Anatomy and Physiology study set
9. Which of the following is a molecule, but not a compound? a. H2O b. 2H c. H2 d. H+
c. H2
Sesamoid bones are found embedded in ________. Select one: a. joints b. muscles c. ligaments d. tendons
d. tendons
10. Choose the term that best completes the following analogy: Cytoplasm is to cytosol as a swimming pool containing chlorine and flotation toys is to ________. a. the walls of the pool b. the chlorine c. the flotation toys d. the water
d. the water
14. The energy stored in a foot of snow on a steep roof is ________. a. potential energy b. kinetic energy c. radiant energy d. activation energy
a. potential energy
6. The characteristic that gives an element its distinctive properties is its number of ________. a. protons b. neutrons c. electrons d. atoms
a. protons
24. Which of the following phases is characterized by preparation for DNA synthesis? a. G0 b. G1 c. G2 d. S
b. G1
22. How many "letters" of an RNA molecule, in sequence, does it take to provide the code for a single amino acid? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4
c. 3
The papillary and reticular layers of the dermis are composed mainly of ________. Select one: a. melanocytes b. keratinocytes c. connective tissue d. adipose tissue
c. connective tissue
During which phase of a twitch in a muscle fiber is tension the greatest? Select one: a. resting phase b. repolarization phase c. contraction phase d. relaxation phase
c. contraction phase
Which of these three paracrine chemicals cause vasodilation? Select one: a. ATP b. adenosine c. nitric oxide d. None of the above
c. nitric oxide
14. Humans have the most urgent need for a continuous supply of ________. a. food b. nitrogen c. oxygen d. water
c. oxygen
Which cranial nerve does not control functions in the head and neck? Select one: a. olfactory b. trochlear c. glossopharyngeal d. vagus
d. vagus
17. After you eat lunch, nerve cells in your stomach respond to the distension (the stimulus) resulting from the food. They relay this information to ________. a. a control center b. a set point c. effectors d. sensors
a. a control center
After you eat lunch, nerve cells in your stomach respond to the distension (the stimulus) resulting from the food. They relay this information to ________. Select one: a. a control center b. a set point c. effectors d. sensors
a. a control center
26. The nerve impulse travels down a(n) ________, away from the cell body. a. dendrite b. axon c. microglia d. collagen fiber
b. axon
8. Which of the following is not a type of tissue? a. muscle b. nervous c. embryonic d. epithelial
c. embryonic
What structure contributes to the knee joint? Select one: a. lateral malleolus of the fibula b. tibial tuberosity c. medial condyle of the tibia d. lateral epicondyle of the femur
c. medial condyle of the tibia
7. A scientist wants to study how the body uses foods and fluids during a marathon run. This scientist is most likely a(n) ________. a. exercise physiologist b. microscopic anatomist c. regional physiologist d. systemic anatomist
a. exercise physiologist
Solute contributes to the movement of water between cells and the surrounding medium by ________. Select one: a. osmotic pressure b. hydrostatic pressure c. Brownian movement d. random motion
a. osmotic pressure
The pleura that surrounds the lungs consists of two layers, the ________. Select one: a. visceral and parietal pleurae. b. mediastinum and parietal pleurae. c. visceral and mediastinum pleurae. d. none of the above
a. visceral and parietal pleurae.
Rickets results in improper bone development in children that arises from the malabsorption of calcium and a deficiency in ________. Select one: a. vitamin D b. vitamin C c. vitamin B12 d. niacin
a. vitamin D
Which of these statements about the pharynx is true? Select one: a. It extends from the nasal and oral cavities superiorly to the esophagus anteriorly. b. The oropharynx is continuous superiorly with the nasopharynx. c. The nasopharynx is involved in digestion. d. The laryngopharynx is composed partially of cartilage.
b. The oropharynx is continuous superiorly with the nasopharynx.
What is the action of the masseter? Select one: a. swallowing b. chewing c. moving the lips d. closing the eye
b. chewing
19. Which of the following is an example of a normal physiologic process that uses a positive feedback loop? a. blood pressure regulation b. childbirth c. regulation of fluid balance d. temperature regulation
b. childbirth
10. Differentiated cells in a developing embryo derive from ________. a. endothelium, mesothelium, and epithelium b. ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm c. connective tissue, epithelial tissue, and muscle tissue d. epidermis, mesoderm, and endothelium
b. ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
Which of the following is not a type of tissue? Select one: a. muscle b. nervous c. embryonic d. epithelial
c. embryonic
Which motion moves the bottom of the foot away from the midline of the body? Select one: a. elevation b. dorsiflexion c. eversion d. plantar flexion
c. eversion
Fusion of pronuclei occurs during ________. Select one: a. spermatogenesis b. ovulation c. fertilization d. capacitation
c. fertilization
28. Which of the following processes is not a cardinal sign of inflammation? a. redness b. heat c. fever d. swelling
c. fever
Which of the following processes is not a cardinal sign of inflammation? Select one: a. redness b. heat c. fever d. swelling
c. fever
31. Individuals can slow the rate of aging by modifying all of these lifestyle aspects except for ________. a. diet b. exercise c. genetic factors d. stress
c. genetic factors
During endochondral ossification of a long bone, ________. Select one: a. a primary ossification center will develop within the epiphysis b. mesenchyme will differentiate directly into bone tissue c. growth of the epiphyseal plate will produce bone lengthening d. all epiphyseal plates will disappear before birth
c. growth of the epiphyseal plate will produce bone lengthening
28. Which type of stem cell gives rise to red and white blood cells? a. endothelial b. epithelial c. hematopoietic d. mesenchymal
c. hematopoietic
A decrease in volume leads to a(n) ________ pressure. Select one: a. decrease in b. equalization of c. increase in d. zero
c. increase in
Bone tissue can be described as ________. Select one: a. dead calcified tissue b. cartilage c. the skeletal system d. dense, hard connective tissue
d. dense, hard connective tissue
The smallest independently functioning unit of an organism is a(n) ________. Select one: a. cell b. molecule c. organ d. tissue
a. cell
30. Atrophy refers to ________. a. loss of elasticity b. loss of mass c. loss of rigidity d. loss of permeability
b. loss of mass
The influx of which ion accounts for the plateau phase? Select one: a. sodium b. potassium c. chloride d. calcium
d. calcium
Which cell type helps to repair injured muscle fibers? Select one: a. ganglion cells b. myotube cells c. myoblast cells d. satellite cells
d. satellite cells
15. Which of the following statements about nutrients is true? a. All classes of nutrients are essential to human survival. b. Because the body cannot store any micronutrients, they need to be consumed nearly every day. c. Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are micronutrients. d. Macronutrients are vitamins and minerals.
a. All classes of nutrients are essential to human survival.
13. Which of the following statements about chemical bonds is true? a. Covalent bonds are stronger than ionic bonds. b. Hydrogen bonds occur between two atoms of hydrogen. c. Bonding readily occurs between nonpolar and polar molecules. d. A molecule of water is unlikely to bond with an ion.
a. Covalent bonds are stronger than ionic bonds.
18. Place the following structures in order from least to most complex organization: chromatin, nucleosome, DNA, chromosome a. DNA, nucleosome, chromatin, chromosome b. nucleosome, DNA, chromosome, chromatin c. DNA, chromatin, nucleosome, chromosome d. nucleosome, chromatin, DNA, chromosome
a. DNA, nucleosome, chromatin, chromosome
A low partial pressure of oxygen promotes hemoglobin binding to carbon dioxide. This is an example of the ________. Select one: a. Haldane effect b. Bohr effect c. Dalton's law d. Henry's law
a. Haldane effect
Which of the following statements describes smooth muscle cells? Select one: a. They are resistant to fatigue b. They have a rapid onset of contractions. c. They cannot exhibit tetanus. d. They primarily use anaerobic metabolism.
a. They are resistant to fatigue
What gland produces a secretion that causes fight-or-flight responses in effectors? Select one: a. adrenal medulla b. salivatory gland c. reproductive gland d. thymus
a. adrenal medulla
Progesterone can bind to receptors for which hormone that, when released, activates water retention? Select one: a. aldosterone b. ADH c. PTH d. ANH
a. aldosterone
11. When an atom donates an electron to another atom, it becomes a. an ion b. an anion c. nonpolar d. all of the above
a. an ion
A patient has been experiencing severe, persistent allergy symptoms that are reduced when she takes an antihistamine. Before the treatment, this patient was likely to have had increased activity of which leukocyte? Select one: a. basophils b. neutrophils c. monocytes d. natural killer cells
a. basophils
Amino acids are needed to ________. Select one: a. build new proteins b. serve as fat stores c. supply energy for the cell d. create red blood cells
a. build new proteins
Which primitive area of the heart will give rise to the right ventricle? Select one: a. bulbus cordis b. primitive ventricle c. sinus venosus d. truncus arteriosus
a. bulbus cordis
8. The smallest independently functioning unit of an organism is a(n) ________. a. cell b. molecule c. organ d. tissue
a. cell
12. In observing epithelial cells under a microscope, the cells are arranged in a single layer and look tall and narrow, and the nucleus is located close to the basal side of the cell. The specimen is what type of epithelial tissue? a. columnar b. stratified c. squamous d. transitional
a. columnar
In observing epithelial cells under a microscope, the cells are arranged in a single layer and look tall and narrow, and the nucleus is located close to the basal side of the cell. The specimen is what type of epithelial tissue? Select one: a. columnar b. stratified c. squamous d. transitional
a. columnar
13. Cancer cells can be characterized as "generic" cells that perform no specialized body function. Thus cancer cells lack ________. a. differentiation b. reproduction c. responsiveness d. both reproduction and responsiveness
a. differentiation
9. The process by which a less specialized cell matures into a more specialized cell is called ________. a. differentiation b. maturation c. modification d. specialization
a. differentiation
What type of glial cell is responsible for filtering blood to produce CSF at the choroid plexus? Select one: a. ependymal cell b. astrocyte c. oligodendrocyte d. Schwann cell
a. ependymal cell
What drug is used to counteract the effects of anaphylactic shock? Select one: a. epinephrine b. antihistamines c. antibiotics d. aspirin
a. epinephrine
Which of these shunts exists between the right and left atria? Select one: a. foramen ovale b. ductus venosus c. ductus arteriosis d. foramen venosus
a. foramen ovale
26. What organic compound do brain cells primarily rely on for fuel? a. glucose b. glycogen c. galactose d. glycerol
a. glucose
Which bony landmark is located on the lateral side of the proximal humerus? Select one: a. greater tubercle b. trochlea c. lateral epicondyle d. lesser tubercle
a. greater tubercle
29. A phospholipid ________. a. has both polar and nonpolar regions b. is made up of a triglyceride bonded to a phosphate group c. is a building block of ATP d. can donate both cations and anions in solution
a. has both polar and nonpolar regions
15. The ________ exocrine gland stores its secretion until the glandular cell ruptures, whereas the ________ gland releases its apical region and reforms. a. holocrine; apocrine b. eccrine; endocrine c. apocrine; holocrine d. eccrine; apocrine
a. holocrine; apocrine
18. Which of the following combinations of atoms is most likely to result in a chemical reaction? a. hydrogen and hydrogen b. hydrogen and helium c. helium and helium d. neon and helium
a. hydrogen and hydrogen
The proximal radioulnar joint ________. Select one: a. is supported by the annular ligament b. contains an articular disc that strongly unites the bones c. is supported by the ulnar collateral ligament d. is a hinge joint that allows for flexion/extension of the forearm
a. is supported by the annular ligament
Which location on the body has the largest region of somatosensory cortex representing it, according to the sensory homunculus? Select one: a. lips b. thigh c. elbow d. neck
a. lips
The cardiovascular centers are located in which area of the brain? Select one: a. medulla oblongata b. pons c. mesencephalon (midbrain) d. cerebrum
a. medulla oblongata
14. Which of the following organelles produces large quantities of ATP when both glucose and oxygen are available to the cell? a. mitochondria b. peroxisomes c. lysosomes d. ER
a. mitochondria
Which of these organs is not considered an accessory digestive structure? Select one: a. mouth b. salivary glands c. pancreas d. liver
a. mouth
23. The cells of muscles, myocytes, develop from ________. a. myoblasts b. endoderm c. fibrocytes d. chondrocytes
a. myoblasts
25. The cells responsible for the transmission of the nerve impulse are ________. a. neurons b. oligodendrocytes c. astrocytes d. microglia
a. neurons
The cells responsible for the transmission of the nerve impulse are ________. Select one: a. neurons b. oligodendrocytes c. astrocytes d. microglia
a. neurons
21. Transcription and translation take place in the ________ and ________, respectively. a. nucleus; cytoplasm b. nucleolus; nucleus c. nucleolus; cytoplasm d. cytoplasm; nucleus
a. nucleus; cytoplasm
The anterior pituitary gland develops from which embryonic germ layer? Select one: a. oral ectoderm b. neural ectoderm c. mesoderm d. endoderm
a. oral ectoderm
9. A collection of similar tissues that performs a specific function is an ________. a. organ b. organelle c. organism d. organ system
a. organ
12. Which of the following is a function of the rough ER? a. production of proteins b. detoxification of certain substances c. synthesis of steroid hormones d. regulation of intracellular calcium concentration
a. production of proteins
22. Striations, cylindrical cells, and multiple nuclei are observed in ________. a. skeletal muscle only b. cardiac muscle only c. smooth muscle only d. skeletal and cardiac muscles
a. skeletal muscle only
21. Which of the following is most likely to be found evenly distributed in water in a homogeneous solution? a. sodium ions and chloride ions b. NaCl molecules c. salt crystals d. red blood cells
a. sodium ions and chloride ions
Depolarization of the sarcolemma means ________. Select one: a. the inside of the membrane has become less negative as sodium ions accumulate b. the outside of the membrane has become less negative as sodium ions accumulate c. the inside of the membrane has become more negative as sodium ions accumulate d. the sarcolemma has completely lost any electrical charge
a. the inside of the membrane has become less negative as sodium ions accumulate
An example of a wide fibrous joint is ________. Select one: a. the interosseous membrane of the forearm b. a gomphosis c. a suture joint d. a synostosis
a. the interosseous membrane of the forearm
All of the following play a role in calcium homeostasis EXCEPT: Select one: a. thyroxine b. calcitonin c. parathyroid hormone d. vitamin D
a. thyroxine
The first step in hemostasis is ________. Select one: a. vascular spasm b. conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin c. activation of the intrinsic pathway d. activation of the common pathway
a. vascular spasm
Which region of gray matter in the spinal cord contains motor neurons that innervate skeletal muscles? Select one: a. ventral horn b. dorsal horn c. lateral horn d. lateral column
a. ventral horn
Calcium cannot be absorbed from the small intestine if ________ is lacking. Select one: a. vitamin D b. vitamin K c. calcitonin d. fluoride
a. vitamin D
Which of the following phases is characterized by preparation for DNA synthesis? Select one: a. G0 b. G1 c. G2 d. S
b. G1
The partial pressure of carbon dioxide is 45 mm Hg in the blood and 40 mm Hg in the alveoli. What happens to the carbon dioxide? Select one: a. It diffuses into the blood. b. It diffuses into the alveoli. c. The gradient is too small for carbon dioxide to diffuse. d. It decomposes into carbon and oxygen.
b. It diffuses into the alveoli.
Which of the following statements is correct about what happens during flexion? Select one: a. The angle between bones is increased. b. The angle between bones is decreased. c. The bone moves away from the body. d. The bone moves toward the center of the body.
b. The angle between bones is decreased
How can a fractured diaphysis release fat globules into the bloodstream? Select one: a. The bone pierces fat stores in the skin. b. The yellow marrow in the diaphysis is exposed and damaged. c. The injury triggers the body to release fat from healthy bones. d. The red marrow in the fractured bone releases fat to heal the fracture.
b. The yellow marrow in the diaphysis is exposed and damaged.
24. Ty is three years old and as a result of a "stomach bug" has been vomiting for about 24 hours. His blood pH is 7.48. What does this mean? a. Ty's blood is slightly acidic. b. Ty's blood is slightly alkaline. c. Ty's blood is highly acidic. d. Ty's blood is within the normal range
b. Ty's blood is slightly alkaline.
15. The nucleus and mitochondria share which of the following features? a. protein-lined membrane pores b. a double cell membrane c. the synthesis of ribosomes d. the production of cellular energy
b. a double cell membrane
The nucleus and mitochondria share which of the following features? Select one: a. protein-lined membrane pores b. a double cell membrane c. the synthesis of ribosomes d. the production of cellular energy
b. a double cell membrane
What is the linea alba? Select one: a. a small muscle that helps with compression of the abdominal organs b. a long tendon that runs down the middle of the rectus abdominis c. a long band of collagen fibers that connects the hip to the knee d. another name for the tendinous inscription
b. a long tendon that runs down the middle of the rectus abdominis
The Krebs cycle converts ________ through a cycle of reactions. In the process, ATP, ________, and ________ are produced. Select one: a. acetyl CoA; FAD, NAD b. acetyl CoA; FADH2; NADH c. pyruvate; NAD; FADH2 d. pyruvate; oxygen; oxaloacetate
b. acetyl CoA; FADH2; NADH
18. Which connective tissue specializes in storage of fat? a. tendon b. adipose tissue c. reticular tissue d. dense connective tissue
b. adipose tissue
Eccrine sweat glands ________. Select one: a. are present on hair b. are present in the skin throughout the body and produce watery sweat c. produce sebum d. act as a moisturizer
b. are present in the skin throughout the body and produce watery sweat
The primary curvatures of the vertebral column ________. Select one: a. include the lumbar curve b. are remnants of the original fetal curvature c. include the cervical curve d. develop after the time of birth
b. are remnants of the original fetal curvature
5. The smallest unit of an element that still retains the distinctive behavior of that element is an ________. a. electron b. atom c. elemental particle d. isotope
b. atom
19. Which of the following is part of the elongation step of DNA synthesis? a. pulling apart the two DNA strands b. attaching complementary nucleotides to the template strand c. untwisting the DNA helix d. none of the above
b. attaching complementary nucleotides to the template strand
16. Connective tissue is made of which three essential components? a. cells, ground substance, and carbohydrate fibers b. cells, ground substance, and protein fibers c. collagen, ground substance, and protein fibers d. matrix, ground substance, and fluid
b. cells, ground substance, and protein fibers
Connective tissue is made of which three essential components? Select one: a. cells, ground substance, and carbohydrate fibers b. cells, ground substance, and protein fibers c. collagen, ground substance, and protein fibers d. matrix, ground substance, and fluid
b. cells, ground substance, and protein fibers
Which type of immune response is most directly effective against bacteria? Select one: a. natural killer cells b. complement c. cytotoxic T cells d. helper T cells
b. complement
In a blood pressure measurement of 110/70, the number 70 is the ________. Select one: a. systolic pressure b. diastolic pressure c. pulse pressure d. mean arterial pressure
b. diastolic pressure
If a baby is born prematurely before type II cells produce sufficient pulmonary surfactant, which of the following might you expect? Select one: a. difficulty expressing fluid b. difficulty inflating the lungs c. difficulty with pulmonary capillary flow d. no difficulty as type I cells can provide enough surfactant for normal breathing
b. difficulty inflating the lungs
Which of these cranial nerves contains preganglionic parasympathetic fibers? Select one: a. optic, CN II b. facial, CN VII c. trigeminal, CN V d. hypoglossal, CN XII
b. facial, CN VII
The diaphysis contains ________. Select one: a. the metaphysis b. fat stores c. spongy bone d. compact bone
b. fat stores
What is the largest muscle in the lower leg? Select one: a. soleus b. gastrocnemius c. tibialis anterior d. tibialis posterior
b. gastrocnemius
Which hypothalamic hormone contributes to the regulation of the male reproductive system? Select one: a. luteinizing hormone b. gonadotropin-releasing hormone c. follicle-stimulating hormone d. androgens
b. gonadotropin-releasing hormone
27. What are two major disadvantages of MRI scans? a. release of radiation and poor quality images b. high cost and the need for shielding from the magnetic signals c. can only view metabolically active tissues and inadequate availability of equipment d. release of radiation and the need for a patient to be confined to metal tube for up to 30 minutes
b. high cost and the need for shielding from the magnetic signals
Which type of joint allows for only uniaxial movement? Select one: a. saddle joint b. hinge joint c. condyloid joint d. ball-and-socket joint
b. hinge joint
29. When a mast cell reacts to an irritation, which of the following chemicals does it release? a. collagen b. histamine c. hyaluronic acid d. meylin
b. histamine
Parietal cells secrete ________. Select one: a. gastrin b. hydrochloric acid c. pepsin d. pepsinogen
b. hydrochloric acid
6. Because they are embedded within the membrane, ion channels are examples of ________. a. receptor proteins b. integral proteins c. peripheral proteins d. glycoproteins
b. integral proteins
Because they are embedded within the membrane, ion channels are examples of ________. Select one: a. receptor proteins b. integral proteins c. peripheral proteins d. glycoproteins
b. integral proteins
The foramen ovale causes the fetal circulatory system to bypass the ________. Select one: a. liver b. lungs c. kidneys d. gonads
b. lungs
Which of the following cells is phagocytic? Select one: a. plasma cell b. macrophage c. B cell d. NK cell
b. macrophage
23. The heart is within the ________. a. cranial cavity b. mediastinum c. posterior (dorsal) cavity d. All of the above
b. mediastinum
20. In adults, new connective tissue cells originate from the ________. a. mesoderm b. mesenchyme c. ectoderm d. endoderm
b. mesenchyme
28. A pentose sugar is a part of the monomer used to build which type of macromolecule? a. polysaccharides b. nucleic acids c. phosphorylated glucose d. glycogen
b. nucleic acids
The lambdoid suture joins the parietal bone to the ________. Select one: a. frontal bone b. occipital bone c. other parietal bone d. temporal bone
b. occipital bone
20. CH4 is methane. This compound is ________. a. inorganic b. organic c. reactive d. a crystal
b. organic
CH4 is methane. This compound is ________. Select one: a. inorganic b. organic c. reactive d. a crystal
b. organic
9. Choose the answer that best completes the following analogy: Diffusion is to ________ as endocytosis is to ________. a. filtration; phagocytosis b. osmosis; pinocytosis c. solutes; fluid d. gradient; chemical energy
b. osmosis; pinocytosis
What aspect of creatine phosphate allows it to supply energy to muscles? Select one: a. ATPase activity b. phosphate bonds c. carbon bonds d. hydrogen bonds
b. phosphate bonds
What cells secrete melatonin? Select one: a. melanocytes b. pinealocytes c. suprachiasmatic nucleus cells d. retinal cells
b. pinealocytes
Which of these processes occurs throughout most of the alimentary canal? Select one: a. ingestion b. propulsion c. segmentation d. absorption
b. propulsion
Anabolic reactions use energy by ________. Select one: a. turning ADP into ATP b. removing a phosphate group from ATP c. producing heat d. breaking down molecules into smaller parts
b. removing a phosphate group from ATP
11. The rough ER has its name due to what associated structures? a. Golgi apparatus b. ribosomes c. lysosomes d. proteins
b. ribosomes
12. A substance formed of crystals of equal numbers of cations and anions held together by ionic bonds is called a(n) ________. a. noble gas b. salt c. electrolyte d. dipole
b. salt
The cell membrane of a muscle fiber is called ________. Select one: a. myofibril b. sarcolemma c. sarcoplasm d. myofilament
b. sarcolemma
32. The ability of an enzyme's active sites to bind only substrates of compatible shape and charge is known as ________. a. selectivity b. specificity c. subjectivity d. specialty
b. specificity
26. What is a primary function of tumor suppressor genes? a. stop all cells from dividing b. stop certain cells from dividing c. help oncogenes produce oncoproteins d. allow the cell to skip certain phases of the cell cycle
b. stop certain cells from dividing
14. Which type of epithelial tissue specializes in moving particles across its surface and is found in airways and lining of the oviduct? a. transitional b. stratified columnar c. pseudostratified ciliated columnar d. stratified squamous
b. stratified columnar
15. The bonding of calcium, phosphorus, and other elements produces mineral crystals that are found in bone. This is an example of a(n) ________ reaction. a. catabolic b. synthesis c. decomposition d. exchange
b. synthesis
The fine tuning of water recovery or disposal occurs in ________. Select one: a. the proximal convoluted tubule b. the collecting ducts c. the ascending loop of Henle d. the distal convoluted tubule
b. the collecting ducts
Which of these joints is classified as a synarthrosis? Select one: a. the pubic symphysis b. the manubriosternal joint c. an invertebral disc d. the shoulder joint
b. the manubriosternal joint
What is the origin of the wrist flexors? Select one: a. the lateral epicondyle of the humerus b. the medial epicondyle of the humerus c. the carpal bones of the wrist d. the deltoid tuberosity of the humerus
b. the medial epicondyle of the humerus
23. Which of the following is not made out of RNA? a. the carriers that shuffle amino acids to a growing polypeptide strand b. the ribosome c. the messenger molecule that provides the code for protein synthesis d. the intron
b. the ribosome
8. Nitrogen has an atomic number of seven. How many electron shells does it likely have? a. one b. two c. three d. four
b. two
Ventricular relaxation immediately follows ________. Select one: a. atrial depolarization b. ventricular repolarization c. ventricular depolarization d. atrial repolarization
b. ventricular repolarization
Which of these fetal presentations is the easiest for vaginal birth? Select one: a. complete breech b. vertex occiput anterior c. frank breech d. vertex occiput posterior
b. vertex occiput anterior
17. Which of the following sequences on a DNA molecule would be complementary to GCTTATAT? a. TAGGCGCG b. ATCCGCGC c. CGAATATA d. TGCCTCTC
c. CGAATATA
20. Which of the following is not a difference between DNA and RNA? a. DNA contains thymine whereas RNA contains uracil b. DNA contains deoxyribose and RNA contains ribose c. DNA contains alternating sugar-phosphate molecules whereas RNA does not contain sugars d. RNA is single stranded and DNA is double stranded
c. DNA contains alternating sugar-phosphate molecules whereas RNA does not contain sugars
Which of the following is not a difference between DNA and RNA? Select one: a. DNA contains thymine whereas RNA contains uracil b. DNA contains deoxyribose and RNA contains ribose c. DNA contains alternating sugar-phosphate molecules whereas RNA does not contain sugars d. RNA is single-stranded and DNA is double-stranded
c. DNA contains alternating sugar-phosphate molecules whereas RNA does not contain sugars
Which hormone does the kidney produce that stimulates red blood cell production? Select one: a. thrombopoeitin b. vitamin D c. EPO d. renin
c. EPO
Which of the following statements is true? Select one: a. Fast fibers have a small diameter. b. Fast fibers contain loosely packed myofibrils. c. Fast fibers have large glycogen reserves. d. Fast fibers have many mitochondria.
c. Fast fibers have large glycogen reserves.
Which of the following is a molecule, but not a compound? Select one: a. H2O b. 2H c. H2 d. H+
c. H2
What would happen if the trophoblast did not secrete hCG upon implantation of the blastocyst? Select one: a. The cells would not continue to divide. b. The corpus luteum would continue to produce progesterone and estrogen. c. Menses would flush the blastocyst out of the uterus. d. The uterine mucosa would not envelop the blastocyst.
c. Menses would flush the blastocyst out of the uterus.
25. Which of the following imaging techniques would be best to use to study the uptake of nutrients by rapidly multiplying cancer cells? a. CT b. MRI c. PET d. ultrasonography
c. PET
13. Which of the following is a feature common to all three components of the cytoskeleton? a. They all serve to scaffold the organelles within the cell. b. They are all characterized by roughly the same diameter. c. They are all polymers of protein subunits. d. They all help the cell resist compression and tension.
c. They are all polymers of protein subunits.
A shoulder separation results from injury to the ________. Select one: a. glenohumeral joint b. costoclavicular joint c. acromioclavicular joint d. sternoclavicular joint
c. acromioclavicular joint
8. Ion pumps and phagocytosis are both examples of ________. a. endocytosis b. passive transport c. active transport d. facilitated diffusion
c. active transport
Iodide ions cross from the bloodstream into follicle cells via ________. Select one: a. simple diffusion b. facilitated diffusion c. active transport d. osmosis
c. active transport
Which of the following anatomical structures is not part of the conducting zone? Select one: a. pharynx b. nasal cavity c. alveoli d. bronchi
c. alveoli
27. Which of the following is a functional group that is part of a building block of proteins? a. phosphate b. adenine c. amino d. ribose
c. amino
Which of the following properties is not common to all three muscle tissues? Select one: a. excitability b. the need for ATP c. at rest, uses shielding proteins to cover actin-binding sites d. elasticity
c. at rest, uses shielding proteins to cover actin-binding sites
In which septum is it normal to find openings in the adult? Select one: a. interatrial septum b. interventricular septum c. atrioventricular septum d. all of the above
c. atrioventricular septum
16. C.J. is stuck in her car during a bitterly cold blizzard. Her body responds to the cold by ________. a. increasing the blood to her hands and feet b. becoming lethargic to conserve heat c. breaking down stored energy d. significantly increasing blood oxygen levels
c. breaking down stored energy
Pancreatic juice ________. Select one: a. deactivates bile. b. is secreted by pancreatic islet cells. c. buffers chyme. d. is released into the cystic duct.
c. buffers chyme.
Arteries serving the stomach, pancreas, and liver all branch from the ________. Select one: a. superior mesenteric artery b. inferior mesenteric artery c. celiac trunk d. splenic artery
c. celiac trunk
29. What multipotent stem cells from children sometimes banked by parents? a. fetal stem cells b. embryonic stem cells c. cells from the umbilical cord and from baby teeth d. hematopoietic stem cells from red and white blood cells
c. cells from the umbilical cord and from baby teeth
The major anion in extracellular fluid is ________. Select one: a. sodium b. potassium c. chloride d. bicarbonate
c. chloride
Which type of T cell is most effective against viruses? Select one: a. Th1 b. Th2 c. cytotoxic T cells d. regulatory T cells
c. cytotoxic T cells
16. AB → A + B is a general notation for a(n) ________ reaction. a. anabolic b. endergonic c. decomposition d. exchange
c. decomposition
19. Ligaments connect bones together and withstand a lot of stress. What type of connective tissue should you expect ligaments to contain? a. areolar tissue b. adipose tissue c. dense regular connective tissue d. dense irregular connective tissue
c. dense regular connective tissue
Synovial joints ________. Select one: a. are derived from fontanelles b. are produced by intramembranous ossification c. develop at an interzone site d. are produced by endochondral ossification
c. develop at an interzone site
25. C6H12O6 is the chemical formula for a ________. a. polymer of carbohydrate b. pentose monosaccharide c. hexose monosaccharide d. all of the above
c. hexose monosaccharide
C6H12O6 is the chemical formula for a ________. Select one: a. polymer of carbohydrate b. pentose monosaccharide c. hexose monosaccharide d. all of the above
c. hexose monosaccharide
What region of the diencephalon coordinates homeostasis? Select one: a. thalamus b. epithalamus c. hypothalamus d. subthalamus
c. hypothalamus
What type of receptor cell is involved in the sensations of sound and balance? Select one: a. photoreceptor b. chemoreceptor c. mechanoreceptor d. nociceptor
c. mechanoreceptor
21. To make a banana split, you halve a banana into two long, thin, right and left sides along the ________. a. coronal plane b. longitudinal plane c. midsagittal plane d. transverse plane
c. midsagittal plane
7. On the periodic table of the elements, mercury (Hg) has an atomic number of 80 and a mass number of 200.59. It has seven stable isotopes. The most abundant of these probably have ________. a. about 80 neutrons each b. fewer than 80 neutrons each c. more than 80 neutrons each d. more electrons than neutrons
c. more than 80 neutrons each
The ductus venosus is a shunt that allows ________. Select one: a. fetal blood to flow from the right atrium to the left atrium b. fetal blood to flow from the right ventricle to the left ventricle c. most freshly oxygenated blood to flow into the fetal heart d. most oxygen-depleted fetal blood to flow directly into the fetal pulmonary trunk
c. most freshly oxygenated blood to flow into the fetal heart
In addition to codominance, the ABO blood group antigens are also an example of ________. Select one: a. incomplete dominance b. X-linked recessive inheritance c. multiple alleles d. recessive lethal inheritance
c. multiple alleles
Humans have the most urgent need for a continuous supply of ________. Select one: a. food b. nitrogen c. oxygen d. water
c. oxygen
An individual using a sharp knife notices a small amount of blood where he just cut himself. Which of the following layers of skin did he have to cut into in order to bleed? Select one: a. stratum corneum b. stratum basale c. papillary dermis d. stratum granulosum
c. papillary dermis
What are the names of the capillaries following the efferent arteriole? Select one: a. arcuate and medullary b. interlobar and interlobular c. peritubular and vasa recta d. peritubular and medullary
c. peritubular and vasa recta
Which of the formed elements arise from myeloid stem cells? Select one: a. B cells b. natural killer cells c. platelets d. all of the above
c. platelets
10. A molecule of ammonia contains one atom of nitrogen and three atoms of hydrogen. These are linked with ________. a. ionic bonds b. nonpolar covalent bonds c. polar covalent bonds d. hydrogen bonds
c. polar covalent bonds
6. Which of the following specialties might focus on studying all of the structures of the ankle and foot? a. microscopic anatomy b. muscle anatomy c. regional anatomy d. systemic anatomy
c. regional anatomy
Which of the following specialties might focus on studying all of the structures of the ankle and foot? Select one: a. microscopic anatomy b. muscle anatomy c. regional anatomy d. systemic anatomy
c. regional anatomy
16. Which of the following structures could be found within the nucleolus? a. chromatin b. histones c. ribosomes d. nucleosomes
c. ribosomes
23. A substance dissociates into K+ and Cl- in solution. The substance is a(n) ________. a. acid b. base c. salt d. buffer
c. salt
Endocrine glands ________. Select one: a. secrete hormones that travel through a duct to the target organs b. release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft c. secrete chemical messengers that travel in the bloodstream d. include sebaceous glands and sweat glands
c. secrete chemical messengers that travel in the bloodstream
13. Which of the following is the epithelial tissue that lines the interior of blood vessels? a. columnar b. pseudostratified c. simple squamous d. transitional
c. simple squamous
If cardiac muscle cells were prevented from undergoing aerobic metabolism, they ultimately would ________. Select one: a. undergo glycolysis b. synthesize ATP c. stop contracting d. start contracting
c. stop contracting
12. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is an important molecule because it ________. a. is the result of catabolism b. release energy in uncontrolled bursts c. stores energy for use by body cells d. All of the above
c. stores energy for use by body cells
Which of the following is a function of the axial skeleton? Select one: a. allows for movement of the wrist and hand b. protects nerves and blood vessels at the elbow c. supports trunk of body d. allows for movements of the ankle and foot
c. supports trunk of body
18. Stimulation of the heat-loss center causes ________. a. blood vessels in the skin to constrict b. breathing to become slow and shallow c. sweat glands to increase their output d. All of the above
c. sweat glands to increase their output
26. Which of the following imaging studies can be used most safely during pregnancy? a. CT scans b. PET scans c. ultrasounds d. X-rays
c. ultrasounds
Peristaltic contractions occur in the ________. Select one: a. urethra b. bladder c. ureters d. urethra, bladder, and ureters
c. ureters
Where does fertilization of the egg by the sperm typically occur? Select one: a. vagina b. uterus c. uterine tube d. ovary
c. uterine tube
In the myogenic response, ________. Select one: a. muscle contraction promotes venous return to the heart b. ventricular contraction strength is decreased c. vascular smooth muscle responds to stretch d. endothelins dilate muscular arteries
c. vascular smooth muscle responds to stretch
17. ________ reactions release energy. a. Catabolic b. Exergonic c. Decomposition d. Catabolic, exergonic, and decomposition
d. Catabolic, exergonic, and decomposition
Why are osteocytes spread out in bone tissue? Select one: a. They develop from mesenchymal cells. b. They are surrounded by osteoid. c. They travel through the capillaries. d. Formation of osteoid spreads out the osteoblasts that formed the ossification centers.
d. Formation of osteoid spreads out the osteoblasts that formed the ossification centers.
20. What is the position of the body when it is in the "normal anatomical position?" a. The person is prone with upper limbs, including palms, touching sides and lower limbs touching at sides. b. The person is standing facing the observer, with upper limbs extended out at a ninety-degree angle from the torso and lower limbs in a wide stance with feet pointing laterally c. The person is supine with upper limbs, including palms, touching sides and lower limbs touching at sides. d. None of the above
d. None of the above
What is the position of the body when it is in the "normal anatomical position?" Select one: a. The person is prone with upper limbs, including palms, touching sides and lower limbs touching at sides. b. The person is standing facing the observer, with upper limbs extended out at a ninety-degree angle from the torso and lower limbs in a wide stance with feet pointing laterally. c. The person is supine with upper limbs, including palms, touching sides and lower limbs touching at sides. d. None of the above
d. None of the above
24. In 1901, Wilhelm Röntgen was the first person to win the Nobel Prize for physics. For what discovery did he win? a. nuclear physics b. radiopharmaceuticals c. the link between radiation and cancer d. X-rays
d. X-rays
In 1901, Wilhelm Röntgen was the first person to win the Nobel Prize for physics. For what discovery did he win? Select one: a. nuclear physics b. radiopharmaceuticals c. the link between radiation and cancer d. X-rays
d. X-rays
31. Uracil ________. a. contains nitrogen b. is a pyrimidine c. is found in RNA d. all of the above
d. all of the above
Fever increases the body temperature and can induce chills to help cool the temperature back down. What other mechanisms are in place to regulate the body temperature? Select one: a. shivering b. sweating c. erection of the hairs on the arms and legs d. all of the above
d. all of the above
The timing of puberty can be influenced by which of the following? Select one: a. genes b. stress c. amount of body fat d. all of the above
d. all of the above
Production of less than 50 mL/day of urine is called ________. Select one: a. normal b. polyuria c. oliguria d. anuria
d. anuria
25. A mutation in the gene for a cyclin protein might result in which of the following? a. a cell with additional genetic material than normal b. cancer c. a cell with less genetic material than normal d. any of the above
d. any of the above
27. Which of the following central nervous system cells regulate ions, regulate the uptake and/or breakdown of some neurotransmitters, and contribute to the formation of the blood-brain barrier? a. microglia b. neuroglia c. oligodendrocytes d. astrocytes
d. astrocytes
The buffer that is adjusted to control acid-base balance is ________. Select one: a. plasma protein b. hemoglobin c. phosphate buffer d. bicarbonate: carbonic acid buffer
d. bicarbonate: carbonic acid buffer
The gallbladder provides ________ that aid(s) in transport of lipids across the intestinal membrane. Select one: a. lipases b. cholesterol c. proteins d. bile salts
d. bile salts
What is another name for the preganglionic sympathetic fibers that project to the heart? Select one: a. solitary tract b. vasomotor nerve c. vagus nerve d. cardiac accelerator nerve
d. cardiac accelerator nerve
Removing functionality from a B cell without killing it is called ________. Select one: a. clonal selection b. clonal expansion c. clonal deletion d. clonal anergy
d. clonal anergy
30. In DNA, nucleotide bonding forms a compound with a characteristic shape known as a(n) ________. a. beta chain b. pleated sheet c. alpha helix d. double helix
d. double helix
7. The diffusion of substances within a solution tends to move those substances ________ their ________ gradient. a. up; electrical b. up; electrochemical c. down; pressure d. down; concentration
d. down; concentration
An individual has spent too much time sunbathing. Not only is his skin painful to touch, but small blisters have appeared in the affected area. This indicates that he has damaged which layers of his skin? Select one: a. epidermis only b. hypodermis only c. epidermis and hypodermis d. epidermis and dermis
d. epidermis and dermis
Which of the following stimulates the production of erythrocytes? Select one: a. AMS b. high blood levels of carbon dioxide c. low atmospheric pressure d. erythropoietin
d. erythropoietin
Which muscle name does not make sense? Select one: a. extensor digitorum b. gluteus minimus c. biceps femoris d. extensor minimus longus
d. extensor minimus longus
Production of urine to modify plasma makeup is the result of ________. Select one: a. filtration b. absorption c. secretion d. filtration, absorption, and secretion
d. filtration, absorption, and secretion
A synchondrosis is ________. Select one: a. found at the pubic symphysis b. where bones are connected together with fibrocartilage c. a type of fibrous joint d. found at the first sternocostal joint of the thoracic cage
d. found at the first sternocostal joint of the thoracic cage
What disease is associated with bone marrow transplants? Select one: a. diabetes mellitus type I b. melanoma c. headache d. graft-versus-host disease
d. graft-versus-host disease
Mature breast milk ________. Select one: a. has more sodium than cow's milk b. has more calcium than cow's milk c. has more protein than cow's milk d. has more fat than cow's milk
d. has more fat than cow's milk
During the absorptive state, glucose levels are ________, insulin levels are ________, and glucagon levels ________. Select one: a. high; low; stay the same b. low; low; stay the same c. high; high; are high d. high; high; are low
d. high; high; are low
17. Under the microscope, a tissue specimen shows cells located in spaces scattered in a transparent background. This is probably ________. a. loose connective tissue b. a tendon c. bone d. hyaline cartilage
d. hyaline cartilage
Which of the following plasma proteins is not produced by the liver? Select one: a. fibrinogen b. alpha globulin c. beta globulin d. immunoglobulin
d. immunoglobulin
A fontanelle ________. Select one: a. is the cartilage model for a vertebra that later is converted into bone b. gives rise to the facial bones and vertebrae c. is the rod-like structure that runs the length of the early embryo d. is the area of fibrous connective tissue found at birth between the brain case boneS
d. is the area of fibrous connective tissue found at birth between the brain case boneS
The sternal angle is the ________. Select one: a. junction between the body and xiphoid process b. site for attachment of the clavicle c. site for attachment of the floating ribs d. junction between the manubrium and body
d. junction between the manubrium and body
24. Skeletal muscle is composed of very hard working cells. Which organelles do you expect to find in abundance in skeletal muscle cell? a. nuclei b. striations c. golgi bodies d. mitochondria
d. mitochondria
11. Which of the following lines the body cavities exposed to the external environment? a. mesothelium b. lamina propria c. mesenteries d. mucosa
d. mucosa
21. In bone, the main cells are ________. a. fibroblasts b. chondrocytes c. lymphocytes d. osteocytes
d. osteocytes
4. Together, just four elements make up more than 95 percent of the body's mass. These include ________. a. calcium, magnesium, iron, and carbon b. oxygen, calcium, iron, and nitrogen c. sodium, chlorine, carbon, and hydrogen d. oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen
d. oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen
Together, just four elements make up more than 95 percent of the body's mass. These include ________. Select one: a. calcium, magnesium, iron, and carbon b. oxygen, calcium, iron, and nitrogen c. sodium, chlorine, carbon, and hydrogen d. oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen
d. oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen
Where are most fat-digesting enzymes produced? Select one: a. small intestine b. gallbladder c. liver d. pancreas
d. pancreas
27. Arrange the following terms in order of increasing specialization: oligopotency, pleuripotency, unipotency, multipotency. a. multipotency, pleuripotency, oligopotency, unipotency b. pleuripotency, oligopotency, multipotency unipotency c. oligopotency, pleuripotency, unipotency, multipotency d. pleuripotency, multipotency, oligopotency, unipotency
d. pleuripotency, multipotency, oligopotency, unipotenc
Arrange the following terms in order of increasing specialization: oligopotency, pleuripotency, unipotency, multipotency. Select one: a. multipotency, pleuripotency, oligopotency, unipotency b. pleuripotency, oligopotency, multipotency unipotency c. oligopotency, pleuripotency, unipotency, multipotency d. pleuripotency, multipotency, oligopotency, unipotency
d. pleuripotency, multipotency, oligopotency, unipotency
What is the role of the small intestine's MALT? Select one: a. secreting mucus b. buffering acidic chyme c. activating pepsin d. preventing bacteria from entering the bloodstream
d. preventing bacteria from entering the bloodstream
The renal pyramids are separated from each other by extensions of the renal cortex called ________. Select one: a. renal medulla b. minor calyces c. medullary cortices d. renal columns
d. renal columns
19. Chewing a bite of bread mixes it with saliva and facilitates its chemical breakdown. This is most likely due to the fact that ________. a. the inside of the mouth maintains a very high temperature b. chewing stores potential energy c. chewing facilitates synthesis reactions d. saliva contains enzymes
d. saliva contains enzymes
Striations, cylindrical cells, and multiple nuclei are observed in ________. Select one: a. skeletal muscle only b. cardiac muscle only c. smooth muscle only d. skeletal and cardiac muscles
d. skeletal and cardiac muscles
10. The body system responsible for structural support and movement is the ________. a. cardiovascular system b. endocrine system c. muscular system d. skeletal system
d. skeletal system
Net filtration pressure is calculated by ________. Select one: a. adding the capillary hydrostatic pressure to the interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure b. subtracting the fluid drained by the lymphatic vessels from the total fluid in the interstitial fluid c. adding the blood colloid osmotic pressure to the capillary hydrostatic pressure d. subtracting the blood colloid osmotic pressure from the capillary hydrostatic pressure
d. subtracting the blood colloid osmotic pressure from the capillary hydrostatic pressure
11. Metabolism can be defined as the ________. a. adjustment by an organism to external or internal changes b. process whereby all unspecialized cells become specialized to perform distinct functions c. process whereby new cells are formed to replace worn-out cells d. sum of all chemical reactions in an organism
d. sum of all chemical reactions in an organism
Metabolism can be defined as the ________. Select one: a. adjustment by an organism to external or internal changes b. process whereby all unspecialized cells become specialized to perform distinct functions c. process whereby new cells are formed to replace worn-out cells d. sum of all chemical reactions in an organism
d. sum of all chemical reactions in an organism
22. The lumbar region is ________. a. inferior to the gluteal region b. inferior to the umbilical region c. superior to the cervical region d. superior to the popliteal region
d. superior to the popliteal region
22. Jenny mixes up a batch of pancake batter, then stirs in some chocolate chips. As she is waiting for the first few pancakes to cook, she notices the chocolate chips sinking to the bottom of the clear glass mixing bowl. The chocolate- chip batter is an example of a ________. a. solvent b. solute c. solution d. suspension
d. suspension
Choose the term that best completes the following analogy: Cytoplasm is to cytosol as a swimming pool containing chlorine and flotation toys is to ________. Select one: a. the walls of the pool b. the chlorine c. the flotation toys d. the water
d. the water