Anatomy and Physiology (Nervous System)

The unmyelinated axons that carry slow pain sensations are the:

C-fibers C fibers are one class of nerve fiber found in the nerves of the somatic sensory system. They are afferent fibers, conveying input signals from the periphery to the central nervous system. C 纤维是在躯体感觉系统的神经中发现的一类神经纤维。 它们是传入纤维，将输入信号从外周传递到中枢神经系统。

The metabolic and control centers of the cell are in the: 细胞的代谢和控制中心位于：

Cell body

The basal ganglia are in the:

Cerebrum

The basal ganglia are in the:

Cerebrum The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. Areas within the cerebrum control muscle functions and also control speech, thought, emotions, reading, writing, and learning.

What is the name of the structure that separates and allows the brain hemispheres to communicate? 分隔大脑半球并允许大脑半球进行交流的结构的名称是什么？

Corpus collosum 角质体

The neuronal processes that transmit impulses to a cell body are a(n):

Dendrite Dendrites are extensions, or processes, of the cytoplasm that carry impulses to the cell body. An extension or process called an axon carries impulses away from the cell body.

The neuronal processes that transmit impulses to a cell body are a(n)

Dendrite 树突；树枝石；树枝状结晶

The outermost covering of the meninges is the: 脑膜的最外层是：

Dura mater 硬脑膜

Bell's palsy is paralysis of the: 贝尔氏麻痹是以下部位的麻痹：面神经

Facial nerve

Bell's palsy is paralysis of the

Facial nerve Bell palsy is a disorder of the nerve that controls movement of the muscles in the face. This nerve is called the facial or seventh cranial nerve. Damage to this nerve causes weakness or paralysis of these muscles.

The nerves to the hip and upper thigh muscles that innervate the low back emerge from the:

Lumbar The lumbar plexus is an essential collection of nerves that arise from mostly the lumbar spinal cord. The term plexus refers to a "web" of nerves that is created just lateral to where T12-L5 exit the spinal cord via intervertebral foramina. 腰丛是主要来自腰脊髓的神经的重要集合。 神经丛一词指的是在 T12-L5 通过椎间孔离开脊髓的位置的外侧形成的神经"网"。

Pressure, touch, and vibration are classified as:

Mechanical stimuli

The nerve whose deep division passes through the carpal tunnel is the

Median nerve is a sensory and motor nerve of the arm (or upper limb). It arises from the lateral and medial cords of the brachial plexus, originating in the spinal cord, and runs through the anterior portion of the arm and forearm before finishing its path at the hand and digits (fingers).

A bundle of neurons that carries information from one part of the nervous system to another is a(n): 将信息从神经系统的一部分传递到另一部分的一束神经元是 a(n)：

Neuronal pathway 神经元通路

The part of the cerebral cortex most concerned with hearing and language is the:

Temporal lobe The temporal lobes sit behind the ears and are the second largest lobe. They are most commonly associated with processing auditory information and with the encoding of memory

basal ganglia 基底神经节

The "basal ganglia" refers to a group of subcortical nuclei responsible primarily for motor control, as well as other roles such as motor learning, executive functions and behaviors, and emotions.

What do you call changes in temperature that activate thermoreceptors?

Thermal stimuli A stimulus produced by a change in skin temperature, a rise giving sensations of warmth, a fall giving sensations of coldness.

The cranial nerve that distributes into the thorax and abdomen is the 分布于胸部和腹部的脑神经是。

Vagus nerve 迷走神经 vagal nerves, are the main nerves of your parasympathetic nervous system. This system controls specific body functions such as your digestion, heart rate and immune system. These functions are involuntary, meaning you can't consciously control them

What is another term for nerve impulse

action potential

middle layer of the meninges

arachnoid mater The middle layer is the arachnoid, a web-like structure filled with fluid that cushions the brain. The tough outer layer is called the dura mater.

What is the part of the nerve cell that carries impulses away from the cell body?

axon

The part of the limbic system most concerned with physiology and homeostasis is the:

hypothalamus

The nerve supply to a muscle, organ, or tissue is its:

innervation

The nerve supply to a muscle, organ, or tissue is its:

innervation神经支配 innervation (countable and uncountable, plural innervations) (anatomy, zoology): The act of innervating or stimulating. Special activity excited in any part of the nervous system or in any organ of sense or motion; the nervous influence necessary for the maintenance of life, and the functions of the various organs. 神经支配（可数和不可数，复数神经支配）（解剖学、动物学）：支配或刺激的行为。 在神经系统的任​​何部分或任何感觉或运动器官中兴奋的特殊活动； 维持生命所必需的神经影响，以及各种器官的功能。

Pressure, touch, and vibration are classified as:

mechanical stimuli

A nerve ending activated by stretching, ligament tension, or touch is a:

mechanoreceptor

The nerve whose deep division passes through the carpal tunnel is the:

median nerve The median nerve normally travels in the carpal tunnel as a single nerve, and it splits at the distal border of the transverse carpal ligament, where it gives rise to the branches which supply innervation to the fingers

Which part of the brain stem contains the vital centers?

medulla oblongata

vital centers 生命中心

medulla oblongata 延髓 The vital centers for heartbeat, respiration, and blood vessel diameter regulation are found in the d) medulla oblongata. The medulla oblongata is the most inferior portion of the brainstem and is responsible for autonomic functions and connecting the spinal cord to higher levels of the brain.

What is the insulating substance around large axons?

myelin 髓磷脂 Myelin is an insulating layer, or sheath that forms around nerves, including those in the brain and spinal cord. It is made up of protein and fatty substances. This myelin sheath allows electrical impulses to transmit quickly and efficiently along the nerve cells. If myelin is damaged, these impulses slow down

Neuron is another term for a:

nerve cell

The traveling wave of depolarization along an axon is a(n):

nerve impulse

The inflammation of a nerve is called

neuritis

chemical released from a presynaptic membrane into the synaptic space is a(n):

neurotransmitter

The corpus callosum connects the: corpus callosum is a large bundle of more than 200 million myelinated nerve fibers that connect the two brain hemispheres, permitting communication between the right and left sides of the brain

right and left cerebral hemispheres

The corpus callosum connects the: 胼胝体连接：左右大脑半球

right and left cerebral hemispheres

The sciatic nerve emerges from the 坐骨神经从中出现。 骶丛

sacral plexus

A somatic effector is:

skeletal muscle

Paired nerves emerging from the spinal cord are the:

spinal nerves spinal nerve, in vertebrates, any one of many paired peripheral nerves that arise from the spinal cord. In humans there are 31 pairs: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal. Each pair connects the spinal cord with a specific region of the body.

The relay station for information between the spinal cord and cerebrum is the:

thalamus

The relay station for information between the spinal cord and cerebrum is the:

thalamus Your thalamus is your body's information relay station. All information from your body's senses (except smell) must be processed through your thalamus before being sent to your brain's cerebral cortex for interpretation. Your thalamus also plays a role in sleep, wakefulness, consciousness, learning and memory.

Innervation 神经支配

the supply of nerves to a specific body part

C fibers (pain)

thin, unmylinated axons, conducts pain info slowly and adapts slowly

peripheral nervous system

A division of the nervous system consisting of all nerves that are not part of the brain or spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system is one of two components that make up the nervous system of bilateral animals, with the other part being the central nervous system. The PNS consists of nerves and ganglia, which lie outside the brain and the spinal cord

A rapid response to a stimulus is usually through:

A reflex arc

The nerve to the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid is the

Accessory nerve The accessory spinal nerve or XI cranial nerve is essential for neck and shoulder movement, the intrinsic musculature of the larynx, and the sensitive afferences of the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid musculature

The change in voltage across a cell membrane sufficient to begin a nerve signal is called the: 足以开始神经信号的跨细胞膜的电压变化称为：

Action potential

The carrier axon of fast pain sensations is the:

Alpha-delta axon The fast-pain pathways, composed of A delta fibres, also carry the signals that trigger your withdrawal reflex within a few milliseconds when you receive a painful stimulus, such as when you step on a nail.

What is the middle layer of the meninges?

Arachnoid mater

The activities of this branch of the nervous system are involuntary and regulated by the hypothalamus and brain stem:

Autonomic division

The distal end of the axon is the:

Axon terminal The distal portion of the axon is the axon terminal. A neuron (also called a nerve cell) is an excitable cell in the body of higher animals, including humans. The cell can be distinguished from other cell types in having distinctive parts, such as soma, dendrites and axons

The most anterior part of the cerebral cortex that lies beneath the frontal bone is the

Frontal lobe The frontal lobes are the largest lobes in the human brain and they are also the most common region of injury in traumatic brain injury. The frontal lobes are important for voluntary movement, expressive language and for managing higher level executive functions

The part of the limbic system involved in creating new memories is the:

Hippocampus Hippocampus is a complex brain structure embedded deep into temporal lobe. It has a major role in learning and memory.

Which part of the diencephalon controls the hormone secretion for the pituitary gland?

Hypothalamus

The part of the limbic system most concerned with physiology and homeostasis is the: 与生理学和体内平衡最相关的边缘系统部分是：

Hypothalamus The limbic system is a collection of structures involved in processing emotion and memory, including the hippocampus, the amygdala, and the hypothalamus. The limbic system is located within the cerebrum of the brain, immediately below the temporal lobes, and buried under the cerebral cortex (the cortex is the outermost part of the brain).

The processing of incoming information and the generation of a response is the: 传入信息的处理和响应的生成是：

Integrative function 综合功能

A nerve ending activated by tissue damage that conveys pain signals is a(n)

Nociceptor 伤害感受器

The part of the nervous system responsible for adjusting organ function in the digestive system is the:

Parasympathetic division

The structure that controls much of the endocrine system is the:

Pituitary gland

The tibialis nerve and the common peroneal nerve are both part of the:

Sciatic nerve a major nerve extending from the lower end of the spinal cord down the back of the thigh, and dividing above the knee joint. It is the nerve with the largest diameter in the human body.

Autonomic effectors are mostly

Smooth muscle and glands

Paired nerves emerging from the spinal cord are the:

Spinal nerves

The fight-or-flight response is a result of which branch of the autonomic nervous system?

Sympathetic

The communicating junction between neurons is a:

Synapse突触 synapse, also called neuronal junction, the site of transmission of electric nerve impulses between two nerve cells (neurons) or between a neuron and a gland or muscle cell (effector). A synaptic connection between a neuron and a muscle cell is called a neuromuscular junction.