Anatomy and Physiology I Final

Pressure waves in endolymph cause the (blank) to vibrate, which moves hair cells of the (blank). The hair cells touch the (blank) which bends the stereocilia and generates nerve impulses in first-order neurons.

basilar membrane, spiral organ, tectorial membrane

Opsin looks colorless when trans-retinal is separated from opsin. This is termed

bleaching

___________ are the thin protective mucous membranes composed of stratified squamous epithelium with numerous goblet cells.

bulbar and palpebral conjunctiva

After staying up all night to study, your eyes are bloodshot. The vasculature in what area is congested and dilated?

bulbar conjunctiva

The lens accommodates when contraction of _______ pulls on _______.

ciliary muscle; zonular fibers

Ciliary bodies are composed of

circular smooth muscle

Which molecule detects light rays that strike the photopigments in the retina?

cis-retinal

Nerve impulses for the sense of hearing are initiated in the spiral organ (organ of Corti) and then travel through the _____ to the cochlear nuclei in the _____.

cochlear branch of cranial nerve VIII; medulla oblongata

Which sensory structure in the inner ear is capable of sensing rapid rotation of your head to the left?

crista of the horizontal semicircular duct

Which areas will contain taste buds in adults? Select all that apply.

epiglottis, vallate papilla, fungiform papilla, soft palate, pharynx

During embryonic development, the first portion of the ear to develop is the

internal ear.

The axons of the ganglion neurons of the retina terminate in the

lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus.

During embryonic development, the lens of the eye develops directly from an invagination of the lens placodes called the

lens vesicle.

Light refracts as it passes through what portions of the eye? Select all that apply.

lens, cornea, aqueous humor, vitreous humor

Cataract leads to blindness due to

loss of transparency of the lens.

Olfaction has a (blank) threshold, and adaptation of the olfactory sense to the continued presentation of an odorant (blank)

low, occurs rapidly

Otoliths are located in the

macula of the saccule

In the olfactory pathway, axons of the mitral cells form the _________. The axons project to the _________.

olfactory tract; cerebral cortex and limbic system

Olfactory epithelium is found

only in the superior portion of the nasal cavity.

Cones and rods synapse with bipolar cells in the ______ layer.

outer synaptic

To decrease heart rate, the (blank) division causes a release of (blank) to (blank) receptors.

parasympathetic, acetylcholine, muscarine

During embryonic development, the external ear develops from a structure called the first

pharyngeal cleft.

During embryonic development, the middle ear develops from a structure called the first

pharyngeal pouch.

Presbycusis refers to age-associated

progressive loss of hearing in both ears.

Which structures contain endolymph?

saccule, utricle and cochlear duct

Dynamic equilibrium is maintained by the

semicircular canals.

Which cells are part of the olfactory epithelium? Select all that apply.

supporting cells, basal cell, olfactory receptor cells

The superior oblique is innervated by (blank) nerve and the lateral rectus is innervated by (blank) nerve. All other extrinsic eye muscles are innervated by (blank) nerve.

trochlear, abducens, and oculomotor

What ear structure vibrates back and forth when sound waves strike?

tympanic membrane

The vestibular nuclei of the brainstem that control equilibrium receives sensory information from what structures? Select all that apply.

utricle and saccule, semicircular ducts, and eyes

Which structures are associated with equilibrium? Select all that apply.

vestibule, saccule, semicircular ducts, ampullae

Place the flow of tears in correct order. 1. lacrimal gland 2. lacrimal sac 3. lacrimal duct 4. superior or inferior lacrimal canal 5. nasolacrimal duct 6. nasal cavity

1, 3, 4, 2, 5, 6

Choose the sequence of events in order for how gustation is conveyed from beginning to end. 1. Taste bud detects tastant on anterior two third of tongue 2. Information travels to limbic system and hypothalamus, and to the thalamus 3. Gustatory nucleus in medulla receives information 4. First order neuron from facial nerve carries impulse 5. First order neuron from vagus nerve carries impulse 6. First order neuron from glossopharyngeal nerve carries impulse 7. Conscious perception of taste 8. Information is sent to the insula of the cerebral cortex

1, 4, 3, 2, 8, 7

How many days after fertilization do the eyes begin to develop?

22

Select the sequence of events for the olfactory pathway 1. a second messenger opens cation channels (Na+ and Ca+2) 2. depolarization of olfactory receptor cells occurs 3. odorant binds to olfactory receptor protein 4. G protein activates cyclic adenosine monophosphate

3, 4, 1, 2

Which labeled step(s) represents cis-retinal binding to opsin, regenerating a photopigment that is functional?

4

Place the events of sound transduction in order. 1. Exocytosis of neurotransmitters occurs 2. Mechanically-gated channels fully open allowing K+ to enter 3. Calcium voltage-gated channels open 4. stereocilia of hair cells bend 5. Higher frequency of action potentials in first-order neurons 6. Cations entering cause depolarization

4, 2, 6, 3, 1, 5

Select the correct order for the neural pathway from the inner ear to the brain. 1. inferior colliculus 2. cochlear branch nerve fibers of cranial nerve VIII 3. superior olivary nucleus in pons 4. hair cells in spiral organ 5. medial geniculate nucleus in thalamus 6. primary auditory cerebral cortex 7. cochlear nuclei in medulla oblongata

4, 2, 7, 3, 1, 5, 6

Light enters the retina through the layers of neural retina in this order ______; however information is processed through this order _______ in the retina 1. Photoreceptor cell layer 2. Bipolar cell layer 3. Inner synaptic layer 4. Outer synaptic layer 5. Ganglion cell layer

5, 3, 2, 4, 1 / 1, 4, 2, 3, 5

How many extrinsic eye muscles are responsible for moving each eye?

6

The second order neurons of the olfactory pathway are located in which region of the diagram?

A

Sweet, salty, bitter, sour, and umami can be detected on which taste bud in the diagram?

A and B

Identify the malleus, incus, and stapes in the diagram.

A, B, J

In the diagram G represents the (blank) which is filled with (blank) that is made by the (blank).

Anterior cavity, aqueous humor, and ciliary processes

An uncorrected myopic eye is seen in which diagram?

B

In the retina diagram, where is the bipolar cell layer?

B

Tastants make contact with which portion in the diagram?

B

In the diagram which area contains only cones?

C

Which cell in the diagram is replaced every 10 days?

C

Which structure in this diagram produces the material that dissolves odorants so transduction can occur?

C

______ receptors are primarily used for detecting light rays under bright light conditions.

Cones

What structures play a major role in visual acuity? Select all that apply.

Cones, Macula lutea, Fovea centralis

Pink eye is an infection of the thin mucous membrane that protects the inner aspect of the eyelids and the anterior portion of the sclera. What membrane is involved?

Conjunctiva

Which is the transparent layer on the anterior of the eyeball through which the iris can be observed?

Cornea

______ are proteins that make up the refractive portion of the lens.

Crystallins

An uncorrected hyperopic eye is seen in which diagram?

D

In the diagram what structure is primarily composed of dense connective tissue with high amounts of collagen fibers and fibroblasts?

D

In the diagram, which is a modified sebaceous gland that keeps the eyelids from sticking to each other?

E

From which of the following layers of the developing embryo do the eyes develop?

Ectoderm

Which papillae increase surface area but do not aid in direct gustation?

Filiform

(Blank) provide for the sense of taste.

Gustatory cells

In this diagram which structure composed of bone and cartilage, helps equalize pressure between middle ear and the atmosphere?

H

Jennifer is at a stoplight and begins to accelerate into traffic when the light turns green. She stops suddenly as a truck runs the red light and is only a few inches away from her front bumper. Which effect would you NOT expect to see in Jennifer's body?

Increased secretion of digestive juices

The ______ regulates the amount of light entering the eyeball through the pupil.

Iris

Night blindness can be caused by

Lack of rhodopsin

Sebaceous glands are located in what areas of the eye? Select all that apply.

Lacrimal caruncle, Tarsal plate, Base of eyelashes

When you inhale slowly and deeply, this helps identify odors. Why?

More odorants are brought into contact with the olfactory epithelium.

_____ bind the odorants and begin signal transduction.

Olfactory cilia

What cranial nerves are associated with olfactory glands? Select all that apply.

Olfactory, facial

Circular muscles of the iris are controlled by the (blank) nervous system and cause the pupil to (blank). Radial muscles of the iris are controlled by the (blank) nervous system and cause the pupil to (blank). The circular muscles are controlled specifically by the (blank) cranial nerve.

Parasympathetic, constrict, sympathetic, dilate, oculomotor

Individuals that have osteogenesis imperfecta have malformed collagen fibers. The (blank) is thinner, affecting the eye's strength. Due to this, the whites of the eyes often appear grayish-blue, because the dark pigmented (blank) layer is seen.

Sclera and choroid

Which statement accurately describes the changes in the membrane potential of a photoreceptor cell when light rays strike its photopigments?

The photoreceptor cell undergoes hyperpolarization. The photoreceptor cell undergoes hyperpolarization.

Why is the optic disc known as the blind spot?

There is no retinal layer so there are no cones and rods.

Which of the following nerves conducts impulses associated with the sense of gustation?

Vagus, Facial, and Glossopharyngeal

What lies between the lens and the retina?

Vitreous chamber

Infection of a sebaceous ciliary gland can result in

a sty.

What parts of the nervous system receive information from structure E in the diagram? Select all that apply.

abducens, trochlear, vestibulospinal tract, occulomotor, accessory, medulla oblongata, pons, cerebellum

The first step in the visual transduction process that occurs in the retina is

absorption of light by photopigments.