Anatomy and Physiology II Lab Practical 1

What is the wide superior part of the heart?

Base

Identify organ system described: Breaks down and absorbs food

Digestive system

Identify the blood vessel tunic described: Single layer of endothelium associated with a scant basement membrane

Epithelium - tunica interna

True or false. Systemic vasoconstriction decreases blood pressure

False - vasoconstriction increases BP

Define the directional term: distal

Farther from the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk Ex. The knee is distal to the thigh. Ex. The wrist is distal to the elbow. Ex. The tibia is distal to the femur

What is the primary function of glucagon? Which tissues are primarily targeted?

Glucagon causes the liver to secrete glucose, leading to decreased stored glucagon and increased glucose in bloodstream (to increase blood glucose)

Are heart rate and blood pressure lower in the supine position or after standing for two minutes?

HR + BP lower in supine position

How do resting heart rate and post-exercise heart rate compare? What would you expect to see and why?

Heart rate increases during exercise and does not immediately return to normal resting heart rate

Identify organ system described: Forms the external body covering

Integumentary system

Venous valves are folds of the tunica __________

Interna

What does the Q-T interval represent?

Interval from onset of ventricular depolarization to the end of ventricular repolarization.

What is the structure that separates the ventricles internally?

Interventricular septum

What are the sounds of turbulent blood flow that occur when blood flow resumes in an artery that has been occluded?

Korotkoff sounds

Define the directional term: contralateral

On the opposite side of the body Ex. The right arm and left leg are contralateral Ex. The right fibula and the let fibula are contralateral

What's the equation for pulse pressure?

PP = SBP - DBP

Why did heart rate and blood pressure change when the position changed?

Upon standing from a supine position, normal response is an increase in heart rate to maintain blood pressure

What are the inferior heart chambers?

Ventricles

Components of the intrinsic conduction system

1. The pacemakers of the SA node initiates the electrical impulse that results in a heartbeat 2. The AV node slows the electrical impulse 3. The AV bundle conducts the impulse from the AV node to the bundle branches 4. The bundle branches extend toward the apex of the heart and radiates across the inner surface of the left and right ventricles 5. The purkinje fibers convey the impulses very rapidly to the contractile cells of the ventricular myocardium

What is average normal adult arterial blood pressure?

120/80 mmHg

What is average venous blood pressure?

16 mmHg

What is the transverse plane?

A horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior parts Divides tissue into cranial and caudal portions

Describe the following component of serous membranes: Parietal membrane

A membrane that is farther away from the organ, but lines the cavity.

Define and explain the importance of homeostaisis

A state of body equilibrium or stable internal environment of the body In order for everything to work properly, the body has to keep physiological variables controlled within a narrow range.

Define stress in negative feedback loop mechanism

A stimuli that produces change in a variable Causes disruption in homeostasis

What is a serous membrane?

A thin, continuous membrane lining a closed cavity of the body and covering its organs

What is the sagittal plane?

A vertical line which divides the body into a left and right sections. Median or midsagittal plane is a sagittal plane that divides the body into equal right and left regions. Divides organ into left and right sides along midline

What is the coronal or frontal plane?

A vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts Divides organ into dorsal and ventral portions

Identify the body cavity in which the following organ is contained: Kidney

Abdominal cavity

Identify the body cavity in which the following organ is contained: Liver

Abdominal cavity

Identify the body cavity in which the following organ is contained: Small intestine

Abdominal cavity

Identify the body cavity in which the following organ is contained: Stomach

Abdominal cavity

Describe the following component of serous membranes: Serous fluid

An extremely thin layer of fluid within the cavity between two layers to reduce friction as an organ moves against adjacent structures

Define the directional term: midline

An imaginary line down the center of the body that divides the body into left and right. Note: Left and right refer to those sides of the patient, cadaver, skeleton, or muscle man you are looking at, and not your left and right. Remember, the anatomical position is always in reference to facing the "patient," assuming the patient is standing. If the patient is lying down, you approach the patient from the "foot of the bed."

Define control center in negative feedback loop mechanism

Analyzes input and compares value to normal range to determine appropriate response by activating the effector (muscle or gland)

What is the valve between the left ventricle and the aorta?

Aortic valve

What is the pointed inferior part of the heart?

Apex

What are the superior heart chambers?

Atria

What are extensions of the atria?

Auricles

Define the directional term: deep

Away from the body surface; more internal Ex. The lungs are deep to the skin. Ex. The bones are deep to the muscles.

Define the directional term: inferior/caudal

Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure of the body; below Ex. The navel is inferior to the chin. Ex. The tibia is inferior to the femur Ex. The pelvic girdle is inferior to the ribs

Define the directional term: lateral

Away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of Ex. The arms are lateral to the chest. Ex. The eyes are lateral to the nose. Ex. The ribs are lateral to the sternum. Ex. The right humerus and right radius are lateral.

What is the equation for blood pressure?

BP = CO x R Blood pressure increases when cardiac output increases, due either to an increase in heart rate or an increase in stroke volume (CO = HR x SV). Blood pressure also increases when resistance increases. Blood viscosity, total blood vessel length, and blood vessel diameter all change resistance to blood flow. However, changing blood vessel diameter is the only immediate mechanism to change resistance and blood pressure. Vasoconstriction (decrease in blood vessel diameter) of blood vessels increases resistance and increases blood pressure. Vasodilation (increase in blood vessel diameter) of blood vessels decreases resistance and decreases blood pressure.

What is the inferior aspect of the heart? (sheep dissection)

Called the apex The pointy tip

What is the superior aspect of the heart? (sheep dissection)

Called the base The broad, flat end

Identify organ system described: Transports oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide, and waste products

Cardiovascular system

What is the function of the pulmonary trunk?

Carries oxygen-poor blood away from the right ventricle to the pulmonary arteries

What is the function of the aorta?

Carries oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle to the systemic circulation

What is the function of the pulmonary artery?

Carry oxygen-poor blood away from the pulmonary trunk to the lungs where it is oxygenated

What is the function of pulmonary veins?

Carry oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the left atrium

Define effector in negative feedback loop mechanism

Causes change to reverse situation (stimulus) and return the value to the normal range The mean's for the control center's response

What are the stings attached to AV valves?

Chordae tendineae

Define the directional term: proximal

Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk Ex. The elbow is proximal to the wrist. Ex. The shoulders are proximal to the fingers. Ex. The humerus is proximal to the radius

What are the two primary organ systems in maintaining homeostasis? On a basic level, explain how these organ systems complement each other.

Communication is accomplished chiefly by the nervous and endocrine systems, which use neural electrical impulses or blood-borne hormones, respectively, as information carriers. Neural impulses travel along sensory pathways to take afferent input to control center while hormones travel along motor pathway out as efferent outputs.

Identify the body cavity in which the following organ is contained: Brain

Cranial cavity

What is the P wave represent?

Depolarization of atriums, beginning of atrial systole

What does the QRS complex represent?

Depolarization of the ventricles, atrial repolarization

What is arterial blood pressure during ventricular diastole?

Diastolic

What is respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA)?

During inspiration, thoracic pressure drops and this increases venous blood return to the right atrium. This stretches the atrium and triggers an increase in heart rate. This effect is to increase cardiac output to compensate for the increased venous return.

Rheumatic fever is a disorder in which the immune system attacks the heart valves and myocardium. What effects might this disease have on the function of the valves and the myocardium? How might a defective aortic valve affect a person's stamina?

Effect of inflamed connective tissue or valves that become scarred over time, causing possible leakages (especially the mitral valve). Stenosis, valve regurgitation, and/or damage to heart muscle (heart muscle can't pump blood as effectively)

What does the S-T segment represent?

End of S wave to the beginning of T wave

What is the innermost layer of the heartwall?

Endocardium

Identify organ system described: Includes the thyroid, pituitary, and adrenal glands

Endocrine system

Identify the blood vessel tunic described: Forms venous valves

Endothelium

Identify the blood vessel tunic described: Provides a smooth surface to decrease resistance to blood flow

Endothelium

What is another name for the visceral layer of the serous pericardium?

Epicardium

True or false. Blood pressure is lower during ice water immersion than at rest

False - BP is higher during ice water immersion than at rest

True or false. Blood pressure is higher in the supine position than in the standing position

False - BP is lower in the supine position than in the standing position

Cardiac muscle tissue Structures: cardiac muscle fibers, nucleus, striation, intercalated disc

Identify and label slide

Describe the proper anterior and posterior anatomical position. Indicate thumb position on both hands.

In the anterior anatomical position, the body is erect with feet facing forward and slightly apart. Palms are facing forward and thumbs point away from the body. Movable joints are 180 degrees. In the posterior anatomical position, the body is erect and the palms face backwards and the thumbs point away from the body. The heels are raised to show the plantar surface of the foot, which is actually in the interior surface of the body.

What is the blood vessel that returns oxygen-poor blood from regions inferior to the diaphragm to the right atrium?

Inferior venae cavae

Define input (afferent) in negative feedback loop mechanism

Information sent to control center from receptor along afferent pathway

Define output (efferent) in negative feedback loop mechanism

Information that flows from control center to effector along efferent pathway

What would you expect the glucose time course to look like in a type 2 diabetic? Why?

Initial steep increase in glucose and a more gradual return to normal levels because type 2 diabetics do not have as much insulin to regulate glucose levels (absorbing less glucose from the bloodstream)

Explain the difference in the thickness of the myocardium in the right and left ventricles

Left ventricle is thicker to produce more forceful contractions against gravity and generate a much greater pressure to over come greater resistance in the systemic circuit

What could cause different pulse rate recovery times?

Level of fitness is inversely proportional to the pulse rate recovery time (more fit, lower pulse rate recovery time)

What is the location and function of the AV Bundle?

Located from the AV node to the interventricular septum Pauses signal and transmits APs from AV node to the ventricles

What is the location and function of Purkinje fibers?

Located in the inner interventricular walls Activates ventricles left to right by stimulating ventricular myocardium

What is the location and function of Bundle Branches?

Located in the interventricular septum Transmits APs from AV bundles to Purkinje fibers

What is the location and function of the AV node?

Located in the right atrium Controls HR

What is the location and function of the SA node?

Located in the right atrium Sets HR

Identify organ system described: Includes the spleen, lymphatic vessels, and lymph nodes

Lymphatic system

What's the equation for mean arterial pressure?

MAP = DBP + 1/3 (SBP-DBP)

Describe the following component of serous membranes: Visceral membrane

Membrane that covers the organs in the cavities

What tissues are primarily targeted by insulin? What is their effect?

Muscles & liver Insulin causes muscles and liver specifically to take up glucose from the bloodstream (to lower blood glucose)

Identify organ system described: Allows for movement

Muscular system

What is the layer of the heart wall containing cardiac muscle?

Myocardium

In homeostasis, what are the target tissues of the nervous system compared to the endocrine system?

NS: Mainly muscles or glands ES: Can effect all cells of the body

In homeostasis, what is the method of communication of the nervous system compared to the endocrine system?

NS: Releases action potentials ES: Releases hormones

In homeostasis, what is the duration of effect of the nervous system compared to the endocrine system?

NS: Short term effects ES: Effects lasts much longer

In homeostasis, what is the speed of transmission of the nervous system compared to the endocrine system?

NS: Very fast ES: Slower response

Briefly describe negative vs. positive feedback mechanisms

Negative: system reverses the direction of the change in the stimulus (reduces stimulus Positive: body responds by enhancing the original stimulus

Identify organ system described: Controls muscles and glands via action potentials

Nervous system

Define the directional term: ipsilateral

On the same side of the body Ex. The right arm and right leg are ipsilateral

Is oxygen-poor or oxygen-rich blood pumped by the right ventricle?

Oxygen-poor

Is oxygen-poor or oxygen-rich blood pumped by the left ventricle?

Oxygen-rich

Which of the intervals (P-Q, Q-T, T-Q) seems to change the most with increasing heart rate during exercise? Why is this the case?

P-Q changes the most because the delay period is more variable than others

What are the muscles in the ventricles attached to the chordae tendinae?

Papillary muscles

Identify the body cavity in which the following organ is contained: Urinary bladder

Pelvic cavity

Identify the body cavity in which the following organ is contained: Uterus

Pelvic cavity

Identify the specific type of serous membrane that lines the: Heart

Pericardium

What does the isoelectric line represent?

Periods when ECG electrodes did not detect any electrical activity

Identify the specific type of serous membrane that lines the: Abdominal cavity

Peritoneum

Identify the specific type of serous membrane that lines the: Lungs

Pleura

What is the blood vessel that carries oxygen-poor blood away from the right ventricle to the pulmonary arteries?

Pulmonary trunk

What is the valve between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk?

Pulmonary valve

What are the blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the left atrium?

Pulmonary veins

What does the T wave represent?

Repolarization of ventricles

Identify organ system described: Produces gametes

Reproductive system

Identify organ system described: Includes the trachea and lungs

Respiratory system

Define glucose tolerance

Resulting in high blood glucose levels, this refers to how the body regulates glucose changes in the body. If you can produce insulin and regulate glucose levels, then you don't need extra insulin (as in Diabetes)

What is the function of the inferior vena cava?

Returns oxygen-poor blood from regions inferior to the diaphragm to the right atrium

What is the function of the superior vena cava?

Returns oxygen-poor blood from regions superior to the diaphragm to the right atrium

What is the function of the coronary sinus?

Returns oxygen-poor blood from the myocardium to the right atrium

Identify the surface structures of the heart (anterior)

Right atrium Right auricle Right ventricle Left atrium Left auricle Left ventricle Atrioventricular groove (coronary sulcus) Anterior interventricular sulcus Posterior interventricular sulcus

Starting with the right atrium, trace a drop of blood though the pulmonary and systemic circulations by listing in order all the blood vessels, heart chambers, and valves that the blood passes through.

Right atrium Tricuspid valve (right AV valve) Right ventricle Pulmonary (semilunar) valve Pulmonary trunk R + L pulmonary arteries Pulmonary capillaries Pulmonary veins Left atrium Bicuspid valve (mitral or left AV valve) Left ventricle Aortic (semilunar) valve Aorta Systemic arteries Systemic capillaries Systemic veins Superior and inferior vena cavae

Define insulin sensitivity

Sensitivity to insulin requires even more insulin to lower glucose levels in the bloodstream, so typically blood glucose levels are high

Define receptor in negative feedback loop mechanism

Sensor that monitors the environment and responds to changes by sending input signal to control center The change in the variable detected by the body

Identify organ system described: Provides a framework for the body and protects body organs

Skeletal system

What is the device used to indirectly measure arterial blood pressure?

Sphygmomanometer

What does the P-R interval represent?

Start of P wave to start of R wave The interval between the activation of the SA node and the AV node

What are the grooves that externally mark the boundaries between the heart chambers?

Sulcus

Identify the great vessels of the heart

Superior vena cava Inferior vena cava Coronary sinus Pulmonary trunk R & L pulmonary arteries R & L pulmonary veins Aorta

Does heart rate and blood pressure increase or decrease following ice water immersion? Why?

Sympathetic vascular response + pulse excitability increases HR + BP to maintain body temperature

What is arterial blood pressure during ventricular contraction?

Systolic

Why is your understanding of proper anatomical position important?

The anatomical position is important because it puts the body in a set position and posture as a basis for anatomical discussion. It ensures a common method of communication and helps avoid confusion when identifying structures. The anatomical position and directional terms enable you to describe the locations of structures in relation to other structures or locations in the body. Ex. The nose is on the midline.

What are the first (lub) and second (dub) heart sounds generated by?

The first heart sound occurs with blood turbulence from closure of the two AV valves at the beginning of ventricular systole. The second heart sound occurs with blood turbulence from the close of the two semilunar valves at the beginning of ventricular diastole

Are there any significant changes in heart rate when a person inhales or exhales deeply compared to the resting, sitting rate? What changes, if any, occured?

The heart rate for deep breathing was higher than for seated. Inspiration was higher than expiration.

How would the blood pressure just above the heart change when a person goes from a supine to a sitting position? How would you expect this to influence the baroreceptors? What change in heart rate do you observe, and why does this occur?

The heart rates were relatively similar, but the heart rate for seated were slightly higher because it takes more work to pump blood from a higher point (gravity)

What does the P-R segment represent?

The interval between atrial depolarization and ventricular depolarization (paused signal) End of P wave to beginning of QRS complex

Define response in negative feedback loop mechanism

The result of the effector reducing the original stimulus and returns variable to homeostasis Variable responds to effector

What does the R-R interval represent?

The time between successive cycles Used to measure HR (measures the ventricle contraction because ventricle contraction is necessary to deliver blood)

What does the T-P segment represent?

The time from the end of the T wave to the beginning of the P wave of the next cycle

Identify the body cavity in which the following organ is contained: Heart

Thoracic cavity > Pericardial cavity

Identify the body cavity in which the following organ is contained: Lungs

Thoracic cavity > Pleural cavity

Define the directional term: posterior/dorsal

Toward or at the back of the body; behind Ex. The esophagus is posterior to the trachea. Ex. The scapula is posterior to the clavicle.

Define the directional term: superficial

Toward or at the body surface Ex. The skin is superficial to the skeletal muscles and skeleton.

Define the directional term: anterior/ventral

Toward or at the front of the body; in front of Ex. The breastbone is anterior to the spine. Ex. The sternum is anterior to the vertebral column

Define the directional term: medial

Toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of Ex. The heart is medial to the arm. Ex. The nose is medial to the ears. Ex. The ulna is medial to the radius.

Define the directional term: superior/cranial (rostral)

Toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above Ex. The head is superior to the abdomen. Ex. The clavicle is superior to the ribs

What is another name for the right AV valve?

Tricuspid valve

Capillary walls consist of only an endothelium and basement membrane. True or false.

True

Lumens of veins are larger than lumens of arteries of the same size. True or false.

True

True or false. Blood pressure decreases when going from a supine to standing position

True

True or false. Exercise decreases blood pressure

True

True or false. Increasing arterial blood pressure increases blood flow

True

True or false. Increasing heart rate increases blood pressure

True

True or false. Vasoconstriction of the renal arteries (blood vessels supplying kidneys) would decrease blood flow to the kidneys

True

Venous valves prevent backflow of blood. True or False

True

Identify the blood vessel tunic described: Can be called the tunica adventitia

Tunica externa

Identify the blood vessel tunic described: Supporting, protective tunica

Tunica externa

Identify the blood vessel tunic described: The only tunic of capillaries

Tunica interna

Identify the blood vessel tunic described: Bulky middle layer, consisting of smooth muscle fibers and elastic fibers

Tunica media

Identify the blood vessel tunic described: The only tunic that plays an active role in blood pressure regulation

Tunica media

Identify organ system described: Regulates composition of the blood by eliminating nitrogenous waste, excess water, and excess ions

Urinary system

Healthy heart valves are smooth and the flaps fit together closely. What do you think would be the effect if the valves were rough or filled with calcium deposits?

Valves prevent backflow of blood in the heart. If they were less pliable they would not close properly and blood would flow backwards.

Identify the body cavity in which the following organ is contained: Spinal cord

Vertebral cavity

Cardiac tamponade is a condition in which the pericardial cavity is filled with excessive amounts of fluid. This condition can be rapidly lethal. Why do you think this is the case?

With excess fluid in the pericardial cavity containing the heart, there is more pressure on the ventricles because the pericardium is not very elastic and doesn't expand as it fills with blood, reducing ventricular filling and decreasing blood pressure

How does pulse rate (pulses/minute) compare to heart rate (beats/minute)? Would you expect these numbers to be the same?

Yes, because the pulse rate is exactly equal to the heartbeat, as the contractions of the heart cause the increases in blood pressure in the arteries that lead to a noticeable pulse

Are there any exceptions to the generalization that arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart? If so, where?

Yes, pulmonary and umbilical arteries

Are there any exceptions to the generalization that veins carry deoxygenated blood to the heart? If so, where?

Yes, pulmonary and umbilical veins

The tunica media of veins is thicker/thinner than tunica media of arteries

thinner

Walls of veins are thicker/thinner than the walls of the arteries of the same size

thinner