Anatomy and Physiology
The convex surfaces of the cornea and lens cause light waves to converge as they pass through these structures.
converge
What is keratinization and where does it occur?
Hardening of cells; occurs in epidermis
Which neurotransmitter binds to alpha and beta adrenergic receptors?
Norepinephrine
What is the site of ribosome production?
Nucleolus
The difference between active and passive transport is that active mechanisms use __________.
ATP
What is the name of the condition involving a deficiency in red blood cells or in the amount of hemoglobin?
Anemia
Identify the organ indicated in the figure.
Gallbladder
2. What makes up mitotic spindles?
Microtubules
3. Which bone is the most posterior skull bone?
Occipital bone
1. Almost all enzymes are what class of organic molecule?
Proteins
What type of chemical bond is illustrated in this figure?
covalent bond
Name the area where growth of a hair occurs.
hair bulb
What is an example of metabolism?
respiration
Neuropeptide Y __________ appetite.
stimulates
These definitions describe basic chemical terms. Match each definition with the correct term:
*One of ninety-two distinct substances, each with unique chemical properties - ELEMENT *Particle consisting of nucleus and orbiting electrons - ATOM *Particle formed by chemical bonding of two or more atoms - MOLECULE *Anything with weight and that takes up space - MATTER
Select the variables that you would predict to be regulated by the body using a homeostatic mechanism (check all that apply)
*amount of energy you have *amount of oxygen in the body *amount of pressure available to move gases *amount of pressure available to move fluids in the body *amount of heat in the body *amount of water in the body
Match each description with the correct part of a neuron. - Rough endoplasmic reticulum with neuron cell body - Release neurotransmitter molecules - Branches of an axon - Provide support for axon hillock and axon
- Chromatophilic substance - Synaptic knobs - Collaterals - Neurofibrils
-In the central nervous system, myelin is formed by cells called -In the peripheral nervous system, myelin is formed by cells called
-oligodendrocytes -Schwann cells
What type of epithelial tissue is found lining the upper respiratory passageway and is able to move mucus?
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Describe the function of platelets.
Reduce blood loss from damaged blood vessels
Match the age-related disorder with its description.
Reduced lens elasticity; close-vision reduced- Presbyopia Increased intra-ocular pressure- Glaucoma Hearing loss due to age-related degeneration of auditory pathways- Presbycusis Ringing in the ears- Tinnitus Cloudy or opaque lens- Cataract
What is the function of the hormone released from the gland indicated by the arrow in the image?
Regulates circadian rhythms
6. What attracts additional macrophages and causes their release of mediators of inflammation?
Release of cytokines from Th1 cells
What occurs during the series of reactions called beta oxidation?
Removal of two-carbon segments from fatty acids
3. Quinolone blocks an enzyme that prevents bacterial DNA from unwinding.
Replication
Define the term sensation.
Results when the brain becomes aware of a stimulus.
The micrograph depicts what type of tissue?
Reticular connective tissue
At what stage of erythropoiesis is the developing red blood cell released into the circulation?
Reticulocyte
Which scenario involves the risk of erythroblastosis fetalis?
Rh- mom and Rh+ fetus
3. In children, deficiency of this vitamin results in deformity of bones. What is this condition called?
Rickets
Lymph eventually is returned to the circulation at what blood vessels?
Right and left subclavian veins
Which tissue type is the most thin and delicate epithelial tissue?
Simple squamous epithelium
What type of nerve fibers would control the skeletal muscles of facial expression?
Somatic cranial nerve fibers
3. What bone forms the anterior base of the skull, forms a portion of the orbit, and is comprised of a body and two wings?
Sphenoid bone
Which suture connects the greatest number of bones?
Squamous suture
The maculae are receptors for what sense?
Static equilibrium
Which of the following chemical classification of hormones is derived from cholesterol?
Steriods
2. Receptor is inside the cell.
Steroid hormone
3. Stimulates transcription of DNA.
Steroid hormone
Which of the following is true about steroid hormones?
Steroid hormones can diffuse through the lipid bilayer.
Identify this type of epithelial tissue.
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
2. The esophagus comes in contact with often rough and abrasive substances as swallowing occurs. No digestion or absorption takes place. Which epithelium would be best for this function?
Stratified squamous epithelium
Name the epidermal layer that is found in thick skin, but is absent from thin skin.
Stratum lucidum
When a muscle fiber is stimulated at a high enough frequency that it doesn't have time to relax, the forces of the individual twitches combine to cause stronger contractions. What is this process called?
Summation
1. As described in this video, what type of burn involves only the epidermis?
Superficial burn
What type of burn involves injury to only the epidermis?
Superficial partial-thickness burn
List the accessory structures that are missing from the skin of the soles of the feet and the palms of the hands, but found elsewhere in the skin of the body. Check all that apply.
Sweat glands Sebaceous glands hair
Label the following picture of an inferior view of the shoulder region.
Synaptic vesicles
2. What happens after calcium channels open and calcium enters the synaptic knob?
Synaptic vesicles migrate to the plasma membrane and release acetylcholine.
The presence of a joint capsule is associated with what type of joint?
Synovial joint
1. What is the top number in a blood pressure reading called?
Systolic pressure
Name the cells that are responsible for a cellular immune response.
T cells
If one strand of DNA had a base sequence of A-T-T-G-C-A, what base order would be found on the complementary strand of DNA?
T-A-A-C-G-T
2. What type of cell is responsible for contact dermatitis and tissue rejection?
Th1 cells
5. First exposure to the allergen (hapten) causes an increase in the number of __________.
Th1 cells
If astrocytes were damaged or lost, how would this impact the function of the central nervous system?
The composition of CSF would be very similar to blood plasma. Toxic substances could easily build up in the brain.
What reaction is catalyzed by thrombin?
The conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin.
1. What is the definition of digestion?
The mechanical and chemical breakdown of foods into smaller forms
Match each word root with its definition.
The word root iso- means equal. The word root syn- means together. The word root mono- means one. The word root di- means two. The word root poly- means many.
How are apoptosis and mitosis related?
They are in balance with each other.
Which of the following would be true about white blood cells that phagocytize and digest other cells?
They have large numbers of lysosomes.
Which three statements describe the nasal conchae?
They increase the surface area of the internal nose. They are bones and bony processes. They support the mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity.
What hormone is involved with the development of immunity?
Thymosin
Maintaining a blood pH within a narrow normal limit is critical to the continued functioning of the body. This exercise looks at acids, bases, and the buffers found in the body that help keep the pH within its normal range.
1. Acids produced by metabolism can potentially cause a DECREASE in pH of blood. 2. The presence of BICARBONATE ION in the blood will buffer the acids that enter the blood. 3. The normal pH of blood is 7.4. A blood pH below 7.35 is called ACIDEMIA, and above 7.45 is called ALKALEMIA.
2. Streptomycin binds bacterial ribosomes, disabling them.
Translation
Joints are classified according to the amount of movement that they allow. Complete these descriptions.
1. Diarthrotic joints are freely movable 2. Synarthrotic joints are immovable 3. Amphiarthrotic joints are slightly movable
Match the component of the integumentary system with its primary function. 1. Prevents water loss and entry of microorganisms 2. Provides input about environment and environmental conditions 3. Maintenance of body temperature 4. Production of pigment
1. Epidermal layer 2. Sensory receptors 3. Dermal blood supply 4.Melanocytes
Five of the six types of synovial joints have alternate names. (The exception is the hinge joint.) Match each of the following joints with its alternate name.
Trochoid joint -Pivot joint Spheroidal joint- Ball-and-socket joint Gliding joint -Plane joint Ellipsoidal joint -Condylar joint Sellar joint -Saddle joint
4. A 5% urea solution is hypotonic to a 10% urea solution.
True
4. If the postsynaptic membrane potential reaches threshold level, an action potential will be produced.
True
4. The sodium-potassium pump is a transmembrane protein.
True
4. True/False: The sphenoid bone forms part of the orbit.
True
5. If a cell is placed in an isotonic medium, there will be no net movement of water.
True
5. The binding and release of sodium or potassium ions at the Na-K pump are due to conformational changes in the transport protein.
True
What is the term for the contractile response of a single muscle fiber to a single muscle impulse?
Twitch
1. What is the result of mitosis?
Two identical daughter cells
Match the description of burn healing with the correct type of burn. 1. Growth of epidermis from edges of burn; may require skin graft 2. Division of stem cells within accessory structures to replace tissue 3. Inflammation, then healing without scarring
1. Full-thickness burn 2. Deep partial-thickness burn 3. Superficial partial-thickness burn
Consider the following DNA sequence: CATGTGTAGTCTAAA. Address the following questions: 1.Write the sequence of the DNA strand that would be replicated from this one. 2. Write the sequence of the messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule that would be transcribed from the DNA strand. 3. State how many codons the sequence specifies. 4. State how many amino acids the sequence specifies. 5. Use table 4.2 to write the sequence of amino acids that this DNA sequence encodes.
1. GTACACATCAGATTT 2. GUACACAUCAGAUUU 3. 5 4. 5 5. valine, histidine, isoleucine, arginine, phenylalanine
Complete the table listing the differences between DNA and RNA. 1. Main location 2. 5 carbon sugar 3. Basic molecular structure 4.Nitrogenous bases included
1. Inside nucleus 2. Deoxyribose 3. Double-stranded 4. A, C, G, T
What cell type within an alveolus is part of the respiratory membrane?
Type I cell
Match each ligament (or pair of ligaments) with the correct joint.
Ulnar and radial collateral ligaments- Elbow joint Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments- Knee joint Anular ligament- Elbow joint Iliofemoral and pubofemoral ligaments -Hip joint Tibial and fibular collateral ligaments -Knee joint Transverse humeral ligament -Shoulder joint
What is MALT?
Unencapsulated diffuse lymphatic tissue found in various mucosae.
Match the location in the body with the name of the bone.
Upper arm bone - Humerus Collar bone - Clavicle Shoulder blade - Scapula Lateral bone of the forearm - Radius Medial bone of the forearm - Ulna
Can you help a surgeon localize different sites for incision with your use of medical terminology? Dr. Day has completed surgery and requests that you document the location of the incision. Using the following image, answer the questions regarding the location of the red incision.
1. The incision is located on the anterior surface on the rights side of the body. 2. The incision is located in the crural region of the body. 3. The incision is approximately 3 inches distal to the patellar regions.
Acids are continually being produced during normal metabolism. You might be familiar with lactic acid that is produced during heavy exercise. Other acids include those produced when fats are burned for energy, and when amino acids or nucleic acids are metabolized. This continual production of acids puts our blood's pH at risk.
1. What does the pH measure? -the concentration of hydrogen ion in solutions 2. An acid is a compound that releases ___ into solution. H+ 3. The addition of an acid to a solution will cause the pH to DECREASE. 4. An acidic pH is LESS THAN 7.0
View the animation below, then complete the quiz to test your knowledge of the concept.
1. What ovarian hormone is involved in a positive feedback loop with the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary? estrogen 2. A negative feedback loop is a process in which the body senses a change and activates mechanisms to reverse that change. TRUE 3. A positive feedback loop causes a self-amplifying cycle in which a physiological change leads to even greater change in the same direction. TRUE 4. What hormone is released by the anterior pituitary as a part of the positive feedback loop between anterior pituitary and the ovary? Luteinizing hormone 5. What hormone is released by the corpus luteum in the ovary after ovulation and causes a negative feedback loop with the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary? progesterone
1. A nerve impulse occurs due to ions moving through __________ in the plasma membrane. 2. In a resting neuron, the interior of the cell membrane is more __________ than the outside of the cell membrane. 3. The sodium-potassium pump moves __________. 4. Following stimulation, the first channels to open are __________. 5. Entry of sodium causes __________ of the cell membrane at the location of the sodium channel. 6. When potassium channels open, potassium flows __________.
1. voltage-gated ion channels 2. negative 3. sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell 4. sodium channels 5. depolarization 6. out of the cell
Match the example with the appropriate type of exocrine gland. 1.Ceruminous (wax) glands lining the external ear canal 2.Salivary glands, sweat glands 3. Sebaceous (oil) glands of skin
1.Apocrine glands 2. Merocrine glands 3. Holocrine glands
Identify the tissue sample and answer the following questions. 1. This sample is from what class of tissue? 2. This sample is what type of tissue? 3. Where might the tissue sample have been biopsied from?
1.Connective tissue 2.Fibrocartilage 3.Intervertebral discs (between bones of spinal column)
Match the membrane structures with their function or characteristics. 1- Phosphate heads 2. fatty acid tails 3. membrane proteins 4- cholesterol 5. glycoproteins
1.Hydrophilic surfaces of membrane 2. Hydrophobic interior of membrane 3. Receptors, transporters 4. Maintains rigidity 5. Cell identification
The saturation of hemoglobin is __________% at the arterial PO2of 95 mmHg, and is __________% at the venous PO2 of 40 mmHg.
100; 75
What is the typical life span of a red blood cell?
120 days
2. What is a normal resting blood pressure reading?
120/80 mmHg
The electrons passed along the electron transport chain combine with __________ hydrogen ion(s) and an oxygen atom to form water.
2
Atoms with __________, __________, or __________ electrons would be inert.
2; 10; 18
3. During one cycle, the sodium-potassium pump binds and moves __________.
3 Na+ and 2 K+
What does sodium/potassium (Na+/K+) pump transport?
3 sodium ions out of the cell and 2 potassium ions into the cell.
3. A patient has been burned along the entire length of both lower extremities, anterior and posterior. Using the "rule of nines", estimate the percentage of the body that has been burned.
36%
5. Keloids are the result of overgrowth of __________ tissue.
5. Keloids are the result of overgrowth of __________ tissue.
Beta-carotene is a precursor for vitamin __________.
A
What is the effect on alveolar surface area and gas exchange of the thinning of alveolar walls and coalescing of alveoli that occurs with aging?
A decrease in surface area and decrease in gas exchange
What is a complete protein?
A dietary protein that provides adequate amounts of all essential amino acids to maintain life and support growth.
What classifies a rib as a floating rib?
A floating rib has no sternal attachments.
What is the definition of a tissue?
A group of similar cells with a common function.
Which of the following most accurately describes a platelet plug?
A mass of platelets.
What is a thrombocyte?
A platelet
What occurs during the stage of protein synthesis called translation?
A polypeptide is built, based on mRNA base sequence.
Match each organic molecule with the mineral that forms part of its structure.
ATP- Phosphorus Insulin, biotin, thiamine- Sulfur Thyroid hormone- Iodine Vitamin B12- Cobalt Hemoglobin- Iron
2. At the beginning of ventricular diastole, what is the position of the AV valves?
AV valves are closed
What is the movement of a body part away from the midline in the frontal plane called?
Abduction
Match the blood pH values with the correct designation.
Acidemia is a blood pH between 7.0 to 7.3. The normal pH range for blood is 7.35 to 7.45. Alkalemia is a blood pH between 7.5 to 7.8.
Match the location with the appropriate epithelial tissue.
Air sacs of the lungs and walls of capillaries Simple squamous epithelium Lining of larger respiratory passages Pseudostratified columnar epithelium Inner lining of urinary bladder Transitional epithelium Outer layer of skin and lining of cheek Stratified squamous epithelium Lining of stomach and intestines Simple columnar epithelium
Name the hormone that regulates sodium levels in the blood by altering kidney reabsorption of sodium.
Aldosterone
Hyperventilation affects blood levels of CO2 and pH. What condition results from hyperventilating?
Alkalemia
Choose the joint characteristic that applies to all joints of the body.
All joints are connections between neighboring bones.
For each classification of transplant, indicate the correct type of donor.
Allograft- Same species Isograft- Identical twin Xenograft- Different species Autograft- Self
What is the function of the auditory tube?
Allows air passage from tympanic cavity to nasopharynx.
Indicate two mechanisms used by the integumentary system to help maintain body temperature.
Alter production of sweat Alter diameter of dermal blood vessels
4.What phase of mitosis occurs prior to telophase?
Anaphase
In this image of the eye, name the highlighted space indicated by the arrow.
Anterior chamber
Name the area highlighted in this photo of the knee joint.
Articular surface of femur
What type of immunity will result from receiving a vaccination?
Artificially acquired active immunity
Match each description to the correct category of general sense.
Associated with changes in muscles and tendons, and in body position- Proprioceptive senses Associated with changes at the body surface- Exteroreceptive senses Associated with changes in the internal environment- Interoreceptive senses
Where does gas exchange occur within the respiratory system?
At the alveoli
In what segment of the cardiac conduction system do the impulses travel more slowly, seeming to pause?
Atrioventricular node
A secretion of a "local hormone" which affects only the cell secreting it, is what type of secretion?
Autocrine
Match each of the joint movements with the correct example.
Bending the knee -Flexion Doing a backbend- Extension Walking on heels- Dorsiflexion Pointing toes -Plantar flexion Pulling head backward -Retraction Pushing jaw forward -Protraction
Where are joints called sutures found?
Between the flat bones of the skull
4. Which ion is transported into the bloodstream?
Bicarbonate ion
What characteristic of red blood cells allows oxygen to more easily reach hemoglobin molecules within the cytoplasm?
Biconcave shape
Vitamins also have chemical names. Match each chemical name with the correct vitamin.
Biotin- Vitamin B7 Folic acid- Vitamin B9 Thiamine- Vitamin B1 Ascorbic acid- Vitamin C Niacin- Vitamin B3 Cyanocobalamin- Vitamin B12
What is the correct order of hormones released during a stress response (general adaptation syndrome)?
CRH → ACTH → cortisol
1. The inorganic portion of bone tissue consists of what two minerals?
Calcium and phosphorus
In the cardiovascular system, what vessels are the site of nutrient, gas, and waste exchange?
Capillaries
1. In the parietal cells, the enzyme carbonic anhydrase causes a reaction between which two compounds or molecules?
Carbon dioxide and water
2. The hydrogen ions used to form hydrochloric acid in the stomach are derived from what compound?
Carbonic acid
In what types of muscle are the myofilaments arranged into sarcomeres?
Cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle
Match the general functions with the correct type of organic compound:
Cell membrane structure; energy storage -LIPIDS Genetic information -NUCLEIC ACIDS Cellular fuel -GLUCOSE Enzymes, transporters, structural components -PROTEINS
Which of the following is a characteristic of skeletal muscle tissue?
Cells are striated.
What type of receptor responds to changes in the concentration of substances in the fluid around them?
Chemoreceptor
In this image of the eye, name the highlighted structure indicated by the arrows.
Ciliary body
Antibodies binding to their antigen can activate complement. This, in turn, leads to opsonization of the antigen-antibody complexes. What is meant by opsonization?
Coating antibody-antigen complexes, making them more easily phagocytized by macrophages and neutrophils.
Bone tissue is largely composed of what two items?
Collagen and inorganic salts
Match the parts of the cerebrum with the proper function or description.
Collection of myelinated axons which connect cerebral hemispheres- Corpus callosum Membranes to cover and protect brain and spinal cord- Meninges A shallow groove on the surface of the brain- Sulcus A deep groove on the surface of the brain- Fissure
Proteins in the blood plasma contribute to which of the following factors?
Colloid osmotic pressure
What is the function of the area highlighted in orange and indicated by the arrow?
Control of skeletal muscles
Match the names of the cranial nerves with their functions.
Controls muscles that move the eye and control the amount of light entering the eye (pupil size)- Oculomotor nerve Controls muscles of neck (trapezius and sternocleidomastoid)- Accessory nerve Sensory information for the sense of smell- Olfactory nerve Controls muscles that move the tongue- Hypoglossal nerve Controls muscles for swallowing and salivary glands; Sensory information from carotid arteries- Glossopharyngeal nerve
2. Vitamin __________ functions in the absorption of minerals needed for bone formation.
D
Within the skin, ultraviolet (UV) light striking a provitamin derived from cholesterol results in conversion of the provitamin to vitamin __________.
D
What process is illustrated in this figure?
DNA replication
Which of the following would stimulate the secretion of melatonin from the pineal gland?
Darkness
Name the process that an amino acid must undergo in order for it to be used for fuel or to produce glucose.
Deamination
As Bobby held his breath, what changes in his blood gas values would be occurring?
Decrease in PO2; increase in PCO2
What is a result of reduced red blood cell count and/or reduced hemoglobin content of the blood?
Decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood
4. With what type of burns is debriding a necessary part of treatment?
Deep partial-thickness and full-thickness burns
Complete the table, classifying different types of anemia.
Deficiency of hemoglobin due to defective gene; short life-span for RBCs- Thalassemia Defective gene leads to abnormally shaped RBCs in conditions of low oxygen- Sickle cell disease Damage to bone marrow due to toxic chemicals, radiation, and other factors- Aplastic anemia Destruction of red blood cells; toxic chemicals are one possible cause- Hemolytic anemia Increase in RBCs that are large and fragile; due to deficiency in vitamin B-12- Pernicious anemia
Name the type of anabolic reaction by which large organic molecules such as glycogen and proteins are produced.
Dehydration synthesis
What structure of a neuron is a short, highly branched process that helps receive input from other neurons?
Dendrite
1. What determines the direction of gas movement?
Differences in partial pressure
What variation in melanin accounts for the differences in skin tone between individuals?
Differences in the amount of melanin produced
Carbon dioxide is carried in the blood in several forms. For each of the following, match the percent of CO2 that is carried in each form.
Dissolved in plasma- 7% Bound to amino groups in hemoglobin molecules- 23% In the form of bicarbonate ion (HCO3-)- 70%
What disorder is characterized by a weakened intestinal wall resulting in the inner mucous membrane protruding through the wall?
Diverticulosis
A patient is severely malnourished. The lack of dietary protein has caused a deficiency in plasma proteins. Which symptom would you expect to see as a result?
Edema
The absence or blockage of lymph vessels in a body region leads directly to what condition?
Edema
What term is used for the muscles and glands whose activities are controlled by nervous activity?
Effectors
What type of cartilage is shown in this micrograph?
Elastic cartilage
Name the connective tissue layer that surrounds individual muscle fibers within a muscle.
Endomysium
Is energy stored or is it released during the conversion of ADP to ATP?
Energy is stored as ADP is converted to ATP.
The class of neurotransmitters called neuropeptides include which neurotransmitter(s)?
Enkephalins and substance P
Which type of tissue covers the body surface and lines organs and cavities?
Epithelial tissue
What hormone is released in response to low oxygen levels in the blood due to low red blood cell count?
Erythropoietin
4. What two bones form the nasal septum?
Ethmoid and vomer
Which of the following is the bulk movement of material out of the cell, a process using energy?
Exocytosis
In initiating hemostasis, what typically activates platelets?
Exposed collagen
Which of the following is a physiological stressor?
Extreme heat
What is the means of transport for large molecules and ions?
Facilitated diffusion
5. Acetylcholine is actively transported across the synaptic cleft.
False
Match the definition with the appropriate word part.
False pseud- Layer strat- Resemble glass hyal- Tissue hist-
What is the product of the process of lipogenesis?
Fat
What nutrient is absorbed along with other lipids, dissolves in lipids, and can lead to overdose with excess intake?
Fat-soluble vitamins
Which class of vitamin is more likely to be stored in the tissues of the body?
Fat-soluble vitamins
Match the food sources with the predominant type of fat found in the food.
Fats in seeds, nuts, and plant oils.- Unsaturated fats Fats in meats, eggs, milk, and lard. - Saturated fats
What ventricle(s) is associated with the brainstem?
Fourth ventricle
What is the structure of pain receptors?
Free nerve endings
The metabolic pathway illustrated below shows part of the pathway for the breakdown of a fatty substance called sphingolipid, occurring within lysosomes. A disease called Tay-Sachs disease results from the deficiency in the enzyme called beta(β)-hexosaminidase, thus interfering with sphingolipid metabolism. Based upon the pathway shown, what substrate within this pathway would accumulate in Tay-Sachs disease?
GM-2
Which of the following is the same for every cell within a human body?
Genome
Which of the following joints is the least stable?
Glenohumeral (shoulder) joint
After absorption from the digestive tract, all monosaccharides are converted by liver enzymes to what compound?
Glucose
What is the product of the process of glycogenesis?
Glycogen
Red blood cells are formed from which cell type?
Hematopoietic stem cells
What type of synovial joint involves a convex surface of one bone fitting into the concave surface of another?
Hinge joint
What are tropic hormones?
Hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands
Which product of glucose breakdown has the most energy associated with it?
Hydrogen plus its electrons
Where is the thymus gland located?
In the mediastinum
What is the function of lysozyme found in tear secretions?
It is an anti-bacterial enzyme, reducing the risk of infection.
What is the anatomical name for the voice box?
Larynx
What is the second artery that branches off the aortic arch?
Left common carotid artery
Which of the following is needed to digest fats?
Lipase
5. What facial bone is the only bone not joined to other skull bones by sutures?
Mandible
3. During what ventricular phase are the AV valves open?
Ventricular diastole
What is meant by the term referred pain?
Visceral pain that is sensed as coming from another body part
Match each respiratory capacity with the equation used to calculate its value.
Vital capacity (VC) + residual volume (RV) = Total lung capacity (TLC) Tidal volume (TV) + inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) = Inspiratory capacity (IC) Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) + residual volume (RV) = Functional residual capacity (FRC) Tidal volume (TV) + inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) + expiratory reserve volume (ERV) = Vital capacity (VC)
What is the role of vitamin D in bone development?
Vitamin D increases calcium absorption from the small intestine which is used to build bone matrix.
1. An action potential traveling down the presynaptic neuron reaches the synaptic knob. What initially occurs at the synaptic knob when that action potential arrives?
Voltage-gated calcium ion channels open, and calcium ions diffuse into the synaptic knob.
Match the muscle tissue type with the example location of where it can be found.
Wall of the heart Cardiac muscle Walls of blood vessels Smooth muscle Attached to bones in the arm Skeletal muscle Wall of the stomach Smooth muscle Attached to the ribs Skeletal muscle Iris of the eye Smooth muscle
What does body mass index (BMI) measure?
Weight relative to height
1. When do the semilunar valves open?
When pressure in the ventricles is greater than that in the arteries.
1. When sugar is mixed with water, when will equilibrium be reached?
When the dissolved sugar molecules are evenly distributed throughout the solution.
How does a cell know when to stop dividing?
When the telomeres shorten to a certain length.
What is the role or function of yellow marrow in the bone tissue?
Yellow bone marrow is a site for storage of fat.
The following image is demonstrating __________ and __________ at the radiocarpal joint.
abduction; adduction
The molecule called __________ enters the citric acid cycle during the aerobic phase of cellular respiration.
acetyl CoA
During the metabolism of glucose, carbon dioxide (CO2) is produced during the __________ reactions.
aerobic
Merocrine (eccrine) sweat glands are located __________ and function to __________.
almost everywhere in the body; cool the skin
2. Helper T cells interact with target cells by recognizing __________ on their cell surfaces.
antigen/MHC complexes
Programmed cell death is called __________.
apoptosis
The papillary layer of the dermis is composed of __________ tissue, and the reticular layer is composed of __________ tissue.
areolar; dense irregular
The __________ are the bundles of smooth muscle found within the dermis, attached to hair follicles.
arrector pili
Isotopes are atoms with the same ___ but with different ___.
atomic number; mass numbers
How do atoms participating in polar covalent bonds differ from atoms participating in nonpolar covalent bonds?
atoms participating in polar bonds have areas of slightly positive charge and areas of slightly negative charge
The branch of the peripheral nervous system that controls cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands are called the __________ nervous system.
autonomic
What portion of the human organism consists of the head, neck, and trunk?
axial portion
Within the epidermis, cell division and growth occurs in the stratum __________.
basale
Anchoring the epidermis to the superficial dermis is a thin layer called the __________.
basement membrane
The normal pH of blood is 7.35 to 7.45. Thus, the normal pH of blood is
basic (alkaline)
2. The ion exchange molecule in the plasma membrane of parietal cells exchanges __________ ions going out for __________ ions coming in.
bicarbonate; chloride
2. Fibers at the center of the optic chiasma can be injured or damaged. An example would be a hypothalamic tumor pushing downward from above the chiasma. This type of injury causes __________.
blindness of the medial retinas; cannot see left visual field from left eye or right visual field from right eye
2. At the lungs, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide is higher in the __________.
blood entering pulmonary capillaries
3. At the tissues, the partial pressure of oxygen is higher in the __________.
blood entering systemic capillaries
What is the term to describe the mass of chewed food mixed with saliva?
bolus
5. Results in metabolic changes in the cell
both
Swelling of the hand could be caused by a thrombosis (blood clot) in the __________ vein.
brachial
Label the major body parts shown.
brain trachea heart vertebral column liver stomach colon testis
In this ATP molecule, which label indicates a high-energy bond?
c
2. Since the hormone can't enter the cell, what chemical serves as the second messenger for the hormone?
cAMP
2. Tetany (sustained contractions) can result from deficiency of __________. This mineral also is needed for bone formation.
calcium
Most of the body's reserves of __________ and __________ are stored and released by bone.
calcium; phosphate
Glucose and glycogen are examples of what group of organic compounds?
carbohydrates
1. Facilitated diffusion requires __________.
carrier proteins
Joints in which the bone ends are bound together by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage are classified as __________ joints.
cartilaginous
The pubis symphysis is an example of a __________ joint.
cartilaginous
An enzyme, which accelerates a chemical reaction, is considered a(n) __________.
catalyst
1. Delayed hypersensitivity is __________ mediated.
cell
What is the basic unit of function and structure in the human body?
cell - the basic unit of function and structure is microscopic and can vary in size and shape. It is often called the building block, as it is the smallest living unit that makes up larger organisms.
Activated T cells are responsible for the __________ immune response.
cellular (cell-mediated)
Peripheral proteins that allow cells to bind to one another are called __________.
cellular adhesion molecules (CAMs)
The brain and the spinal cord make up the __________ nervous system.
central
3. The fibers coming from the fovea centralis of each eye pass to the very tip of the occipital lobe on the same side as the eye of origin. Damage to this specific area of the occipital lobe (such as trauma or other injury) leads to __________.
central blindness; peripheral vision is not affected
Which of the following organelles play a role in the distribution of chromosomes during cell division?
centrioles
What type of T cell does not respond to a foreign antigen on first exposure, but will respond rapidly upon subsequent exposure?
Memory cells
What is a function of bone that is due to its relationship with skeletal muscle?
Movement of limbs
Muscles with attachment points on the pelvic girdle and on the femur will cause what type of movement?
Movement of the thigh
What is the term for the inability of a muscle to contract after rigorous exercise?
Muscle fatigue
What would happen if there were no Schwann cells?
Muscles would not be able to contract and the body would be paralyzed.
What word segment means "muscle"?
Myo-
Name the type of synapse that occurs between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber.
Neuromuscular junction
What is a group of interneurons called that synapse with each other, receiving input and generating output, and performing a common function?
Neuronal pool
What two cell types occur in neural tissue?
Neurons Neuroglial
What is the effect of the binding of neurotransmitters to their receptors on the postsynaptic cell membrane?
Neurotransmitters are sometimes excitatory and sometimes inhibitory.
Name the B vitamin that can be made from the amino acid tryptophan.
Niacin
4. Receptor is on the cell membrane.
Nonsteroid hormone
What allows for substances to move between the nucleus and cytoplasm?
Nuclear pores
What is the basic cell part indicated by the arrow?
Nucleus
Indicate the number of calories contained in one gram of each of the following nutrients.
Number of calories in one gram of fat- 9 Calories/gram Number of calories in one gram of carbohydrate- 4 Calories/gram Number of calories in one gram of protein- 4 Calories/gram
Which direction do gases diffuse at the arterial end of the systemic capillaries?
O2 diffuses from the blood into tissues, while CO2 diffuses from tissues into the blood.
In which lobes of the cerebrum is the visual cortex located?
Occipital lobes
Identify the structure highlighted in blue and indicated by the arrow.
Olfactory bulb
Match the special senses with the specialized structures that house their receptors.
Olfactory organs- smell Spiral organ (organ of Corti)- hearing Maculae and cristae ampullaris- Equilibrium Retina- sight taste buds- sight taste buds- taste
Which of the following describes an example of how hormones are regulated?
One hormone stimulates the release of another hormone.
Match the part of the brain with the proper function or description.
One of the four major portions of the brain; surrounds third ventricle- Diencephalon Coordinates voluntary muscle movement- Cerebellum In the diencephalon, is a relay area for sensory impulses- Thalamus In the diencephalon, links the endocrine to the neural systems- Hypothalamus In the brainstem, has auditory and visual reflex centers- Midbrain In the brainstem, controls vital visceral activities- Medulla oblongata
What determines the order of amino acids in a protein?
Order of nucleotide bases within a gene.
4. Which way does air flow when alveolar pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure?
Out of the lungs, called expiration
A molecular formula indicates the number of atoms of each element necessary to make a specific molecule. Complete the table, listing the number of each type of atom within each molecule.
Oxygen, O2 - 2 - 0 - 0 Water, H2O - 1 - 0 - 2 Glucose, C6H12O6 - 6 - 6 - 12
2. What endocrine gland secretes this hormone?
Pancreas
Which of the following describes the correct sequence of veins from their origin in the lower leg until they reach the trunk?
Popliteal v. → femoral v. → external iliac v.
Chemicals released by damaged cells, white blood cells, and platelets act to attract white blood cells to the area. What is this attraction called?
Positive chemotaxis
Identify the ligament highlighted in the knee.
Posterior cruciate ligament
What function do the compounds heparin and coumadin have in common?
Prevention of coagulation
Match the description of the metabolic reaction with its name.
Process of using noncarbohydrates to produce glucose- Gluconeogenesis Hydrolysis of glucose-storage molecules- Glycogenolysis Polymerization of excess glucose- Glycogenesis
Define the term gluconeogenesis.
Production of glucose from non-carbohydrates, like proteins and fats.
3. Define angiogenesis.
Production of new blood vessels
Which phase of mitotic cell division is represented by this picture?
Prophase
1. Interferons and complement proteins are examples of __________.
chemical barriers
4. Scars consist of __________.
collagen
Cells with specialized characteristics are termed __________.
differentiated
The process of specialization by a cell is called __________.
differentiation
The cell membrane is composed of a __________ layer of phospholipids. The __________ portion of the phospholipids forms the extracellular and intracellular membrane surfaces, and the __________ portion forms the interior of the membrane.
double; phosphate; fatty acids
Name the subatomic particle that participates in chemical bond formation.
electrons
The three major cartilages of the larynx include the thyroid cartilage, the cricoid cartilage, and the __________ cartilage.
epiglottal
3. A response to the situation in question #2 would be an increase in production of __________ by cells of the kidneys.
erythropoietin
Label the major body parts shown.
esophagus main bronchus aorta pleural cavity spleen pancreas kidney ureter
When an acid such as HCl reacts with a base such as NaOH, the products are a salt (NaCl) and water (H2O). What term best describes this type of chemical reaction?
exchange reaction
1. Both steroid and protein hormones have their cell receptors in the same area of the cell.
false
4. Bone-building cells beneath the endosteum lay down bone to form ridges around a blood vessel.
false
5. Once a tunnel of bone is formed around a blood vessel, the bone-building cells of the periosteum lay down bone in concentric circles that fill in the tunnel.
false
The lymphatic system is involved in the absorption of __________ from the digestive system.
fats
A chemical called endogenous pyrogen may be released from lymphocytes that are responding to a pathogen. What does this compound cause?
fever
2. The collagen matrix of granulation tissue is produced by cells called __________.
fibroblasts
Label the major body parts shown (from top to bottom)
fibrous pericardium diaphragm liver greater omentum small intestine colon
2. Skin grafting will be necessary with __________.
full-thickness burns
1. Gas molecules will move from an area of __________ partial pressure to an area of __________ partial pressure.
higher; lower
When the peripheral chemoreceptors detect low oxygen levels, they stimulate the respiratory areas of the brain to __________ breathing rate.
increase
A(n) __________ in the concentration of reactants will result in a(n) __________ in the rate of the chemical reaction.
increase; increase
After entering the right atrium, the furthest a red blood cell can travel before reaching the right atrium again is the __________.
inferior vena cava
2. The changes that occur in infected or injured tissue (redness, swelling, heat, pain) are due to the process of __________.
inflammation
2. Transferrin and ferritin are molecules named for their association with __________.
iron
3. The breakdown of red blood cells is due to the activity of __________.
macrophages
Label the parts of this atom
nucleus, proton, neutron, electron
1. Bone-producing cells are called __________.
osteoblasts
3. The combination of all of the concentric rings of bone built around blood vessels is called a(n) ___________.
osteon
The osteocytes in compact bone are arranged within cylinder-shaped units called __________.
osteons
Energy needed for cellular function comes from the "burning" or __________ of glucose, fats, and protein.
oxidation
At the end of the electron transport chain, the electrons and hydrogen combine with __________, the final electron acceptor.
oxygen
Which of the following would be considered an element?
oxygen
What is the organ indicated in the figure?
pancreas
Taste buds are associated with bumps on the tongue called __________.
papillae
Within the dermis of the skin, the __________ layer is superficial to the __________ layer.
papillary; reticular
Label the components of a DNA molecule.
phosphate group deoxyribose hydrogen bond nitrogenous base
What gland produces melatonin?
pineal gland
What component of blood accounts for the largest proportion of the blood volume?
plasma
Name the formed element that is a cell fragment.
platelet
Someone consuming more protein than they are losing via excretion are in positive nitrogen balance. Someone consuming less protein than they are losing via excretion are in negative nitrogen balance.
positive negative
Label the membranes in the transverse section through the thorax.
posterior visceral pericardium pericardial cavity parietal pericardium anterior
Label the membranes as shown in the transverse section through the thorax.
posterior visceral pleura pleural cavity parietal pleura anterior
3. Deficiency in __________ results in muscular weakness due to hyperpolarization of the cell membranes.
potassium
Of the subatomic particles, the ___ have approximately the same weight, while the ___ have essentially no weight.
protons and neutrons; electrons
The knee is ___ to the ankle.
proximal
As we age, our skin __________.
thins
A __________ cell can divide into any cell type, whereas __________ cells can divide into many but not all cell types.
totipotent; pluripotent
2. Antidiuretic hormone is a posterior pituitary hormone.
true
The inferior pair of vocal folds inside the larynx are called the __________ vocal cords.
true
Persons with __________ blood have neither antigen A nor antigen B on their red blood cells but have antibody anti-A and antibody anti-B in their plasma.
type O
3. Elevated blood glucose concentration and type I diabetes is a result of __________ secretion of this hormone.
under (hypo-)
When did early interest in the human body probably develop?
when people became concerned about injuries and illness
Bundles of myelinated axons form nervous system tissue called white matter Unmyelinated axons, dendrites, neuronal cell bodies, and synapses are found within nervous system tissue called gray matter
white matter gray matter
Using a dermatomal map, predict the possible site of nerve damage in a patient suffering from loss of sensation in the left hand.
C6-C8
4. Why are both the kidneys and blood vessels able to respond to ADH?
Both have target cells with ADH receptors.
Label only the organs found within the digestive system. (top to bottom)
stomach liver small intestine
Match the description with the correct type of neuron. - Cell body with a single process that divides into two branches - Cell body with a process arising from each end; one dendrite and one axon - Cell body with many processes; one axon and many dendrites
- Unipolar neuron - Bipolar neuron - Multipolar neuron
Select the functions that the epithelium in the stomach would perform.
-Contraction to break down food mechanically -Support for blood vessels and nerves -Secretion of substances needed for chemical digestion
Why is myelin important? Check all that apply.
-It speeds up signal conduction in the nerve fiber. -It is formed to assist in the regeneration of damaged fibers. - It insulates the nerve fiber.
Match the description with the correct classification of neuron. -Carry impulses from the CNS to effectors -Relay impulses between neurons in CNS -Carry impulses from receptors to CNS
-Motor neurons -Interneurons -Sensory neurons
Match the functions to the correct cell parts. 1-Controls passage of materials into and out of the cell 2-Controls passage of materials between nucleus and cytoplasm 3-Site of ribosome synthesis 4-Contains information for synthezing proteins 5-Helps distribute chromosomes to new cells during cell division
1- Cell membrane 2- nuclear envelope 3.nucleolus 4.chromatin 5.centrosome
1. Thin filaments connect to and extend from either side of a __________. These thin filaments are composed largely of the myofilament __________. 2. Myosin heads directly use __________ to transition to their __________ conformation, which enables them ready to bind to actin.
1- z disc; actin 2- ATP; energized
Match the description with the correct type of secretory gland. 1. Specialized structures formed of epithelial cells located near or connected to hair follicles (not in palms or soles) 2. Function by secreting in response to pain, fear, emotional upset, and sexual arousal 3. Secrete ear wax into external ear canal 4. Function to lower body temperature 5. Near hair follicles in armpit and groin 6. Modified sweat glands located in breast tissue 7. Function to keep hair soft, pliable, and waterproof 8. Open onto skin surface of forehead, neck, and back
1. Sebaceous glands 2. Apocrine glands 3. Ceruminous glands 4. Merocrine glands 5. Apocrine glands 6. Mammary glands 7. Sebaceous glands 8. Merocrine glands
Match the epithelial tissue with its corresponding function. 1.Functions in gas exchange in the lungs; lines blood and lymph vessels and various body cavities 2.Protects passages of the respiratory system; contains cilia that move mucus over the surface of the tissue 3.Specialized to become distended in the urinary bladder, ureters, and superior urethra 4.Specialized to secrete substances
1. Simple squamous epithelium 2. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium 3. Transitional epithelium 4. Glandular epithelium
Maintaining a blood pH within a narrow normal limit is critical to the continued functioning of the body. This exercise looks at acids, bases, and the buffers found in the body that help keep the pH within its normal range. Bases, by definition, are compounds that reduce the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution. A typical base is an ionic compound with an hydroxyl group (OH-) as its anion. When the compound dissociates in water, the OH- group is released. This base can combine with H+, removing it from solution. Other bases are molecules such as the bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) which will bind hydrogen ion to form carbonic acid (H2CO3). HCO3- + H+ = H2CO3
1. Since bases remove H+ from solution, their addition to a solution causes the pH to INCREASE. 2. A basic (or alkaline) solution will have a pH value of GREATER THAN 7.0
Match the skin layers with the correct tissue type. 1. Dense connective tissue 2. Stratified squamous epithelium 3. Adipose and areolar tissue
1. dermis 2. epidermis 3. Subcutaneous layer
The PO2 of alveolar air is __________ mmHg. The blood entering the pulmonary capillaries has a PO2 of __________ mmHg, and the blood leaving the pulmonary capillaries has a PO2 of __________ mmHg.
104; 40; 104
Which equation states the relationship between blood pressure (BP), peripheral resistance (PR), and cardiac output (CO)?
BP = CO x PR
AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) results from infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This virus infects and kills helper T cells. Which of the following will be compromised in this disease?
Both humoral and cell-mediated immunity are compromised.
What is the definition of the term gene?
DNA sequence used to make a particular polypeptide.
Which of the following are cell junctions? Check all that apply.
Desmosomes Tight junctions
2. What binds to the active site of an enzyme?
Substrate
Leukocytes can undergo diapedesis. What is diapedesis?
The ability of cells to squeeze between cells of capillary walls.
What is a function of platelets?
They reduce blood loss from damaged blood vessels.
What is inflammation?
Tissue response to injury or infection.
2. Production of hemoglobin requires what mineral?
iron
This figure illustrates __________ conduction along an axon.
saltatory
1. The video ends by saying that an action potential will be produced if the membrane potential reaches __________.
threshold
When the first heart sound is heard, what is occuring with the heart valves?
The AV valves are closing.
Why are some nutrients classified as essential nutrients?
The body cannot produce them in adequate amounts, so it is essential that they be in the diet.
Comparing the brachialis and the biceps brachii, how would the location of the brachialis be described?
The brachialis is deep to the biceps brachii.
2. What is the source of energy used to power the sodium-potassium pump?
The breakdown of ATP
Which of these changes in blood gases will be the first to stimulate Bobby's respiratory system to start breathing again?
The change in PCO2
3. A 74-year-old chronic smoker scheduled an appointment with his doctor for a routine check-up. When asked by his physician if he had any new problems or concerns, he admits to experiencing shortness of breath with any type of exercise and a chronic cough for the past 6 months. The physician ordered blood work which indicated a blood pH of 7.31 (normal = 7.35-7.45). What might account for this altered blood pH?
The inflamed bronchioles and reduced alveolar surface area reduced the diffusion of carbon dioxide from the blood. The buildup of carbon dioxide caused an increase in the number of hydrogen ions in the blood, accounting for the altered pH.
Physiological saline solution is isotonic to human tissue and is commonly used in clinical procedures. If a kidney removed for transplantation is accidentally placed in tap water, what would happen to the kidney?
The kidney would swell.
1. The deeper the burn, the more likely a burn will not heal without a skin graft. Why is healing more difficult in these burns?
The loss of cells that would have undergone mitosis reduces ability to repair tissue.
What is the definition of the term ventilation?
The movement of air in and out of the lungs.
1. What is osmosis?
The movement of water molecules from an area of low impermeable solute concentration to an area of higher impermeable solute concentration.
Which is a physiological description rather than an anatomical one?
The muscles of the intestinal wall contract slowly and involuntarily.
2. A 54-year-old female with COPD presented to her doctor's office with a productive cough, fever, and chills. Upon examination, her doctor noted that her lips and nail beds were cyanotic (bluish tint). Although he had been treating her COPD for 3 years this cyanosis was a new symptom. What might explain the cyanosis?
The patient probably had a respiratory infection, which exacerbated the disease process by increasing mucus production and inflammation of the bronchial airways that further decreased diffusion of oxygen into the blood.
1. Hundreds of mutations have been identified in RyR1 that contribute to multiple muscular diseases. Assume that a new mutation was discovered that causes this receptor to continually remain open. Based on what you know about the function of this receptor, how would you expect this new mutation to impact contraction?
This mutation will increase levels of calcium in the sarcoplasm, which will induce continued muscle contraction.
In the image, name the lymphatic structure highlighted in yellow.
Thoracic duct
Name the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction that converts fibrinogen to fibrin.
Thrombin
3. How is ADH transported to the target cells?
Through the blood
Declining levels of which hormone(s) is/are associated with the increased susceptibility to infections that occurs with aging?
Thymosin
In the cadaver image, identify the lymphatic structure highlighted in yellow.
Thymus
A 34-year-old female presents to her doctor with a slight enlargement in the anterior portion of her neck. The doctor suspected a goiter, so tests are ordered to try to determine the cause. The results showed that TRH levels were low, TSH levels were high, and T3 and T4 levels were high. Given these results, which endocrine organ is the problem? Is this condition an example of hypersecretion or hyposecretion?
Thyroid gland hypersecretion
What structure is highlighted in this anterior view of the knee joint?
Tibial collateral ligament
Name the respiratory volume that is defined as the amount of air that moves in, then out, during a single respiratory cycle.
Tidal volume
What is the name of the volume of air moved in or out of the lungs during a quiet respiratory cycle?
Tidal volume
If an electrical impulse was taking a longer than normal amount of time to get through the AV node, what would the ECG look like?
Time between the P wave and QRS complex would be lengthened.
What is the role of monoamine oxidase and acetylcholinesterase in the nervous system?
To breakdown neurotransmitter molecules
When describing the roles of muscles involved in a movement, what is the role of the antagonist?
To oppose the action
2. Macrophages have a role in both innate and adaptive defenses. What is the function of macrophages during infection by a pathogen?
To phagocytize the pathogen
What is the function of antithrombin found in the blood and on the cells lining blood vessels?
To prevent unwanted clot formation
What is the function of the arrector pili?
To shift position of hair follicles
What is the function of the gallbladder?
To store bile between meals
1. Which of the following lung volumes or capacities would be increased in a patient with emphysema?
Total lung capacity
1. Rifampin binds to bacterial RNA polymerase.
Transcription
What is the process of synthesizing mRNA called?
Transcription
3. The urethra and urinary bladder are designed to accommodate fluctuations in volume of liquid in organs and tubes. Which epithelium would be best for this function?
Transitional epithelium
After suffering a head injury, Derick exhibits weak and uncoordinated movement of the jaw as well as numbness of the tongue and lower gums. Which nerve was likely damaged?
Trigeminal nerve
Consider the arteriolar end of a capillary bed. During capillary exchange, the process of __________ is favored at the arteriolar end due to the higher __________ pressure.
filtration; hydrostatic
When you sit in a chair with your feet on the floor, you have to __________ your hips and __________ your knees.
flex; flex
4. Deficiency of __________ leads to megaloblastic anemia, in which abnormal RBCs are very large (megalo-) and nucleated.
folic acid
Name the B vitamins. Check all that apply.
folic acid biotin niacin thiamine riboflavin vitamin b12 vitamin b6 pantothenic acid
1. Several B vitamins, including __________ and __________ are necessary to produce DNA. Due to their rapid production, RBCs are affected if these vitamins are deficient; anemia can develop.
folic acid; vitamin B12
A person in positive energy balance will gain weight. A person in neutral energy balance will maintain weight.
gain
A person in positive energy balance will gain weight. A person in neutral energy balance will maintain weight. A person in negative energy balance will lose weight.
gain maintain lose
A single cell, or a structure consisting of a group of cells, that makes and secretes a substance is called a(n) __________.
gland
Label the major body parts shown in the transverse section through a pelvic cavity of a male. (top to bottom)
gluteus maximus rectum coxal bone femur prostate gland urethra femoral vein femoral artery
List the components of a phospholipid.
glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group
The organic molecule called ___ is formed of branched chains of sugar units. It is used by humans (and other mammals) to store carbohydrate in the liver and skeletal muscle.
glycogen
2. The tissue that fills the gap in the skin during healing is called __________ tissue.
granulation
3. In a reaction to poison oak or poison ivy, a small molecule from the plant, called a(n) __________, will bind to a host molecule, triggering an allergic reaction.
hapten
Contraction of the splenius capitis and semispinalis capitis will move the __________.
head
The spiral organ contains receptor cells for what sense?
hearing
Label only the organs found within the cardiovascular system.
heart vein artery
Bond occurring between polar molecules, such as between two water molecules, are called ___ bonds.
hydrogen
Correctly label the chemical bonds illustrated in the figure.
hydrogen bond polar covalent bond
3. In the ducts of the gastric glands, __________ ions are actively transported into the ducts in exchange for __________ ions which enter the parietal cells.
hydrogen; potassium
2. Combining the effect in question #1 with the workouts that an Olympic-level athlete would participate in while at the Training Center, it is likely that the athlete's tissues will experience __________ (prolonged oxygen deficiency).
hypoxia
3. The stage called __________ involves vasodilation of vessels, allowing the leakage of white blood cells into the injured tissue. This step is necessary before healing can occur.
inflammation
1. The phases of wound healing, in the correct order, are __________.
inflammation, proliferation, remodeling
Mr. Smith is admitted to the cardiac unit with a diagnosis of endocarditis. When he asks the nurse where the infection is located, the nurse replies that the infection is in the __________.
inner lining of the heart
A skeletal muscle is attached to bones on either side of a joint. The movable end of the muscle is called the insertion and the fixed end is called the origin .
insertion origin
2. Sodium entry into the postsynaptic cell moves the membrane potential from -70mV to __________.
a value closer to 0mV
In the following image, the fingers are __________ at the metacarpophalangeal joint.
abducted
Doing jumping jacks requires that you alternate __________ and __________ your lower extremities.
abducting; adducting
Gastric juice (fluid in the stomach) has a pH value of 2.0. Therefore, this solution is
acidic
Which atom is an isotope of magnesium, the nucleus of which contains 12 protons and 12 neutrons?
an atom with 12 protons, 14 neutrons, and 12 electrons
Chemical reactions in which large molecules are built from small molecules are classified as __________ reactions. In contrast, __________ reactions involve breaking large molecules down into smaller ones.
anabolic; catabolic
What is the branch of science that deals with morphology of body parts?
anatomy
The hypothalamus regulates the activities of the __________ pituitary gland by __________.
anterior; secreting hormones that inhibit or stimulate production of hormones
What term refers to any molecule that elicits an immune response?
antigen
3. Phagocytic cells such as macrophages digest a pathogen, then insert a bit of pathogenic antigen on their cell membrane. In this role, these cells are described as being __________ cells.
antigen-presenting
What duct is indicated in the figure?
bile duct
1. If injury or damage occurs in the pathway prior to the optic chiasma, the visual deficit will be __________.
blindness in the eye on the side of the injury
What type of substance works to resist changes in the pH of a solution?
buffer
What was the MOST effective way to understand and begin treating sickness?
by observing the natural processes in the human body
The structure indicated in the image secretes a watery solution containing an enzyme that breaks down __________ in response to __________ stimulation.
carbohydrates; parasympathetic
Organic compounds are formed of ___, arranged in chains or rings, and ___ while inorganic compounds are not.
carbon; hydrogen
Knowing the definitions of a variety of anatomical terms is important to many medical professionals. In order for a doctor to effectively communicate with a nurse, them must have a common medical language in which to give directions or describe a location of the patient's symptoms. The following series of activities will help you practice your medical terminology, so that some day you can become an effective communicator in the health field. Can you help a surgeon localize different sites for incision with your use of medical terminology? Label the regions of the body indicated.
cervical pectoral brachial antecubital umbilical antebrachial
Examples of ______ include the breakdown of glucose by cells to provide energy, the bonding of oxygen to hemoglobin, and the digestion of your meal by your gastrointestinal tract.
chemistry
Chemically, hormones synthesized from __________ are classified as steroid hormones and hormones synthesized from __________ are classified as amines, peptides, or proteins.
cholesterol; amino acids
In the intestinal lumen, triglycerides are digested to fatty acids and monoglycerides. These two components are absorbed through the intestinal mucosa and enzymatically reunited to re-form triglycerides. These triglycerides, along with other lipids, enter the lacteals as part of particles called __________.
chylomicrons
Label the major body parts shown.
common carotid artery internal jugular vein brachiocephalic artery aorta superior vena cava right atrium right ventricle diaphragm
What kind of connective tissue forms the superficial layer of all parts of a bone?
compact bone
Joints are classified structurally according to the __________ that binds them, and functionally according to their __________.
connective tissue; degree of motion
Label the body regions with the proper adjective.
coxal inguinal femoral patellar pedal
Label the cavities of the head.
cranial cavity frontal sinus orbital cavity nasal cavity middle ear cavity oral cavity
Label the various body cavities in this lateral view.
cranial cavity vertebral canal thoracic cavity diaphragm abdominal cavity pelvic cavity
3. If there was a high concentration of acetylcholine within the synaptic cleft, but little to no response at the motor end-plate, you would expect __________ to be the responsible neuromuscular-blocking agent.
curare
3. Helper T cells secrete __________ to stimulate the proliferation of B cells.
cytokines
The primary type of chemical reaction involved in the digestion of a meal by the digestive system is
decomposition reaction
Pregnancy can place a stress on many organ systems in the body, including the respiratory system. As the uterus expands, it can increase the volume of the abdominal cavity and place pressure on the diaphragm. Based on the facts provided, will the total lung capacity of a pregnant woman increase or decrease?
decrease
Vasoconstriction of blood vessels in the dermis of the skin is a response to a(n) __________ in body temperature.
decrease
With age, range of motion __________ in joints and the production of synovial fluid __________.
decreases; decreases
Match the types of building blocks with the correct type of organic compound.
*nucleic acids - C, H, O, N, P - polynucleotide chain *lipids - C, H, O (often P) - triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids *carbohydrates - C, H, O - monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide *protein - C, H, O, N (often S) - polypeptide chain
For the organ systems illustrated on the right of the figure, indicate their function.
*protects underlying tissue and helps regulate body temperature *provides framework and protection for the body *provides the force that moves the body *uses electrical signals to coordinate bodily functions *uses hormones to affect change on the body
Nutrient and oxygen supply for the epidermis comes from blood vessels located in the __________ layer of the skin.
dermal
1. In normal skeletal muscle tissue, what results from the binding of acetylcholine to its receptors at the neuromuscular junction? 2. What is the normal response of a muscle cell to the change in membrane permeability caused by binding of acetylcholine to its receptors? 3. With myasthenia gravis, the acetylcholine receptors are blocked or destroyed by autoantibodies. How will this affect muscle cell function? 4.What treatment would make the most sense for a patient with myasthenia gravis?
1- Increased permeability of the membrane to sodium ions 2- Generation of muscle impulse 3- No muscle impulse will be generated, so the muscle cell will not contract. 4- Use anticholinesterase inhibitor to increase the presence of ACh in synaptic cleft.
Match the descriptions to the correct cell part. 1-Composed of protein and a lipid bilayer 2-Membranous sacs with interior partitions 3-Group of flattened, membranous sacs 4-Particles composed of protein and RNA molecules 5-Nonmembranous structure composed of two rodlike centrioles
1-cell membrane 2- mitochondrion 3-golgi apparatus 4-ribosome 5-centrosome
Atoms of an element are similar to each other, but they differ from the atoms that make up other elements. Atoms vary in size, weight, and the ways they interact with other atoms. Some atoms can combine with atoms like themselves or with other atoms. Atoms can combine to form larger molecules and compounds. Depending on the elements involved, the atoms will interact with each other in a variety of ways.
1. Atoms can interact with other atoms by forming CHEMICAL BONDS. 2. What atomic component is involved in the interactions between atoms? ELECTRONS 3. What type of chemical bond involves the sharing of electrons between two atoms? COVALENT BONDS
Match the location with the appropriate connective tissue. 1. Skull 2. On surface of the heart and around the kidneys 3. Covering the ends of bones 4. tendons and ligaments 5. Between muscles; beneath epithelial tissues
1. Bone 2.Adipose tissue 3. Hyaline cartilage 4.Dense connective tissue 5. Areolar tissue
Our example for analysis is an atom of OXYGEN. An oxygen molecule has the following composition: 8 protons, 8 neutrons, and 8 electrons.
1. By definition, what is the atomic number? - atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus 2. Oxygen atoms have 8 protons, 8 neutrons, and 8 electrons. What is the atomic number of oxygen? - 8
Match the description with the correct chemical pathway of cellular respiration. 1. Occurs in mitochondria; products are 2 CO2 and 1 ATP per substrate molecule 2. Occurs in mitochondria; products are water and 28 ATP 3. Occurs in cytoplasm; net products are 2 ATP and 2 pyruvic acid molecules
1. Citric acid cycle 2. Electron transport chain 3. Glycolysis
Differentiate between types of heat loss that might occur to maintain body temperature. 1. Heat (molecular vibration) is transmitted from one substance directly to another. 2. Body heat is used to convert liquid water in sweat to gaseous water vapor. 3. Heat is emitted in waves (rays) from warmer surfaces to cooler surroundings. 4. Heat is carried away by movement of air over surface.
1. Conduction 2. Evaporation 3. Radiation 4. Convection
Match the description with the correct term associated with genetic information. 1. The sequence of nucleotide bases that determines the sequence of amino acids in a protein. 2. Segment of DNA that codes for a protein. 3. The complete set of genetic instructions for a cell/organism. 4. The portion of the entire DNA base sequence that actually codes for protein production.
1. Genetic code 2. gene 3. Genome 4. Exam
Our example for analysis is an atom of OXYGEN. An oxygen molecule has the following composition: 8 protons, 8 neutrons, and 8 electrons.
1. How is mass number determined? - mass number is equal to the number of protons + neutrons. 2. What is the mass number of oxygen? - 16
An atom is considered chemically stable if its outermost electron shell is full. If, however, the outermost shell is not full, an atom can either gain, lose, or share electrons with other atoms, filling the shell and becoming more stable. In order to figure out how a particular atom will interact, and with what other atoms it can form a chemical bond, you need to figure out what must happen to that atom for it to have a full outer shell.
1. If an atom had seven electrons in its second shell, it would need to GAIN 1 electron to become stable. 2. If an atom had two electrons in its third shell, it would need to LOSE 2 electrons to become stable. 3. If an atom had four electrons in its second shell, it would need to GAIN 4 electrons to become stable.
Chemical buffers are compounds that resist changes in the pH of a solution. The buffer system works by having an acid (the weak acid) that is able to release hydrogen ions if too few are present in solution, and a base (the weak base) that can bind up excess hydrogen ions when there are too many H+ present. By keeping the concentration of H+ at the right level, the pH remains at the right level. A predominant buffer system in the blood is called the bicarbonate system, consisting of carbonic acid (H2CO3) and bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) HCO3- + H+ = H2CO3
1. If the pH of the blood started to drop, the compound ___ will find excess hydrogen ions to minimize the drop in pH. BICARBONATE ION 2. As the pH of the blood starts to increase, ___ breaks down to release more H+ into solution. CARBONIC ACID
Match the descriptions with the correct epidermal cell type. 1. Found in deepest layer; produce pigment 2. Most abundant cell type; provide waterproofing to skin 3. Scattered within epidermis; phagocytic cells
1. Melanocytes 2. Keratinocytes 3. Epidermal dendritic cells
The surface area of contact between the epidermis and the dermis is increased by structures called __________. This increased surface area allows for improved gas and nutrient exchange and waste removal by dermal blood vessels.
dermal papillae
Dr. Day has completed surgery and requests that you document the location of the incision. Using the following image, answer the questions about the location of the red incision. 1. The incision is located on the __________ surface on the __________ side of the body. 2. The incision is located in the __________ region of the body. 3. The incision is approximately 4 inches __________ to the antecubital region.
1. anterior; right 2. brachial 3. proximal
Match the characteristics of life to the proper description.
1. change in position of the body or of a body part; motion of an internal organ - movement 2. reaction to a change inside or outside the body - responsiveness 3. increase in body size without change in shape - growth 4. production of new organisms and new cells - reproduction
List the end products of the complete oxidation of one molecule of glucose.
6CO2, 6H2O, 32 ATP
1. Within the skull, __________ bones protect the brain.
8 cranial
Which concentration gradient would result in a faster diffusion of oxygen?
95% concentration outside; 45% concentration inside
Match each thigh muscle with its action(s).
Adductor longus-Adducts thigh and flexes hip Biceps femoris - Biceps femoris Tensor fasciae latae - Rotates thigh medially; abducts thigh Quadriceps femoris - Extends knee Sartorius - Flexes knee; flexes hip Semitendinosus and semimembranosus- Flexes knee; extends hip Gracilis - Adducts thigh and flexes hip Adductor magnus- Adducts thigh and extends hip
What nitrogenous bases are found in DNA?
Adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine
Identify the molecule shown below.
Adenosine triphosphate
Identify the example of oxygen-dependent metabolism that breaks down organic compounds and produces ATP.
Aerobic respiration
This figure shows the result of interaction of RBC antigens (A antigens) with the antibody against the RBC antigen (anti-A antibodies). What is this result called?
Agglutination
What would result when a patient with type A blood receives a transfusion of type B blood?
Agglutination of the donor red blood cells
Indicate the equation used to calculate alveolar ventilation.
Alveolar ventilation = (tidal volume - physiologic dead space) x breathing rate
What layers make up the respiratory membrane?
Alveolar wall, capillary wall, and basement membranes of each.
2. Which of the following does not affect the rate of diffusion?
Amount of ATP present
What is an allergen?
An antigen that triggers an allergic response.
What is an effect of exercise on the muscular system?
An increase in proinflammatory molecules that can result in the formation of new muscle cells
What is vasodilation?
An increase in the diameter of a blood vessel.
For each structure, identify the organ system to which it belongs. (labels can be used more than once)
Answers top to bottom: digestive skeletal cardiovascular cardiovascular muscular skeletal muscular urinary skeletal
Name the highlighted ligament shown in this anterior view of the knee.
Anterior cruciate ligament
6. The ethmoid bone is not a part of what structure?
Anterior roof of the mouth
1. Indicate the order of cell types involved in the response to the first exposure to an allergen.
Antigen-presenting cell, helper T cell, B cell, plasma cell
Cells such as macrophages can process foreign antigens and attach them to their cell surface in order to assist in activation of T cells. What are cells that have this function called?
Antigen-presenting cells
Match the description with the correct chemical barrier.
Antimicrobial substances; bind to sugar groups on pathogen; enhance phagocytosis- Collectins Antimicrobial substances that put holes in pathogen cell membranes- Defensins Group of proteins that, when activated, stimulate inflammation and phagocytosis- Complement Released by virally infected cells; protects nearby uninfected cells- Interferons
Name the ligament that holds the head of the radius in place within the elbow joint.
Anular ligament
How do apocrine glands differ from other skin glands?
Apocrine glands secrete in response to emotional stimuli.
What type of secretory gland includes proteins and lipids in its watery secretions? These organic molecules are metabolized by bacteria on the skin's surface, leading to odor.
Apocrine sweat glands
What division of the nervous system functions independently and continuously, without conscious effort?
Autonomic nervous system
In the cadaver image shown, name the group of lymph nodes highlighted in yellow.
Axillary lymph nodes
Hillocks, collaterals, and terminals are associated with what part of a neuron?
Axon
The vitamin __________ is a coenzyme for reactions involving nitrogen-containing compounds, including proteins and amino acids. Therefore, the dietary need for this vitamin depends on protein intake.
B6
In order to be fully activated, most __________ cells require interaction with __________ cells.
B; T
Indicate the correct values for each weight range.
BMI values for overweight- 25 to 30 BMI values for healthy weight- 18 to 24 BMI values for obesity- Over 30
What type of synovial joint involves one bone end with a globular head that fits into a cup-shaped cavity on the other bone end?
Ball-and-socket (spheroidal) joint
Match the description with the correct type of cytokine.
Block viral replication, stimulate macrophages to engulf viruses, stimulate B cells to produce antibodies, attack cancer cells- Interferons Stops tumor growth, releases growth factors, causes fever (with bacterial infection), stimulates T and B cell differentiation- Tumor necrosis factor Stimulate bone marrow to produce lymphocytes- Colony-stimulating factors Control lymphocyte differentiation and proliferation- Interleukins
For each blood group, indicate the antigens present on the RBCs and the antibodies present in the blood plasma.
Blood Type O- Neither A nor B antigens Blood Type A- Only the A antigen Blood Type B- Only the B antigen Blood Type AB- Both A and B antigens
A neurotransmitter that causes the opening of sodium channels is an excitatory Correctneurotransmitter while one that causes the opening of potassium channels is an inhibitory Correctneurotransmitter.
excitatory inhibitory
How is the majority of oxygen transported in the blood?
Bound to the heme portion of hemoglobin
Identify the artery of the upper extremity indicated in the figure.
Brachial artery
Which organs are part of the central nervous system?
Brain and spinal cord
Describe the role of plasmin.
Breaks down fibrin, dissolving the clot
Glands classified as __________ glands secrete substances (like sweat) onto a free surface, like skin.Glands classified as __________ glands release their secretions (like hormones) into the bloodstream.
exocrine; endocrine
1. A 68-year-old male presented to the emergency room complaining of shortness of breath. He admitted to the doctor that he has smoked two packs of cigarettes a day for the past 40 years. The physician ordered blood work, which indicated an elevated level of carbon dioxide. With this result along with the patient's history of smoking, the doctor concluded that the patient most likely was suffering from COPD. Why did the doctor come to this conclusion?
COPD causes loss of alveolar surface area and loss of lung elasticity. This disrupts the gas exchange between the alveoli and the capillaries resulting in a buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood.
What are lymphatic nodules?
Compact masses of lymphatic tissue
Activation of what group of proteins in the plasma leads to inflammation, attraction of phagocytes, and enhancement of phagocytosis?
Complement
Which statement describes myofibrils?
Comprised of thick and thin filaments
A patient is found to be myopic. What type of corrective lenses are needed to improve their vision?
Concave lenses
Which type of tissue provides support, protection, and fills gaps between tissues?
Connective tissue
2. Antibodies attach to mast cells via what part of the antibody structure?
Constant region
Identify the structure highlighted in orange and indicated by the arrow.
Corpus callosum
What type of connective tissue is comprised of many interwoven and randomly organized collagen fibers?
Dense irregular connective tissue
The leukocyte indicated in the image is undergoing what process?
Diapedesis
Indicate the events that occur with inspiration, in the correct order.
Diaphragm contracts; thoracic cavity expands; intra-alveolar pressure drops; air flows into lungs.
1. Hormonal release is constant and is not effected by sensory input.
false
When does the process of myelination complete?
During adolescence
The cristae ampullaris house the receptors for what sense?
Dynamic equilibrium
1. True or False: The carbonic acid ion is joined to a hydrogen ion by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase.
false
2. In this scenario, the total lung capacity has decreased.
false
2. Oxygen-rich blood is carried through pulmonary arteries from the lungs to the heart.
false
2. The residual volume will be decreased in a patient with emphysema.
false
3. Using "E" for enzyme, "S" for substrate, and "P" for product, indicate the best representation of the mechanism of enzyme function.
E + S → ES → EP → E + P
What connective tissue layer surrounds an axon?
Endoneurium
Name the innermost layer of an artery wall.
Endothelium
When healing a shallow cut in the skin, the rate of mitosis increases in what layer?
Epidermis
These two images depict the hands of individuals with toxic shock syndrome (TSS). In both cases, as typically occurs in TSS, the skin of the palms and soles of the feet peel off in a process called desquamation. Based on your knowledge of skin anatomy, what layers are peeling off of these patients' hands?
Epidermis only
Which structure/space is highlighted in green and indicated by the arrow?
Epidural space
Which blood vessel is found in the anterior-medial thigh?
Femoral a.
Why is dietary fiber beneficial to the diet?
Fiber provides "bulk" in intestines, allowing better movement of intestinal contents.
What type of cartilage provides support and shock absorption?
Fibrocartilage
Match the descriptions to the structures associated with synovial joints.
Fibrocartilage discs within joint- Menisci Fluid-filled sacs -Bursae Lining of joint cavity; secretes fluid -Synovial membrane Protective layer that covers bone ends -Articular cartilage
What class of joint consists of bone ends held together by collagenous tissue?
Fibrous joints
What type of joint is comprised mainly of dense connective tissue?
Fibrous joints
Name the structure highlighted in this anterior view of the knee joint.
Fibular collateral ligament
For each description, indicate the correct group of lymph nodes.
Filter lymph from hands and wrists- Supratrochlear lymph nodes Filter lymph from scalp, face, nasal cavities, and pharynx- Cervical lymph nodes Filter lymph from upper limbs, mammary glands, upper wall of abdomen, wall of thorax- Axillary lymph nodes Filter lymph from lower limbs, lower abdominal wall, external genitalia- Inguinal lymph nodes
3. Air moves from areas of low pressure to areas of high pressure until an equilibrium is reached.
false
Match each statement with the appropriate lymphatic structure.
Filters lymph; initiates immune responses- Lymph node Site of maturation of T lymphocytes- Thymus Filters blood; initiates immune responses- Spleen
With age, small crystals or clumps of gel may form in the vitreous humor of the eye that cast shadows on the retina. What are these tiny objects called?
Floaters
3. Shock (severe drop in blood pressure) occurs with severe burns. Why does hypovolemic shock develop?
Fluid leaks out of capillaries. reducing blood volume
2. What are the small holes in the skull called that serve as passageways for blood vessels and nerves?
Foramina
Within the retina, what is the area of sharpest vision?
Fovea centralis
Match the feature of the eye with its function.
Fovea centralis -Retinal area producing sharpest vision Optic disc- Point of exit for axons of retinal cells Scleral venous sinus- Site of drainage of aqueous humor Choroid coat- Pigmented to absorb light; provides blood supply Ciliary body- Regulates thickness of lens
In a hypothetical situation, two solutions are separated by a membrane. Solution A is a 10% sodium solution and solution B is a 40% sodium solution. Which way would sodium pumps within the membrane move sodium ions during active transport?
From solution A to solution B
Which of the following bones contains paranasal sinuses? Check all that apply
Frontal bone Sphenoid bone Maxillary bone
Which of the following bones form a portion of the orbit?Check all that apply
Frontal, Maxilla, Zygomatic, Sphenoid, Ethmoid, Lacrimal
2. What type of burn involves destruction of all layers of the skin.
Full-thickness burn
What type of burn involves the destruction of the epidermis, dermis, and accessory structures of the skin?
Full-thickness burn
What term refers to a mass of cells that act as a unit?
Functional syncytium
Identify the process illustrated in this figure:
Functioning of an enzyme.
Indicate which of the following are complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides). (Check all that apply.)
Glycogen Starch Cellulose
2. What hormone released from the endocrine gland would result in stimulation of growth of bone tissue?
Growth hormone
Carbonic acid is a compound consisting of one carbon, two hydrogen atoms, and three oxygen atoms. Indicate the correct molecular formula for this compound.
H2CO3
4. What is presented on the macrophage surface?
Hapten plus class II MHC
Match the description of the vertebra to the correct vertebral region.
Have transverse foramen - Cervical vertebrae Have articular facets on the transverse process - Thoracic vertebrae Have articular facets that face superior/inferior - Cervical vertebrae Have spinous processes that are blunted and short - Lumbar vertebrae Some have bifid spinous process. - Cervical vertebrae Have largest size vertebral bodies - Lumbar vertebrae Have facets that articulate with a rib - Thoracic vertebrae
Match each description with the correct type of lipoprotein.
High concentration of protein; low concentration of lipid- High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) High concentration of cholesterol- Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) High concentration of triglycerides- Very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs)
What part of the brain is associated with memory consolidation?
Hippocampus
Which of the following describes smooth muscle contraction but not skeletal muscle contraction?
Hormones can inhibit contraction.
Marfan syndrome is a hereditary defect in elastin fibers. People with this syndrome would therefore exhibit what feature?
Hyperextensible joints
What is another term for allergy?
Hypersensitivity
What organ controls the response to stress, called the general adaptation syndrome?
Hypothalamus
What structure regulates appetite?
Hypothalamus
Name the immunoglobulin classes that are found in secretions.
IgA and IgE
What class of immunoglobulin is involved in immediate-reaction allergic reactions?
IgE
3. With second exposure to an antigen, the antigen molecules bind to __________.
IgE on the mast cells
The disease called multiple sclerosis involves an immune response against myelin of the central nervous system, causing scar formation (sclerosis) within the neural tissue. How would this affect nerve impulse conduction?
Impulses are blocked or interrupted.
3. The molecules in a solid lump of sugar do not move.
false
3. True or False: The first step in the formation of hydrochloric acid is the active transport of carbon dioxide into the parietal cells.
false
4. An enzyme speeds up a chemical reaction in the cell, but can only be used once.
false
2. In which direction does facilitated diffusion occur?
In either direction depending on the concentration gradient of the molecule.
4. Which of the following will result from being at high altitude?
Increase RBC count
3. Would this patient's symptoms be due to an increase or decrease in hormone secretion?
Increase in secretion
Name a noticeable sign of normal aging in the nervous system.
Increased memory loss
Name the innate defense that involves vasodilation and increased vascular permeability, resulting in the influx of blood, blood cells, and fluid to an area of injury or infection.
Inflammation
Match the definition to the correct class of nutrients.
Inorganic elements needed for metabolism- Minerals Organic essential compounds needed in very small amounts; needed for normal metabolism- Vitamins
4. The net diffusion of oxygen out of the blood occurs during which phase?
Internal respiration
Name the cell cycle phase during which DNA replication occurs.
Interphase
Identify the highlighted structure indicated by the arrow.
Iris
What is the role of skeletal muscle contractions in the flow of lymph?
It compresses lymphatic vessels, encouraging the lymph to flow toward the upper thorax.
2. What is the purpose of the hormone-receptor complex moving into the nucleus?
It will cause transcription of the DNA.
3. What would happen to a red blood cell placed in a hypertonic medium?
It would shrink.
The fat-soluble vitamin __________ can be produced by intestinal bacteria.
K
Indicate which situations lead to primary malnutrition. Check all that apply.
Lack of available food Excessive intake of high calorie (junk) foods Anorexia nervosa
In which organ do the peristaltic waves typically occur only 2-3 times each day?
Large intestine
The fastest impulse conduction would occur in what type of axon?
Large-diameter myelinated axon
Over a lifetime, the brain shrinks due to the loss of what areas?
Larger loss in gray matter than white matter
In the anterior view of the knee, shown below, what structure is highlighted?
Lateral meniscus
What branch off of the aortic arch is indicated in the figure?
Left common carotid artery
What chamber of the heart is indicated in the figure?
Left ventricle
Which hormone, if it were to be used clinically, could help in weight loss?
Leptin
3. Describe the effect of acetylcholine on the postsynaptic neuron.
Ligand (chemically)-gated sodium channels open, and sodium diffuses into the postsynaptic neuron.
Describe the location of synovial membranes.
Lining joint capsules
What is segmentation?
Localized contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle that help to mix food and secretions
Match each description with the correct muscle protein.
Location of binding sites for myosin - Actin Blocks myosin binding sites - Tropomyosin Location of binding sites for calcium -Troponin Forms cross-bridges -Myosin
2. What molecules are absorbed into the lymph?
Long-chain fatty acids
Match each description with the name of the condition.
Low blood oxygen levels lead to bluish tint to the skin- Cyanosis Reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood; leads to paleness of the skin- Anemia Abnormal hemoglobin; causes hemoglobin to crystallize in low oxygen conditions- Sickle-cell disease Low platelet count; results in decreased blood clotting and bruising- Thrombocytopenia
What is the name of the fluid contained within vessels of the lymphatic system?
Lymph
Natural killer (NK) cells are what type of cell?
Lymphocyte
1. The primary cells of the immune response are the T and B cells. T and B cells are what type of cell?
Lymphocytes
Some white blood cells function to digest bacteria in the body. These white blood cells would need to contain a large number of what organelle to perform this specific function?
Lysosomes
1. Which cells can act as antigen-presenting cells?
Macrophages and B cells
What is the process of breaking down large molecules into small ones without affecting the chemical composition called?
Mechanical digestion
Stretch receptors and baroreceptors are examples of what type of receptor?
Mechanoreceptors
The image below is of the anterior knee. What structure is highlighted?
Medial meniscus
Where are sensory signals from the stomach and small intestine sent to trigger a vomiting reflex?
Medulla oblongata
What structure of the cytoskeleton is composed mostly of the protein actin and is associated with cell motility?
Microfilament
Indicate the equation used to calculate minute ventilation.
Minute ventilation = tidal volume x breathing rate
In the majority of right-handed people, the left hemisphere is dominant for what function?
Motor activities related to speech
What type of functional area of the cerebral cortex would be responsible for sending impulses that control skeletal muscles?
Motor area
The myelin sheath along an axon is not continuous. What are the gaps between Schwann cells called?
Nodes of Ranvier
The cell membrane of a neuron has both gated and non-gated ion channels. Which type of non-gated channel is more abundant?
Non-gated potassium channels
What neurotransmitter is classified as a monoamine?
Norepinephrine
Name the combination of neurotransmitter and receptor type that will cause an increase in heart rate.
Norepinephrine and adrenergic receptor
What is the special name for the diffusion of water across a membrane?
Osmosis
What cell found in bone functions to deposit bony matrix, resulting in the growth of bone tissue?
Osteoblast
Match the stimulus to the response of the respiratory system.
Over-inflation of the lungs- Detected by stretch receptors; causes inhibition of contraction of the diaphragm Decreased blood oxygen levels- Detected by peripheral chemoreceptors; causes increased respiratory rate Increased blood carbon dioxide levels- Detected by central and peripheral chemoreceptors; causes increased ventilation Increased hydrogen ion concentration in the CSF- Detected by central chemoreceptors; causes increased ventilation
7. What bone makes a portion of the roof of the mouth?
Palatine bone
Which of the following bones is not visible in the lateral view of the skull?
Palatine bones
In the dermis of the skin, name the more superficial layer.
Papillary layer
Which type of secretion enters the interstitial fluid and affects neighboring cells in the same tissue?
Paracrine secretion
What determines the direction of gas movement?
Partial pressure differences
What structures monitor the level of oxygen in arterial blood?
Peripheral chemoreceptors
Match each white blood cell with its description.
Phagocytizes small particles, first-responders at infection site: Neutrophils Phagocytizes large particles in tissues: Monocytes Provides immunity: Lymphocytes Releases histamine and heparin: Basophil Moderate allergic reactions; defends against parasitic worm infections: Eosinophils
1. Which of these glands are found in the brain?
Pituitary gland
5. What sits in the sella turcica?
Pituitary gland
Which of the following glands is found in the brain?
Pituitary gland
What type of synovial joint involves a cylindrical shape for one bone end that rotates in a ring formed by another bone and a ligament?
Pivot (trochoid) joint
What type of synovial joint involves two flat (or nearly flat) bone surfaces?
Plane joint
Platelets cling to exposed collagen at the site of injury of a blood vessel. What is the result of this process called?
Platelet plug
What stage in the process of hemostasis is illustrated in this image?
Platelet plug formation
Which gland secretes the antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
Posterior pituitary
In a nerve cell at rest, the cell membrane is more permeable to which ion?
Potassium
4. When hydrogen ions pass from the parietal cell into the duct of the gastric gland, they are exchanged for what ion?
Potassium ion
Indicate the functions of cholesterol. Check all that apply.
Precursor for some hormones Precursor for bile salts Structural component of cell membranes
3. What is the final effect of the steroid hormone activation of the cell?
Production of proteins
Indicate which situation would increase the risk of blood clot formation.
Prolonged immobility
What group of compounds is produced from a specific type of fatty acid and has powerful effects on cells and tissues?
Prostaglandins
What are the functions of the skeletal system?Check all that apply
Protect soft tissue, Provide attachment for muscles, Store inorganic salts
The substance between the cells of connective tissues is called the extracellular matrix. In addition to ground substance, what else makes up the matrix?
Protein fibers
What is the composition of extracellular matrix found in connective tissue?
Protein fibers Ground substance
1. Epinephrine is a hormone that can't cross the plasma membrane. What classification of hormone is it?
Protein or amine
What must be present for any type of hormone to be able to act on a target cell?
Protein receptors
Match each example with the taste sensation that it causes.
Proteins, amino acids, and monosodium glutamate- Umami Table sugar and other carbohydrates- sweet Caffeine, quinine, some poisons- bitter Sodium chloride (NaCl) and other sources of sodium- salt Lemon and other acid-containing foods- sour
Identify this type of epithelial tissue.
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
What vessel is located in the atrioventricular sulcus between the right atrium and right ventricle?
Right coronary a.
What type of photoreceptor is more sensitive to light and can, therefore, provide vision in dim light?
Rods
Match the terms used to describe skeletal features with the appropriate description.
Rounded process that usually articulates with another bone - Condyle Prominent projection on a bone - Process Small, knoblike process Tubercle Opening through a bone - Foramen Relatively deep pit or depression - fossa
What structure is also known as the pacemaker of the heart?
SA mode
Name the functional units of contraction in a muscle fiber.
Sarcomeres
What types of fats are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease?
Saturated fats
Which of the following bones are part of the appendicular skeleton?
Scapula
Classify each of the following bones based on their shape.
Scapula - Flat bone Vertebra - Irregular bone Patella - Sesamoid bone Humerus - Long bone Carpal - Short bone
Memory T and B cells function in what type of response?
Secondary immune response
Match the names of the cranial nerves with their functions.
Sense of vision- Optic nerve Controls muscles of facial expression- Facial nerve ense of equilibrium- Vestibulocohlear nerve Cutaneous sensation from the face- Trigeminal nerve Controls heart rate and glands in abdomen- Vagus nerve
What functions to detect changes inside and outside of the body?
Sensory receptors
1. The small intestine is designed to absorb most of our ingested nutrients and to secrete enzymes. Which epithelium would be best for this function?
Simple columnar epithelium
2. The kidney tubules carry the filtered fluid through the kidneys and allow secretion and absorption of solutes that will ultimately form the urine. Which epithelium would be best suited for this function?
Simple cuboidal epithelium
1. Within each kidney, blood capillaries and structures called glomerular capsules are made of an epithelial tissue specifically suited for diffusion and filtration. Which epithelium would be best suited for this function?
Simple squamous epithelium
Why is saltatory conduction along a myelinated axon faster than continuous conduction along an unmyelinated axon?
Since action potentials do not occur along with the areas of the axon membrane that are covered by myelin, myelinated axons have less membrane surface that will conduct the impulse.
What is the function of the lunula of the nail?
Site of nail growth
Match the gland with the location in the body where it is found.
Sits on top of a kidney- Adrenal gland ound in the pelvis- Ovaries Attached to the small intestines- Pancreas Found in the neck- Thyroid gland Found in the brain- Pituitary gland
The largest organ(s) of the integumentary system is/are __________.
Skin
During wound healing, granulations may form. What are granulations?
Small masses consisting of a blood vessel and associated fibroblasts.
2. Which of the following will pass through a cell membrane most easily?
Small nonpolar molecules
What organelle is indicated by the arrow?
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
What type of muscle tissue is found in the wall of blood vessels?
Smooth muscle
Compare skeletal muscle to smooth muscle.
Smooth muscle takes longer to contract and can stay contracted longer than skeletal muscle.
What occurs during depolarization of an axon?
Sodium channels open and sodium diffuses into the cell.
1. In which direction are ions moved across the membrane by a sodium-potassium pump?
Sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell.
1. Hormone enters the cell directly.
Steroid hormone
3. The most distal end of the large intestine is the anal canal. This final passageway is not absorptive and must resist the abrasive nature of feces. Which epithelium would be best for this function?
Stratified squamous epithelium
What makes a cell a target cell for a hormone?
Target cells have specific receptors for the hormone.
Indicate which of these structures are composed of gray matter. Check all that apply.
Thalamus, Motor cortex, Basal nuclei
1. What hormone is associated with type 1 diabetes?
insulin
Which of the following hormones is released when blood glucose levels are elevated?
insulin
2. If it were possible to move the terminal cisternae further away from the T-tubules, it would __________.
interfere with the signal required for the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
What type of interaction would occur between these two atoms?
ionic bond
The smooth muscles of the __________ regulate the diameter of the pupil.
iris
5. Deficiency of __________ leads to an anemia in which the RBCs are very pale, due to reduced quantity of hemoglobin.
iron
Nails consist of __________.
keratinized epithelial cells
2. The concentric rings of compact bone are called __________.
lamellae
Label the major body parts shown (from top to bottom)
larynx common carotid artery trachea thyroid gland aorta lung heart diaphragm
The lungs are ___ to the heart.
lateral
While standing, twisting your lower limb at the hip so that your toes point off to the side is called _______ rotation. Twisting your lower limb at the hip so that your toes point toward your other foot is called _______ rotation.
lateral; medial
In comparison to arteries, how much do veins change with aging?
less than
An excessive number of white blood cells is classified as leukocytosis points awarded ItemScored A deficiency in white blood cells is classified as leukopenia
leukocytosis leukopenia
Name the type of organic molecule that is hydrophobic.
lipid
In comparing the classes of macronutrients, name the class that provides the most energy per gram.
lipids
Substances called __________ consist of a surface layer of phospholipid, cholesterol, and protein that surrounds a core consisting of triglycerides and other lipid-soluble compounds.
lipoproteins
Synaptic potentials are __________ potentials resulting from opening or closing __________-gated ion channels.
local; chemically
A cation is formed when an atom ___ an electron.
loses
4. More extensive injury to one of the occipital lobes would result in partial blindness. For example, injury to just the left occipital lobe would cause __________.
loss of the right visual field; can't see anything to the right
3. What codes for the synthesis of proteins?
mRNA
What occurs during the phase of protein synthesis called transcription?
mRNA is produced from a DNA template.
Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are __________ that provide energy and are required in large amounts. Vitamins and minerals are __________ that do not provide energy and are required in smaller amounts.
macronutrients; micronutrients
What is the definition of homeostasis?
maintenance of a stable internal environment
Which of the following is found inferior to the maxilla and has a posterior articulation with the temporal bone?
mandible
Calculate the mass number of the illustrated atom.
mass number = 7
Touch and pressure stimulate the class of receptors called __________. The senses of taste and smell rely on __________.
mechanoreceptors; chemoreceptors
Label the planes used to cut the body into the sections shown.
median (midsagittal) plane transverse (horizontal) plane frontal (coronal) plane
The region of the thoracic cavity between the lungs is called the
mediastinum
What body cavity contains the heart, esophagus, and trachea?
mediastinum - the axial portion of the body contains cavities. Within these cavities are many vital organs. The heart, esophagus, and trachea are located in a cavity that sits between the lungs.
What is illustrated in this figure?
metabolic pathway
The physiological events that obtain, release, and use energy are defined as
metabolism
The term __________ refers to all of the chemical reactions that occur in the body.
metabolism
What term refers to the combination of all of the chemical reactions in cells that use or release energy?
metabolism - all the characteristics of life are dependent on these chemical reactions
4. The antidote that holds the most promise to counteract the effects of tubocurarine is one that __________.
modifies acetylcholine receptors so that they bind acetylcholine stronger than tubocurarine
A nerve fiber that conducts impulses toward muscles and glands is called a(n) __________ fiber. A nerve that conducts impulses toward the brain and spinal cord is called a(n) __________ fiber.
motor; afferent
Which layer of the digestive tract is composed of epithelial tissue and may contain folds and mucus-secreting glands?
mucosa
The addition or deletion of nitrogenous bases during replication or transcription results in changes in the DNA sequence. The change in base sequence is called __________.
mutation
For some metabolic pathways, the product of the pathway inhibits the functioning of the first enzyme of the same pathway. This type of regulation is an example of __________.
negative feedback
During a race, the body temperature of a runner increases. The runner responds by perspiring (sweating), which lowers body temperature. This process is an example of a
negative feedback mechanism
What organ system is responsible for coordination and integration of bodily functions as well as detecting changes inside and outside the body?
nervous system
In nervous tissue, the cell type that carries out the main function of the tissue is the __________.
neuron
Neural tissue consists of two cell types. 1. Cells called neurons Correctare specialized to send and receive nerve impulses. 2. Cells called neuroglia Correcthave a support function, though they may also send and receive impulses.
neurons neuroglia
What are the components of a nucleotide?
nitrogenous base 5-carbon sugar phosphate group
1. Botulinum toxin causes muscle paralysis because __________.
no acetylcholine enters the synaptic cleft
The building blocks for DNA and RNA molecules are called
nucleotides
Deficiency symptoms can develop due to malabsorption of a vitamin or nutrient. Match the symptoms with the appropriate vitamin or nutrient.
oor vision-Vitamin A Weakened bones- Vitamin D Impaired blood clotting- Vitamin K Slower healing and decreased immunity- Zinc
The structures within cells that carry out specific activities are called
organelles - the cell is the basic living unit of life. It contains several smaller structures, such as mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum, that enable the cell to carry out its function.
In the small intestine, parasympathetic impulses stimulate peristaltic movements, while sympathetic impulses inhibit movements.
parasympathetic sympathetic
Increased peristaltic activity in the small intestine is due to __________ nervous stimulation and distension of the __________ wall.
parasympathetic; stomach
A woman has a recent history of broken bones, ulcers, and kidney stones. Her physician finds that she has unusually high blood levels of calcium and immediately suspects that she is suffering from an excess of __________.
parathyroid hormone
Label the membranes of the abdominopelvic cavity in the transverse section provided.
parietal peritoneum peritoneal cavity visceral peritoneum liver
Match the correct serous membrane with the description of the membrane's location.
parietal pleura - lines compartments of the thoracic cavity visceral pleura - covers the lungs parietal pericardium - lines the pericardial cavity visceral pericardium - covers the heart parietal peritoneum - lines the abdominal cavity visceral peritoneum - covers the abdominal organs
The enzyme __________ begins digestion of protein in the stomach.
pepsin
The negative charge across a resting membrane is due to the more __________ ions diffusing out of the cell than __________ ions diffusing into the cell.
potassium; sodium
The loss or absence of lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles will diminish an individual's sense of __________.
pressure/vibration
At a synapse, the neuron that releases the neurotransmitter (sends the signal) is the __________ and the neuron that responds to the neurotransmitter (receives the signal) is the __________.
presynaptic neuron; postsynaptic neuron
Define hemostasis.
process that stops bleeding
A cell that is located in the lineage between a stem cell and a fully differentiated cell is called a __________.
progenitor cell
What is the definition of apoptosis?
programmed cell death
Of the six classes of nutrients, name the type of nutrient that provides nitrogen for the body.
protein
In the following image, the jaw is __________ at the temporomandibular joint.
protracted
At neuromuscular junctions, acetylcholine binds to __________.
receptors in the muscle fiber membrane
1. When compared to living at a lower altitude, the amount of oxygen entering the bloodstream of someone at high altitude will be __________.
reduced
2. Facial wrinkles, such as glabellar or "frown" lines, appear with aging as a result of natural, repetitive muscle contractions. Botox® helps alleviate the appearance of these wrinkles by __________.
relaxing the facial muscles that cause the wrinkles
ATP molecules provide energy for cellular activities by __________.
releasing the terminal phosphate group and the energy associated with the bond
Movement of a body part backward along the transverse plane is called __________.
retraction
Label each of the pictures demonstrating the planes of the body.
sagittal plane transverse plane frontal plane
A neurotransmitter that causes the opening of sodium channels is an excitatory Correctneurotransmitter while one that causes the opening of potassium channels is an inhibitory Correctneurotransmitter.
saltatory
The process called __________ occurs when the brain becomes aware of sensory impulses; __________ occurs when the brain interprets those sensory impulses.
sensation; perception
3. During anaphase, the mitotic spindles attached to chromosomes __________, while the unattached mitotic spindles __________, stretching the cell.
shorten; elongate
The walls of alveoli are comprised of __________ epithelium.
simple squamous
3. Mechanical barriers include __________.
skin and mucous membranes
Compared to skeletal muscle, smooth muscle is __________ to contract and __________ to relax.
slower; slower
In comparison to the nervous system, the endocrine system responds __________ and its actions are __________.
slowly; long-lasting
Arrector pili are located in the dermis of the skin. What are they?
smooth muscles
1. Cramps and convulsions result from hyperexcitability of neural and muscular tissue. This can be caused by a deficiency in what mineral?
sodium
Action potentials spreading along the sarcolemma of a muscle fiber result from the opening of __________ channels in the sarcolemma.
sodium
1. The effectors of the somatic Correctnervous system are skeletal muscles. 2. The effectors of the autonomic Correctnervous system include cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands.
somatic autonomic
Mitosis occurs in __________ cells and produces __________ daughter cells.
somatic; two
Label the major body parts shown in the transverse section through the abdomen. (top to bottom)
spinal cord liver kidney vertebral body aorta pancreas small intestine large intestine
Label the major body parts shown in the transverse section through the thorax. (top to bottom)
spinal cord rib aorta lung liver hearts sternum
In this image of the abdominal cavity of a cadaver, name the structure highlighted in yellow.
spleen
What type of cell retains the ability to divide repeatedly into any type of cell, thus allowing the body to repair and grow?
stem cell
How often a cell divides is __________ controlled and __________ .
strictly; varies with cell type
The submucosal plexus controls secretions of the GI tract and the myenteric plexus controls digestive motility.
submucosal myenteric
3. Facilitated diffusion is used to transport __________.
sugars and amino acids
Burns classified as __________ burns heal quickly with no scarring.
superficial partial-thickness
In the spinal cord, white matter is found __________ gray matter. This arrangement is reversed in the brain.
superficial to
Label the terms of relative position on the figure.
superior medial lateral anterior posterior proximal distal inferior
3. The neurotransmitter molecules were released from __________.
synaptic vesicles
Someone with a cold that involves increased mucus secretions in the nasal cavity will find that both their sense of smell and their sense of __________ are affected.
taste
The organs for taste receptors are called __________, most of which are found associated with __________.
taste buds; papillae
Dense connective tissue is found in __________ and is made of thick, strong __________ fibers.
tendons; collagen
What does pH measure?
the amount of hydrogen ions in a solution
1. Inspiration begins with __________.
the contraction of the diaphragm
What is an organ that is protected by bones of the axial skeleton?
the heart
In reference to atomic structure, what is the ocet rule?
the outermost electron shell is filled when it has 8 electrons
In which decade of life are the first signs of aging usually noticeable?
third - the first signs of aging begin with a few gray hairs, faint lines etched into facial skin, and minor joint stiffness in the morning
The "genetic code" determines the types of proteins made by a cell. The term "genetic code" refers to ___________.
three-base sequences in DNA that code for a particular amino acid
The smallest stimulus strength that triggers a contraction in a muscle fiber is called a __________ stimulus.
threshold
An increase in the body's metabolic rate is the primary effect of what hormone?
thyroid hormone
What is the major function of carbohydrates in the cells of the body?
to provide a source of energy
Label the major body parts shown.
trachea lung diaphragm liver gallbladder large intestine femoral n. femoral v.
Label only the organs found within the respiratory system.
trachea lungs
Label the major body parts shown in the sagittal view.
trachea sternum esophagus aorta heart spinal cord liver
Which of the following are functions of blood? (Check all that apply.)
transportation heat distribution maintenance of interstitial fluid composition
If a radiologist wants an image of a patient that shows both kidneys, which body sections would accommodate her request?
transverse section sagittal section
The molecule shown is a ___ molecule. It is a type of __.
triglyceride; lipid
1. A steroid hormone enters a cell directly.
true
1. All cranial bones function to protect the brain and thus form a portion of the cranial cavity.
true
1. Iron is recycled.
true
2. As alveolar volume increases, alveolar pressure decreases.
true
2. Steroid hormones bind directly to the DNA.
true
3. If the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveolar air rose higher than that of the blood, carbon dioxide would not diffuse from the blood to the lungs.
true
3. The body utilizes the absorbed nutrients to produce ATP.
true
4. Diffusion is one of the processes whereby materials are exchanged between a cell and its environment.
true
4. Plasma cells are B cells that produce antibodies.
true
An asthma attack is characterized by increased smooth muscle contraction and mucus production in the bronchioles. This leads to the characteristic wheezing, coughing, and/or shortness of breath seen in asthmatic patients. Patients tend to find it easier to inhale than to exhale during an asthma attack. These symptoms lead to temporary changes in respiratory air volumes and capacities. 1. In this scenario, the functional residual capacity will be increased.
true
Lymphatic pathways begin at the lymphatic capillaries which empty into lymphatic vessels. From there, fluid flows through lymphatic __________ into lymphatic __________, eventually emptying into veins in the thorax.
trunks; ducts
Medical and socioeconomic conditions of many elderly leads to __________.
undernutrition
In __________ axons, impulse conduction is uninterrupted along the entire axon; while in __________ axons, action potentials only occur at nodes of Ranvier.
unmyelinated; myelinated
What is the classification of fatty acids with one or more double bonds within their carbon chain?
unsaturated
What is the name of the structure found in lymphatic vessels, indicated by the arrows?
valve
1. The inflammatory phase includes __________ and phagocytosis of bacteria and debris by white blood cells.
vasodilation
One response to increased internal body temperature is an increase in blood flow to the skin due to the __________ of dermal blood vessels.
vasodilation
3. Long-term deficiency of __________ and/or __________ leads to pernicious anemia, a condition in which nerve damage has already occurred at the time the anemia becomes symptomatic.
vitamin B12; cobalt
What vitamin is necessary for proper absorption of calcium in the small intestines?
vitamin D
2. Which bone does not make up a part of the orbit?
vomer