Granular cell layer

Which statement defines extensibility? A. The ability of a muscle to rebound toward its original length after a contraction B. Ability to respond to stimulation C. The ability to shorten actively and exert a pull or tension D. The ability to continue to contract over a range of resting lengths

D. The ability to continue to contract over a range of resting lengths

CN IX

Glossopharyngeal Nerve

Sarcolema

Plasma membrane of a muscle fiber

The glial cells that guide migrating neurons in the developing fetal brain are: A. Microglia B. Astrocytes C. Ependymal cells D. Satellite cells E. Oligodendrocytes

B. Astrocytes

Myoglobin

Red, oxygen binding protein that is only found in the muscle; stores oxygen until it is needed by mitochondria for ATP

Nerves that directly control the motility of the stomach or rate of the heartbeat would belong to the: A. Central nervous system B. Autonomic motor division C. Somatic motor division D. Autonomic sensory division E. Somatic sensory division

B. Autonomic motor division

Which of the following is a main characteristic of a skeletal muscle fiber? A. Presence of intercalated discs B. Incredibly long C. Single nucleated D. Branching appearance

B. Incredibly long

Which statement defines elasticity? A. The ability to shorten actively and exert a pull or tension B. The ability of a muscle to rebound toward its original length after a contraction C. Ability to respond to stimulation D. The ability to continue to contract over a range of resting lengths

B. The ability of a muscle to rebound toward its original length after a contraction

Which of the following muscles is the prime mover in spitting out a mouthful of liquid? A. Buccinator B. Platysma C. Risorius D. Zygomaticus E. Masseter

A. Buccinator

Which structure binds to the active site of the thin filament to cause muscle contraction? A. Troponin B. The head of the myosin C. Tropomyosin D. The tail of the myosin

B. The head of the myosin

Fill in the blank below. Make sure to match the number on the questions, with the number on the answers. The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the __________(blank 1) located in the cranial cavity and __________(blank 2) located in the __________(blank 3) cavity. The CNS processes many different kinds of incoming sensory information. It is also the source of thoughts, emotions, and memories. Most signals that stimulate __________(blank 4) to contract and __________(blank 5) to secrete originate in the CNS. The __________(blank 6) system consists of all nervous tissue outside the CNS. A __________(blank 7) (general type) receptor is a structure that monitors changes in the external or internal environment.

Blank 1: Brain Blank 2: Spinal Cord Blank 3: Vertebral Blank 4: Muscles Blank 5: Glands Blank 6: Peripheral nervous Blank 7: Sensory

Which of the following structures connects the third and fourth ventricles? A. Septum pellucidum B. Lateral ventricles C. Interventricular foramen D. Aqueduct of the midbrain

D. Aqueduct of the midbrain

Neurotransmitters are found in: A. The axon hillock B. Attached directly to the post-synaptic membrane C. The dendrites D. The synaptic cleft E. The neuronal cell bodies

D. The synaptic cleft

The largest muscle of the upper back is the: A. Pectoralis major B. Rhomboid major C. Latissimus dorsi D. Levator scapulae E. Trapezius

E. Trapezius

CN VII

Facial Nerve

Ependymal Cells

Line the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord. They produce and assist in the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid

Oligodendrocytes

Produce myelin sheaths in the CNS

T/F: A flexible hinge is located where the myosin heads join the myosin tail

True

When contracted, the soleus assists in the action of ____________ of the foot, while the tibialis anterior assists in the action of ______________ of the foot. A. Inversion, Eversion B. Dorsiflexion, Plantar flexion C. Retraction, Protraction D. Plantar flexion, Dorsiflexion

D. Plantar flexion, Dorsiflexion

Sarcomere

Repeating units of a myofibril

Glycogen

Serves as storage form of glucose; can be broken down and used to synthesize ATP

Triad

Formed by transverse tubules and two terminal cisternae

T/F: Troponin is a protein that consists of three globular subunits—one that binds to tropomyosin, one that binds to myosin, and one that has binding sites for calcium ions (Ca2+)

False

Which cranial nerve innervates the parotid salivary gland?

Glossopharyngeal

T/F: BBB is also present in the choroid plexus

False

Production of body movements

- Localized movements such as grasping a pencil, keyboarding, or raising your hand - Total body movements such as walking and running - Rely on the integrated functioning of skeletal muscles, bones, and joints

This nerve innervates the lateral rectus muscle

Abducens

The _________(blank 1) is composed of mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata. _________(blank 2) also called midbrain and it is related to extrinsic eyes movements _________(blank 3) relay station between cerebellum and cerebrum. _________(blank 4) connects the brain and the spinal cord.

Blank 1: Brainstem Blank 2: Mesencephalon Blank 3: Pons Blank 4: Medulla oblongata

This nerve takes sensory information directly to the brain without having to pass through the thalamus

Olfactory

T/F: Slow oxidative fibers are smallest in diameter and are the least powerful type of muscle fibers

True

T/F: Slow oxidative fibers generate ATP mainly by aerobic respiration

True

In the PNS, there are two types of neuroglia. The __________(blank 1) is the one that produces myelin sheath, that will wrap up __________(blank 2) axon(s) in the myelinated neurons, and will wrap up __________(blank 3) axon(s) in the unmyelinated neurons. The __________(blank 4) is the neuroglia that will provide structural support to the neuronal cell bodies that are located within the __________(blank 5).

Blank 1: Schwann cell Blank 2: 1 Blank 3: Several Blank 4: Satellite cell Blank 5: Ganglia

Which area of the brain was damaged? Her analysis revealed that she has low levels of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) being produced by her body

Hypothalamus

A 43- year old male presents with a racing heartbeat and severe constipation. Which cranial nerve has been affected?

Vagus

Which cranial nerve's primary function is balance and equilibrium?

Vestibulocochlear

T/F: Lateral ventricles communicate with each other by the centrum pellucidum

False

Electrical Excitability

Ability to respond to stimuli (neurotransmitter or hormones) by producing action potentials that trigger movement

Dendrites

Are short, highly branched processes that extend from the cell body. Receive signals from other neurons or from stimuli in the environment, serving as main

Latent Period

Brief delay that occurs between application of the stimulus and the beginning of contraction. During this time, the events of excitation-contraction coupling occur. In addition, Ca2+ ions are released from the endoplasmic reticulum

Concentric Isotonic Contraction

The tension generated is great enough to exceed the load and the muscle shortens, pulling on another structure (such as a tendon) to produce movement

CN IV

Trochlear Nerve

Integrative

CNS processes sensory information by analyzing it and making decisions for appropriate responses

In what order are the various types of skeletal muscle fibers recruited when you sprint to make it to the bus stop? First: Second: Third:

First: Slow Oxidative fibers Second: Fast Oxidative Glycolytic fibers Third: Fast Glycolytic fibers

T/F: Superior sagittal sinus which is located between the right and left cerebral hemisphere in the superior site

True

Which of the following describes how signals pass through a typical single neuron? A. Signals pass from the dendrites through the cell body and down the axon to the axon terminals B. Signals pass from the cell body to the dendrites and axons and then down to the dendrite and axon terminals C. Signals pass from the axon terminals to the axon and then through the cell body to the dendrites D. Signals pass from the axons down to the axon terminals and then through the dendrites to the cell body E. Signals pass from dendrites through axon, then axon terminals and finally through the cell body

A. Signals pass from the dendrites through the cell body and down the axon to the axon terminals

Dorsiflexion of foot involves the: A. Tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus and extensor hallucis longus B. Extensor hallucis longus and flexor digitorum longus C. Tibialis anterior and extensor retinaculum of the foot D. Tibialis posterior and extensor digitorum longus

A. Tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus and extensor hallucis longus

Eva Marie is a boxer! She goes and trains at her gym to properly prepare for her competitions against other boxers. Her last match consisted of her throwing five punches in a row and resulted in a knock out. Which of the following muscles were used to perform a punch if we are discussing movement at the level of the SHOULDER joint? A. Trapezius B. Rhomboids C. Pectoralis minor D. Levator scapulae

C. Pectoralis minor

Which of the following separates the motor information from sensory information? A. Occipitoparietal sulcus B. Temporoparietal sulcus C. Lateral sulcus D. Central sulcus

D. Central sulcus

Damage to this nerve would not allow a person to look "down and laterally"

Trochlear

T/F: A fiber is categorized as slow or fast depending on how rapidly the ATPase in its myosin heads hydrolyze ATP

True

T/F: Fast oxidative-glycolytic fibers have a high intracellular glycogen level, which allows them to generate ATP by aerobic respiration

True

T/F: Medium and lateral aperture are openings that communicate with the subarachnoid space in the brain and in the spinal cord, the CSF produced in the choroid plexus of the ventricles leaves the ventricular system and bathe the entire surface of the central nervous system

True

Which of the following is a fold of dura mater between the right and left cerebral hemispheres? A. Falx cerebri B. Longitudinal fissure C. Tentorium cerebelli D. Falx cerebelli

A. Falx cerebri

Which action is performed by most of the muscles located on the anterior compartment of the forearm? A. Flexion B. Abduction C. Extension D. Supination E. Pronation

A. Flexion

The glial cells that destroy microorganisms in the CNS are: A. Microglia B. Satellite cells C. Oligodendrocytes D. Ependymal cells E. Astrocytes

A. Microglia

Contractibility

Ability of muscle fibers to contract forcefully when adequately stimulated

Gray Matter

Area of the brain and spinal cord comprised of neural cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons and neuroglia

Parietal Lobe

Area where we have the sensation of the skin, muscles, and joints

Arrange the following layers in order from the outside to the inside of the brain. 1. Epicranial aponeurosis 2. Arachnoid mater 3. Scalp 4. Cranium 5. Dura mater 6. Periosteum 7. Pia mater A. 6, 4, 5, 2, 7, 3, 1 B. 3, 1, 6, 4, 5, 2, 7 C. 1, 3, 4, 6, 5, 7, 2 D. 3, 4, 6, 1, 5, 7, 2

B. 3, 1, 6, 4, 5, 2, 7

Which of the following is a main characteristic of a skeletal muscle fiber? A. Presence of intercalated discs B. Multinucleated C. Smooth appearance D. Incredibly short

B. Multinucleated

The endomysium is a layer of connective tissue that: A. Attaches the muscle to bone, cartilage, skin, or another muscle B. Surrounds each skeletal muscle fiber and therefore binds each muscle fiver to its neighbor, and supports capillaries that supply individual fibers C. Surrounds the entire skeletal muscle, separating the muscle from surrounding tissues and organs. D. Divides the muscle into a series of internal compartments, each containing a bundle of muscle fibers called a fascicle

B. Surrounds each skeletal muscle fiber and therefore binds each muscle fiver to its neighbor, and supports capillaries that supply individual fibers

Amanda has dimples. Dimples are an inheritable trait caused by a shortened muscle which leads to a small depression in the flesh, either one that exists permanently or one that forms in the cheeks when one smiles. Which muscle causes this effect? A. Masseter B. Zygomaticus major C. Depressor anguli oris D. Orbicularis oris E. Levator labii superioris

B. Zygomaticus major

Skeletal muscle fibers have three ways to produce ATP: (1) from creatine phosphate, (2) by anaerobic glycolysis, and (3) by aerobic respiration. Match the blanks below. Creatine phosphate is a molecule that can store energy in its phosphate bonds. In a resting muscle, excess _________(blank 1) transfers its energy to creatine, producing ADP and _________(blank 2). This acts as an energy reserve that can be used to quickly create _________(blank 3) (more/less) ATP. When the muscle starts to contract and needs energy, creatine phosphate transfers its phosphate back to ADP to form ATP and _________(blank 4). The enzyme _________(blank 5) catalyzes the transfer of one of the high-energy phosphate groups from ATP to creatine. Because the formation of ATP from creatine phosphate occurs _________(blank 6), creatine phosphate is the _________(blank 7) source of energy when muscle contraction begins.

Blank 1: ATP Blank 2: Creatine phosphate Blank 3: More Blank 4: Creatine Blank 5: Creatine kinase (CK) Blank 6: Very rapidly Blank 7: First

If sufficient oxygen is present, the pyruvic acid formed by glycolysis enters the mitochondria, where it undergoes _________(blank 1) respiration, a series of oxygen-requiring reactions that produce _________(blank 2). Although aerobic respiration is _________(blank 3) (slower/faster) than anaerobic glycolysis, it yields much _________(blank 4) (less/more) ATP. Each molecule of glucose catabolized under aerobic conditions yields about 36 molecules of ATP. Muscle tissue has two sources of oxygen: (1) oxygen that diffuses into muscle fibers from the _________(blank 5) and (2) oxygen released by _________(blank 6) within muscle fibers. Both myoglobin _________(found only in blank 7) and hemoglobin _________(found only in blank 8) are oxygen-binding proteins. They bind oxygen when it is plentiful and release oxygen when it is scarce.

Blank 1: Aerobic Blank 2: ATP, carbon dioxide, water, and heat Blank 3: Slower Blank 4: More Blank 5: Blood Blank 6: Myoglobin Blank 7: Muscle cells Blank 8: Erythrocytes

When muscle activity continues and the supply of creatine phosphate within the muscle fiber is depleted, _________(blank 1) is catabolized to generate _________(blank 2). Glucose passes from the _________(blank 3) into contracting muscle fibers and it is also produced by the breakdown of _________(blank 4) within muscle fibers. Then a series of reactions known as glycolysis quickly breaks down each glucose molecule into two molecules of _________(blank 5). Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol and produces a net _________(blank 6) (gain/loss) of two molecules of ATP. Because glycolysis does not require _________(blank 7), it can occur whether oxygen is present _________(blank 8 conditions) or absent _________(blank 9 conditions). During heavy exercise not enough oxygen is available to skeletal muscle fibers hence the pyruvic acid generated from glycolysis is converted to _________(blank 10). When produced at a rapid rate, this acid can accumulate in active skeletal muscle fibers and in the bloodstream. This acid buildup is thought to be responsible for muscle _________(blank 11) that is felt during strenuous exercise.

Blank 1: Glucose Blank 2: ATP Blank 3: Blood Blank 4: Glycogen Blank 5: Pyruvic acid Blank 6: Gain Blank 7: Oxygen Blank 8: Aerobic Blank 9: Anaerobic Blank 10: Lactic acid Blank 11: Soreness

The gyrus, sulcus, and fissure are anatomical characteristics of the cerebrum. ___________(blank 1) helps increase the surface area of the brain. ___________(blank 2) would divide each cerebral hemisphere into lobes like frontal lobe and occipital lobe. ___________(blank 3) is a deep depression. One example of a fissure is the ___________(blank 4) fissure that helps divide the left and right hemisphere. ___________(blank 5) matter is composed of neuronal cell bodies. The collection of these neuronal cell bodies on the surface of the Central Nervous System is called ___________(blank 6). If a group of neuronal cell bodies is located deeper into the central nervous system, then it is called ___________(blank 7). The ___________(blank 8) is considered the largest nuclei in our brain. The ___________(blank 9) matter is composed of myelinated axons. Our cerebrum is composed of a right and left hemisphere which are connected to each other through a bundle of axons called ___________(blank 10).

Blank 1: Gyri Blank 2: Sulci Blank 3: Fissure Blank 4: Longitudinal Blank 5: Gray Blank 6: Cortex Blank 7: Nuclei Blank 8: Thalamus Blank 9: White Blank 10: Corpus Callosum

Two types of contractile proteins are myosin and actin. The first contractile protein is made up of _________(blank 1) filaments and the second is made up of _________(blank 2) filaments, respectively. Two types of regulatory proteins are Tropomyosin and _________ (blank 3). Titin is a type of _________ (blank 4) protein, that holds the thick filaments to both: the _________ (blank 5), which are located on the sides of the sarcomeres, and the _________ (blank 6), which is located in the middle of the sarcomere.

Blank 1: Thick Blank 2: Thin Blank 3: Troponin Blank 4: Structural Blank 5: Z lines Blank 6: M line

Unilateral paralysis is the paralysis of one side of the tongue. In order to test this, a doctor may ask a patient to stick their tongue out. If there is nerve damage, the tongue will point toward the side that is paralyzed. The function of which nerve (number) is being tested?

CN XII

What are the two major cell types of the nervous system? Start with least numerous as cell type 1 Cell Type 1: Cell Type 2:

Cell Type 1: Neurons Cell Type 2: Glial cells

When the membrane potential of a cell membrane becomes more positive than the resting potential, one can say that the membrane has become: A. Superpolarized B. Hypopolarized C. Hyperpolarized D. Depolarized

D. Depolarized

Gaps in the myelination of axons known as ______ are present ______. A. Nodes of Ranvier; for saltatory conduction and decreased speed of action potential transmission B. Schwann cells; for saltatory conduction and increased speed of action potential transmission C. Nodes of Ranvier; when the axon is damaged D. Nodes of Ranvier; for saltatory conduction and increased speed of action potential transmission

D. Nodes of Ranvier; for saltatory conduction and increased speed of action potential transmission

What muscle causes flexion of the neck? A. External intercostals B. Mylohyoid C. Sternohyoid D. Splenius capitis E. Sternocleidomastoid

E. Sternocleidomastoid

T/F: Fast oxidative- glycolytic fibers are fast-twitch fibers adapted for intense movements of short duration like weight lifting or throwing a ball

False

T/F: In a relaxed muscle, myosin is blocked from binding to actin because the strands of troponin cover the myosin-binding sites on actin

False

T/F: There is a potential space between the arachnoid and pia mater called the subarachnoid space that contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

False

Place muscle contraction steps in order Step 1: Step 2: Step 3: Step 4: Step 5: Step 6: Step 7: Step 8: Step 9: Step 10: Step 11:

Step 1: Action potential occurs in the somatic motor neuron Step 2: ACH that is stored in the synaptic vesicle of the synaptic end bulb is released and diffused across the synaptic cleft Step 3: ACH binds to specific receptors on the motor end plate Step 4: Entry of Na+ ions causes depolarization of sarcolemma Step 5: Action potential travels along T-tubules Step 6: At the onset of muscle fiber contraction, the sarcoplasmic reticulum releases calcium ions into the sarcoplasm Step 7: The calcium ions then bind to troponin, which moves tropomyosin away from myosin binding sites on actin Step 8: Now that the binding sites are free, ATP is hydrolyzed into ADP and a phosphate. This energizes the myosin head which then assumes the "cocked" position Step 9: The energized myosin head then attaches to the myosin binding site on actin and a phosphate is released. This is referred to as the "crossbridge" Step 10: The myosin head pivots changing its position from 90 degrees to 45, pulling the thin filament past the thick filament towards the center of the sarcomere. This is referred to as the power stroke Step 11: Another molecule of ATP binds to the ATP binding site on myosin allowing for myosin to detach from actin

This nerve moves the head and shoulders and innervates the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles.

Accessory

CN XI

Accessory Nerve

Facial Nerve

Both or mixed

A branch of the trigeminal nerve that innervates the muscles of mastication

Mandibular

Unmyelinated Axons

Axons in the CNS and PNS that do not have or have little myelin sheath

Vagus Nerve

Both or mixed

Which area of the brain was damaged? The doctor has been evaluating Chris for several weeks now because his daily work schedule changed, and he has trouble adjusting sleep-wake cycles. The doctor finally decides that taking some melatonin supplement would help him

Pineal Gland

Damage to the optic nerve impedes what kind of primary function?

Sensory

Optic Nerve

Sensory

Vestibulocochlear Nerve

Sensory