Anatomy and Physiology II: Ch 11 - Lymphatic System
The last clinical stage of HIV infection is known as:
AIDS
Which of these would be considered an immunotherapy?
Administration of white blood cells or cytokines produced by these cells
While you are visiting a medical clinic in Madagascar, you see many cases of Bubonic plague. Which of these is a clinically-effective and cost-effective public health strategy to prevent future cases?
Advise the residents to not eat or have contact with dead animals in this area
An individual presents to your clinic because of autoimmune hemolytic anemia where the individual's own immune cells attack and destroy the red blood cells. What general class of drugs would you use to treat this disorder?
An immunosuppressive drug, such as prednisone
What cells are important in stimulating the adaptive immune responses
Antigen presenting cells
What are the predominant cells in the lymphatic nodules (follicles)
B lymphocytes
Which cells form the humoral immune response?
B lymphocytes
In treating cancers, which type of cell may be provided?
B lymphocytes, cytotoxic T lymphocytes, and macrophages.
What molecule is essential activating T lymphocytes?
Binding of foreign antigens to major histocompatibility complex (MHC I and II) results in binding to T cell receptors and activation of these cells.
Which of the following statements correctly describes the function of complement proteins?
Complement proteins form membrane attack complexes within the membranes of pathogens, resulting in their destruction.
What is the main basis of adaptive immunity?
Distinguishing self from non-self
Which disorder is characterized by enlargement and hardening of the limbs?
Elephantiasis is characterized by hardening and enlargement of the limbs secondary to lymphatic vessel occlusion.
The orange structures in this diagram are lymphatic nodules. What is the term for the light staining center region that may be present in lymphatic nodules?
Germinal center
Which of the following cells will be targeted by HIV for infection?
Helper T cells
If a person were infected with a parasite, which antibody class would you expect to see in higher numbers?
IgE is produced in response to parasitic infections.
which antibody class is able to cross the placenta AND fixes complement?
IgG
which antibody class is the largest?
IgM
which step is the first step in the viral replication cycle?
In order for HIV to enter a cell, it must first attach to cell surface receptors.
Chemicals released by virally-infected cells in order to protect their uninfected neighbors from the virus are called _____.
Interferons are released by virally-infected cells and stimulate the production of antiviral proteins in uninfected cells.
What is the biggest concern with anything that causes immunosuppression?
It can lead to opportunistic infections
Which lymphatic organ has both afferent and efferent lymphatic vessels?
Lymph node
Lymphatic capillaries are entwined with the arterioles and venules of the _____.
Lymphatic capillaries are entwined with the arterioles and venules of the cardiovascular system.
Which of these conditions is characterized by enlarged lymph nodes that are generally not painful?
Lymphoma
When a mother transfers her antibodies to her child via colostrum, what type of adaptive immunity is this considered?
Natural acquired passive immunity
The specific cell that produces antibodies are the _____.
Once activated, B-cells can develop into plasma cells. These are the cells that produce antibodies.
In which of these conditions, would one used suppression immunotherapies?
Organ transplant
What is the thymic-dependent region of the spleen?
Periarteriolar lymphatic sheath (PALS)
What is the purpose of positive selection for T cells?
Positive selection selects for T cells that are able to respond to non-self. Those that fail to respond to non-self undergo apoptosis as they would not be helpful in fighting off an infection.
Which of the following statements is correct regarding antibody-mediated immunity?
Precipitation is the result of two soluble reactants yielding an insoluble product. This precipitate is much easier to phagocytize.
A patient has auto-immune hemolytic anemia. Which of these immunotherapies would be the best to use?
Prednisone that suppresses the immune system
what enzyme stimulates the maturation of new HIV particles?
Proteases
Which enzyme is responsible for converting viral RNA to DNA?
Reverse transcriptase is responsible for converting viral RNA into DNA.
Which disease is characterized by random build-up of granulomas in organs, such as the lungs and lymph nodes?
Sarcoidosis
Which disease is characterized by general loss of immune tolerance and immune attack on several cells and tissues in the body?
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
Which of these cells is the primary one destroyed by HIV?
T helper (CD4+) lymphocytes
Where does the fluid that ultimately becomes lymph originate from?
The blood
which organ is considered a primary lymphatic organ?
The thymus is a primary lymphatic organ for T lymphocytes.
Why are memory B cells important in developing vaccines?
They retain a memory of previous infections, so that if an individual is re-exposed to the same or similar antigen, as may be the case with vaccines, they allow for a more quicker response. This rapid response provides protection against developing clinical signs/symptoms to the same disease.
A pregnant patient has a wart on their finger that is not due to human papillomavirus. Which of these immunotherapies may be helpful?
Topical Imiquimod
Which of these treatments are NOT useful for lymphedema?
diuretic
n which organ does T lymphocytes undergo maturation and selection?
in the thymus
Histamine, released by mast cells, results in a complex series of reactions in the human body known as _____.
inflammation
In which region of the body, do leukemias originate?
n the bone marrow where blast red blood cells proliferate out of control and enter the blood circulation.
An immune chemical released by natural killer cells that is able to perforate and destroy an infected or abnormal cell is the chemical _____.
perforin
Cells that are able to engulf and digest pathogens are known as _____.
phagocytes
Lymph is returned to the cardiovascular system via the _____ veins.
right and left subclavian veins respectively.
The _____ duct drains lymph from the right upper quadrant of the body.
right lymphatic
The walls of larger lymphatics contain a layer of _____ muscle, that contracts rhythmically in order to return lymph to the thorax.
smooth
The skin is part of which immune response?
the innate immunity.
