Anatomy and Physiology

The convex surfaces of the cornea and lens cause light waves to converge as they pass through these structures.

converge

What is keratinization and where does it occur?

Hardening of cells; occurs in epidermis

Which neurotransmitter binds to alpha and beta adrenergic receptors?

Norepinephrine

What is the site of ribosome production?

Nucleolus

The difference between active and passive transport is that active mechanisms use __________.

ATP

What is the name of the condition involving a deficiency in red blood cells or in the amount of hemoglobin?

Anemia

Identify the organ indicated in the figure.

Gallbladder

2. What makes up mitotic spindles?

Microtubules

3. Which bone is the most posterior skull bone?

Occipital bone

1. Almost all enzymes are what class of organic molecule?

Proteins

What type of chemical bond is illustrated in this figure?

covalent bond

Name the area where growth of a hair occurs.

hair bulb

What is an example of metabolism?

respiration

Neuropeptide Y __________ appetite.

stimulates

These definitions describe basic chemical terms. Match each definition with the correct term:

*One of ninety-two distinct substances, each with unique chemical properties - ELEMENT *Particle consisting of nucleus and orbiting electrons - ATOM *Particle formed by chemical bonding of two or more atoms - MOLECULE *Anything with weight and that takes up space - MATTER

Select the variables that you would predict to be regulated by the body using a homeostatic mechanism (check all that apply)

*amount of energy you have *amount of oxygen in the body *amount of pressure available to move gases *amount of pressure available to move fluids in the body *amount of heat in the body *amount of water in the body

Match each description with the correct part of a neuron. - Rough endoplasmic reticulum with neuron cell body - Release neurotransmitter molecules - Branches of an axon - Provide support for axon hillock and axon

- Chromatophilic substance - Synaptic knobs - Collaterals - Neurofibrils

-In the central nervous system, myelin is formed by cells called -In the peripheral nervous system, myelin is formed by cells called

-oligodendrocytes -Schwann cells

What type of epithelial tissue is found lining the upper respiratory passageway and is able to move mucus?

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Describe the function of platelets.

Reduce blood loss from damaged blood vessels

Match the age-related disorder with its description.

Reduced lens elasticity; close-vision reduced- Presbyopia Increased intra-ocular pressure- Glaucoma Hearing loss due to age-related degeneration of auditory pathways- Presbycusis Ringing in the ears- Tinnitus Cloudy or opaque lens- Cataract

What is the function of the hormone released from the gland indicated by the arrow in the image?

Regulates circadian rhythms

6. What attracts additional macrophages and causes their release of mediators of inflammation?

Release of cytokines from Th1 cells

What occurs during the series of reactions called beta oxidation?

Removal of two-carbon segments from fatty acids

3. Quinolone blocks an enzyme that prevents bacterial DNA from unwinding.

Replication

Define the term sensation.

Results when the brain becomes aware of a stimulus.

The micrograph depicts what type of tissue?

Reticular connective tissue

At what stage of erythropoiesis is the developing red blood cell released into the circulation?

Reticulocyte

Which scenario involves the risk of erythroblastosis fetalis?

Rh- mom and Rh+ fetus

3. In children, deficiency of this vitamin results in deformity of bones. What is this condition called?

Rickets

Lymph eventually is returned to the circulation at what blood vessels?

Right and left subclavian veins

Which tissue type is the most thin and delicate epithelial tissue?

Simple squamous epithelium

What type of nerve fibers would control the skeletal muscles of facial expression?

Somatic cranial nerve fibers

3. What bone forms the anterior base of the skull, forms a portion of the orbit, and is comprised of a body and two wings?

Sphenoid bone

Which suture connects the greatest number of bones?

Squamous suture

The maculae are receptors for what sense?

Static equilibrium

Which of the following chemical classification of hormones is derived from cholesterol?

Steriods

2. Receptor is inside the cell.

Steroid hormone

3. Stimulates transcription of DNA.

Steroid hormone

Which of the following is true about steroid hormones?

Steroid hormones can diffuse through the lipid bilayer.

Identify this type of epithelial tissue.

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

2. The esophagus comes in contact with often rough and abrasive substances as swallowing occurs. No digestion or absorption takes place. Which epithelium would be best for this function?

Stratified squamous epithelium

Name the epidermal layer that is found in thick skin, but is absent from thin skin.

Stratum lucidum

When a muscle fiber is stimulated at a high enough frequency that it doesn't have time to relax, the forces of the individual twitches combine to cause stronger contractions. What is this process called?

Summation

1. As described in this video, what type of burn involves only the epidermis?

Superficial burn

What type of burn involves injury to only the epidermis?

Superficial partial-thickness burn

List the accessory structures that are missing from the skin of the soles of the feet and the palms of the hands, but found elsewhere in the skin of the body. Check all that apply.

Sweat glands Sebaceous glands hair

Label the following picture of an inferior view of the shoulder region.

Synaptic vesicles

2. What happens after calcium channels open and calcium enters the synaptic knob?

Synaptic vesicles migrate to the plasma membrane and release acetylcholine.

The presence of a joint capsule is associated with what type of joint?

Synovial joint

1. What is the top number in a blood pressure reading called?

Systolic pressure

Name the cells that are responsible for a cellular immune response.

T cells

If one strand of DNA had a base sequence of A-T-T-G-C-A, what base order would be found on the complementary strand of DNA?

T-A-A-C-G-T

2. What type of cell is responsible for contact dermatitis and tissue rejection?

Th1 cells

5. First exposure to the allergen (hapten) causes an increase in the number of __________.

Th1 cells

If astrocytes were damaged or lost, how would this impact the function of the central nervous system?

The composition of CSF would be very similar to blood plasma. Toxic substances could easily build up in the brain.

What reaction is catalyzed by thrombin?

The conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin.

1. What is the definition of digestion?

The mechanical and chemical breakdown of foods into smaller forms

Match each word root with its definition.

The word root iso- means equal. The word root syn- means together. The word root mono- means one. The word root di- means two. The word root poly- means many.

How are apoptosis and mitosis related?

They are in balance with each other.

Which of the following would be true about white blood cells that phagocytize and digest other cells?

They have large numbers of lysosomes.

Which three statements describe the nasal conchae?

They increase the surface area of the internal nose. They are bones and bony processes. They support the mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity.

What hormone is involved with the development of immunity?

Thymosin

Maintaining a blood pH within a narrow normal limit is critical to the continued functioning of the body. This exercise looks at acids, bases, and the buffers found in the body that help keep the pH within its normal range.

1. Acids produced by metabolism can potentially cause a DECREASE in pH of blood. 2. The presence of BICARBONATE ION in the blood will buffer the acids that enter the blood. 3. The normal pH of blood is 7.4. A blood pH below 7.35 is called ACIDEMIA, and above 7.45 is called ALKALEMIA.

2. Streptomycin binds bacterial ribosomes, disabling them.

Translation

Joints are classified according to the amount of movement that they allow. Complete these descriptions.

1. Diarthrotic joints are freely movable 2. Synarthrotic joints are immovable 3. Amphiarthrotic joints are slightly movable

Match the component of the integumentary system with its primary function. 1. Prevents water loss and entry of microorganisms 2. Provides input about environment and environmental conditions 3. Maintenance of body temperature 4. Production of pigment

1. Epidermal layer 2. Sensory receptors 3. Dermal blood supply 4.Melanocytes

Five of the six types of synovial joints have alternate names. (The exception is the hinge joint.) Match each of the following joints with its alternate name.

Trochoid joint -Pivot joint Spheroidal joint- Ball-and-socket joint Gliding joint -Plane joint Ellipsoidal joint -Condylar joint Sellar joint -Saddle joint

4. A 5% urea solution is hypotonic to a 10% urea solution.

True

4. If the postsynaptic membrane potential reaches threshold level, an action potential will be produced.

True

4. The sodium-potassium pump is a transmembrane protein.

True

4. True/False: The sphenoid bone forms part of the orbit.

True

5. If a cell is placed in an isotonic medium, there will be no net movement of water.

True

5. The binding and release of sodium or potassium ions at the Na-K pump are due to conformational changes in the transport protein.

True

What is the term for the contractile response of a single muscle fiber to a single muscle impulse?

Twitch

1. What is the result of mitosis?

Two identical daughter cells

Match the description of burn healing with the correct type of burn. 1. Growth of epidermis from edges of burn; may require skin graft 2. Division of stem cells within accessory structures to replace tissue 3. Inflammation, then healing without scarring

1. Full-thickness burn 2. Deep partial-thickness burn 3. Superficial partial-thickness burn

Consider the following DNA sequence: CATGTGTAGTCTAAA. Address the following questions: 1.Write the sequence of the DNA strand that would be replicated from this one. 2. Write the sequence of the messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule that would be transcribed from the DNA strand. 3. State how many codons the sequence specifies. 4. State how many amino acids the sequence specifies. 5. Use table 4.2 to write the sequence of amino acids that this DNA sequence encodes.

1. GTACACATCAGATTT 2. GUACACAUCAGAUUU 3. 5 4. 5 5. valine, histidine, isoleucine, arginine, phenylalanine

Complete the table listing the differences between DNA and RNA. 1. Main location 2. 5 carbon sugar 3. Basic molecular structure 4.Nitrogenous bases included

1. Inside nucleus 2. Deoxyribose 3. Double-stranded 4. A, C, G, T

What cell type within an alveolus is part of the respiratory membrane?

Type I cell

Match each ligament (or pair of ligaments) with the correct joint.

Ulnar and radial collateral ligaments- Elbow joint Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments- Knee joint Anular ligament- Elbow joint Iliofemoral and pubofemoral ligaments -Hip joint Tibial and fibular collateral ligaments -Knee joint Transverse humeral ligament -Shoulder joint

What is MALT?

Unencapsulated diffuse lymphatic tissue found in various mucosae.

Match the location in the body with the name of the bone.

Upper arm bone - Humerus Collar bone - Clavicle Shoulder blade - Scapula Lateral bone of the forearm - Radius Medial bone of the forearm - Ulna

Can you help a surgeon localize different sites for incision with your use of medical terminology? Dr. Day has completed surgery and requests that you document the location of the incision. Using the following image, answer the questions regarding the location of the red incision.

1. The incision is located on the anterior surface on the rights side of the body. 2. The incision is located in the crural region of the body. 3. The incision is approximately 3 inches distal to the patellar regions.

Acids are continually being produced during normal metabolism. You might be familiar with lactic acid that is produced during heavy exercise. Other acids include those produced when fats are burned for energy, and when amino acids or nucleic acids are metabolized. This continual production of acids puts our blood's pH at risk.

1. What does the pH measure? -the concentration of hydrogen ion in solutions 2. An acid is a compound that releases ___ into solution. H+ 3. The addition of an acid to a solution will cause the pH to DECREASE. 4. An acidic pH is LESS THAN 7.0

View the animation below, then complete the quiz to test your knowledge of the concept.

1. What ovarian hormone is involved in a positive feedback loop with the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary? estrogen 2. A negative feedback loop is a process in which the body senses a change and activates mechanisms to reverse that change. TRUE 3. A positive feedback loop causes a self-amplifying cycle in which a physiological change leads to even greater change in the same direction. TRUE 4. What hormone is released by the anterior pituitary as a part of the positive feedback loop between anterior pituitary and the ovary? Luteinizing hormone 5. What hormone is released by the corpus luteum in the ovary after ovulation and causes a negative feedback loop with the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary? progesterone

1. A nerve impulse occurs due to ions moving through __________ in the plasma membrane. 2. In a resting neuron, the interior of the cell membrane is more __________ than the outside of the cell membrane. 3. The sodium-potassium pump moves __________. 4. Following stimulation, the first channels to open are __________. 5. Entry of sodium causes __________ of the cell membrane at the location of the sodium channel. 6. When potassium channels open, potassium flows __________.

1. voltage-gated ion channels 2. negative 3. sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell 4. sodium channels 5. depolarization 6. out of the cell

Match the example with the appropriate type of exocrine gland. 1.Ceruminous (wax) glands lining the external ear canal 2.Salivary glands, sweat glands 3. Sebaceous (oil) glands of skin

1.Apocrine glands 2. Merocrine glands 3. Holocrine glands

Identify the tissue sample and answer the following questions. 1. This sample is from what class of tissue? 2. This sample is what type of tissue? 3. Where might the tissue sample have been biopsied from?

1.Connective tissue 2.Fibrocartilage 3.Intervertebral discs (between bones of spinal column)

Match the membrane structures with their function or characteristics. 1- Phosphate heads 2. fatty acid tails 3. membrane proteins 4- cholesterol 5. glycoproteins

1.Hydrophilic surfaces of membrane 2. Hydrophobic interior of membrane 3. Receptors, transporters 4. Maintains rigidity 5. Cell identification

The saturation of hemoglobin is __________% at the arterial PO2of 95 mmHg, and is __________% at the venous PO2 of 40 mmHg.

100; 75

What is the typical life span of a red blood cell?

120 days

2. What is a normal resting blood pressure reading?

120/80 mmHg

The electrons passed along the electron transport chain combine with __________ hydrogen ion(s) and an oxygen atom to form water.

2

Atoms with __________, __________, or __________ electrons would be inert.

2; 10; 18

3. During one cycle, the sodium-potassium pump binds and moves __________.

3 Na+ and 2 K+

What does sodium/potassium (Na+/K+) pump transport?

3 sodium ions out of the cell and 2 potassium ions into the cell.

3. A patient has been burned along the entire length of both lower extremities, anterior and posterior. Using the "rule of nines", estimate the percentage of the body that has been burned.

36%

5. Keloids are the result of overgrowth of __________ tissue.

5. Keloids are the result of overgrowth of __________ tissue.

Beta-carotene is a precursor for vitamin __________.

A

What is the effect on alveolar surface area and gas exchange of the thinning of alveolar walls and coalescing of alveoli that occurs with aging?

A decrease in surface area and decrease in gas exchange

What is a complete protein?

A dietary protein that provides adequate amounts of all essential amino acids to maintain life and support growth.

What classifies a rib as a floating rib?

A floating rib has no sternal attachments.

What is the definition of a tissue?

A group of similar cells with a common function.

Which of the following most accurately describes a platelet plug?

A mass of platelets.

What is a thrombocyte?

A platelet

What occurs during the stage of protein synthesis called translation?

A polypeptide is built, based on mRNA base sequence.

Match each organic molecule with the mineral that forms part of its structure.

ATP- Phosphorus Insulin, biotin, thiamine- Sulfur Thyroid hormone- Iodine Vitamin B12- Cobalt Hemoglobin- Iron

2. At the beginning of ventricular diastole, what is the position of the AV valves?

AV valves are closed

What is the movement of a body part away from the midline in the frontal plane called?

Abduction

Match the blood pH values with the correct designation.

Acidemia is a blood pH between 7.0 to 7.3. The normal pH range for blood is 7.35 to 7.45. Alkalemia is a blood pH between 7.5 to 7.8.

Match the location with the appropriate epithelial tissue.

Air sacs of the lungs and walls of capillaries Simple squamous epithelium Lining of larger respiratory passages Pseudostratified columnar epithelium Inner lining of urinary bladder Transitional epithelium Outer layer of skin and lining of cheek Stratified squamous epithelium Lining of stomach and intestines Simple columnar epithelium

Name the hormone that regulates sodium levels in the blood by altering kidney reabsorption of sodium.

Aldosterone

Hyperventilation affects blood levels of CO2 and pH. What condition results from hyperventilating?

Alkalemia

Choose the joint characteristic that applies to all joints of the body.

All joints are connections between neighboring bones.

For each classification of transplant, indicate the correct type of donor.

Allograft- Same species Isograft- Identical twin Xenograft- Different species Autograft- Self

What is the function of the auditory tube?

Allows air passage from tympanic cavity to nasopharynx.

Indicate two mechanisms used by the integumentary system to help maintain body temperature.

Alter production of sweat Alter diameter of dermal blood vessels

4.What phase of mitosis occurs prior to telophase?

Anaphase

In this image of the eye, name the highlighted space indicated by the arrow.

Anterior chamber

Name the area highlighted in this photo of the knee joint.

Articular surface of femur

What type of immunity will result from receiving a vaccination?

Artificially acquired active immunity

Match each description to the correct category of general sense.

Associated with changes in muscles and tendons, and in body position- Proprioceptive senses Associated with changes at the body surface- Exteroreceptive senses Associated with changes in the internal environment- Interoreceptive senses

Where does gas exchange occur within the respiratory system?

At the alveoli

In what segment of the cardiac conduction system do the impulses travel more slowly, seeming to pause?

Atrioventricular node

A secretion of a "local hormone" which affects only the cell secreting it, is what type of secretion?

Autocrine

Match each of the joint movements with the correct example.

Bending the knee -Flexion Doing a backbend- Extension Walking on heels- Dorsiflexion Pointing toes -Plantar flexion Pulling head backward -Retraction Pushing jaw forward -Protraction

Where are joints called sutures found?

Between the flat bones of the skull

4. Which ion is transported into the bloodstream?

Bicarbonate ion

What characteristic of red blood cells allows oxygen to more easily reach hemoglobin molecules within the cytoplasm?

Biconcave shape

Vitamins also have chemical names. Match each chemical name with the correct vitamin.

Biotin- Vitamin B7 Folic acid- Vitamin B9 Thiamine- Vitamin B1 Ascorbic acid- Vitamin C Niacin- Vitamin B3 Cyanocobalamin- Vitamin B12

What is the correct order of hormones released during a stress response (general adaptation syndrome)?

CRH → ACTH → cortisol

1. The inorganic portion of bone tissue consists of what two minerals?

Calcium and phosphorus

In the cardiovascular system, what vessels are the site of nutrient, gas, and waste exchange?

Capillaries

1. In the parietal cells, the enzyme carbonic anhydrase causes a reaction between which two compounds or molecules?

Carbon dioxide and water

2. The hydrogen ions used to form hydrochloric acid in the stomach are derived from what compound?

Carbonic acid

In what types of muscle are the myofilaments arranged into sarcomeres?

Cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle

Match the general functions with the correct type of organic compound:

Cell membrane structure; energy storage -LIPIDS Genetic information -NUCLEIC ACIDS Cellular fuel -GLUCOSE Enzymes, transporters, structural components -PROTEINS

Which of the following is a characteristic of skeletal muscle tissue?

Cells are striated.

What type of receptor responds to changes in the concentration of substances in the fluid around them?

Chemoreceptor

In this image of the eye, name the highlighted structure indicated by the arrows.

Ciliary body

Antibodies binding to their antigen can activate complement. This, in turn, leads to opsonization of the antigen-antibody complexes. What is meant by opsonization?

Coating antibody-antigen complexes, making them more easily phagocytized by macrophages and neutrophils.

Bone tissue is largely composed of what two items?

Collagen and inorganic salts

Match the parts of the cerebrum with the proper function or description.

Collection of myelinated axons which connect cerebral hemispheres- Corpus callosum Membranes to cover and protect brain and spinal cord- Meninges A shallow groove on the surface of the brain- Sulcus A deep groove on the surface of the brain- Fissure

Proteins in the blood plasma contribute to which of the following factors?

Colloid osmotic pressure

What is the function of the area highlighted in orange and indicated by the arrow?

Control of skeletal muscles

Match the names of the cranial nerves with their functions.

Controls muscles that move the eye and control the amount of light entering the eye (pupil size)- Oculomotor nerve Controls muscles of neck (trapezius and sternocleidomastoid)- Accessory nerve Sensory information for the sense of smell- Olfactory nerve Controls muscles that move the tongue- Hypoglossal nerve Controls muscles for swallowing and salivary glands; Sensory information from carotid arteries- Glossopharyngeal nerve

2. Vitamin __________ functions in the absorption of minerals needed for bone formation.

D

Within the skin, ultraviolet (UV) light striking a provitamin derived from cholesterol results in conversion of the provitamin to vitamin __________.

D

What process is illustrated in this figure?

DNA replication

Which of the following would stimulate the secretion of melatonin from the pineal gland?

Darkness

Name the process that an amino acid must undergo in order for it to be used for fuel or to produce glucose.

Deamination

As Bobby held his breath, what changes in his blood gas values would be occurring?

Decrease in PO2; increase in PCO2

What is a result of reduced red blood cell count and/or reduced hemoglobin content of the blood?

Decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood

4. With what type of burns is debriding a necessary part of treatment?

Deep partial-thickness and full-thickness burns

Complete the table, classifying different types of anemia.

Deficiency of hemoglobin due to defective gene; short life-span for RBCs- Thalassemia Defective gene leads to abnormally shaped RBCs in conditions of low oxygen- Sickle cell disease Damage to bone marrow due to toxic chemicals, radiation, and other factors- Aplastic anemia Destruction of red blood cells; toxic chemicals are one possible cause- Hemolytic anemia Increase in RBCs that are large and fragile; due to deficiency in vitamin B-12- Pernicious anemia

Name the type of anabolic reaction by which large organic molecules such as glycogen and proteins are produced.

Dehydration synthesis

What structure of a neuron is a short, highly branched process that helps receive input from other neurons?

Dendrite

1. What determines the direction of gas movement?

Differences in partial pressure

What variation in melanin accounts for the differences in skin tone between individuals?

Differences in the amount of melanin produced

Carbon dioxide is carried in the blood in several forms. For each of the following, match the percent of CO2 that is carried in each form.

Dissolved in plasma- 7% Bound to amino groups in hemoglobin molecules- 23% In the form of bicarbonate ion (HCO3-)- 70%

What disorder is characterized by a weakened intestinal wall resulting in the inner mucous membrane protruding through the wall?

Diverticulosis

A patient is severely malnourished. The lack of dietary protein has caused a deficiency in plasma proteins. Which symptom would you expect to see as a result?

Edema

The absence or blockage of lymph vessels in a body region leads directly to what condition?

Edema

What term is used for the muscles and glands whose activities are controlled by nervous activity?

Effectors

What type of cartilage is shown in this micrograph?

Elastic cartilage

Name the connective tissue layer that surrounds individual muscle fibers within a muscle.

Endomysium

Is energy stored or is it released during the conversion of ADP to ATP?

Energy is stored as ADP is converted to ATP.

The class of neurotransmitters called neuropeptides include which neurotransmitter(s)?

Enkephalins and substance P

Which type of tissue covers the body surface and lines organs and cavities?

Epithelial tissue

What hormone is released in response to low oxygen levels in the blood due to low red blood cell count?

Erythropoietin

4. What two bones form the nasal septum?

Ethmoid and vomer

Which of the following is the bulk movement of material out of the cell, a process using energy?

Exocytosis

In initiating hemostasis, what typically activates platelets?

Exposed collagen

Which of the following is a physiological stressor?

Extreme heat

What is the means of transport for large molecules and ions?

Facilitated diffusion

5. Acetylcholine is actively transported across the synaptic cleft.

False

Match the definition with the appropriate word part.

False pseud- Layer strat- Resemble glass hyal- Tissue hist-

What is the product of the process of lipogenesis?

Fat

What nutrient is absorbed along with other lipids, dissolves in lipids, and can lead to overdose with excess intake?

Fat-soluble vitamins

Which class of vitamin is more likely to be stored in the tissues of the body?

Fat-soluble vitamins

Match the food sources with the predominant type of fat found in the food.

Fats in seeds, nuts, and plant oils.- Unsaturated fats Fats in meats, eggs, milk, and lard. - Saturated fats

What ventricle(s) is associated with the brainstem?

Fourth ventricle

What is the structure of pain receptors?

Free nerve endings

The metabolic pathway illustrated below shows part of the pathway for the breakdown of a fatty substance called sphingolipid, occurring within lysosomes. A disease called Tay-Sachs disease results from the deficiency in the enzyme called beta(β)-hexosaminidase, thus interfering with sphingolipid metabolism. Based upon the pathway shown, what substrate within this pathway would accumulate in Tay-Sachs disease?

GM-2

Which of the following is the same for every cell within a human body?

Genome

Which of the following joints is the least stable?

Glenohumeral (shoulder) joint

After absorption from the digestive tract, all monosaccharides are converted by liver enzymes to what compound?

Glucose

What is the product of the process of glycogenesis?

Glycogen

Red blood cells are formed from which cell type?

Hematopoietic stem cells

What type of synovial joint involves a convex surface of one bone fitting into the concave surface of another?

Hinge joint

What are tropic hormones?

Hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands

Which product of glucose breakdown has the most energy associated with it?

Hydrogen plus its electrons

Where is the thymus gland located?

In the mediastinum

What is the function of lysozyme found in tear secretions?

It is an anti-bacterial enzyme, reducing the risk of infection.

What is the anatomical name for the voice box?

Larynx

What is the second artery that branches off the aortic arch?

Left common carotid artery

Which of the following is needed to digest fats?

Lipase

5. What facial bone is the only bone not joined to other skull bones by sutures?

Mandible

3. During what ventricular phase are the AV valves open?

Ventricular diastole

What is meant by the term referred pain?

Visceral pain that is sensed as coming from another body part

Match each respiratory capacity with the equation used to calculate its value.

Vital capacity (VC) + residual volume (RV) = Total lung capacity (TLC) Tidal volume (TV) + inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) = Inspiratory capacity (IC) Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) + residual volume (RV) = Functional residual capacity (FRC) Tidal volume (TV) + inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) + expiratory reserve volume (ERV) = Vital capacity (VC)

What is the role of vitamin D in bone development?

Vitamin D increases calcium absorption from the small intestine which is used to build bone matrix.

1. An action potential traveling down the presynaptic neuron reaches the synaptic knob. What initially occurs at the synaptic knob when that action potential arrives?

Voltage-gated calcium ion channels open, and calcium ions diffuse into the synaptic knob.

Match the muscle tissue type with the example location of where it can be found.

Wall of the heart Cardiac muscle Walls of blood vessels Smooth muscle Attached to bones in the arm Skeletal muscle Wall of the stomach Smooth muscle Attached to the ribs Skeletal muscle Iris of the eye Smooth muscle

What does body mass index (BMI) measure?

Weight relative to height

1. When do the semilunar valves open?

When pressure in the ventricles is greater than that in the arteries.

1. When sugar is mixed with water, when will equilibrium be reached?

When the dissolved sugar molecules are evenly distributed throughout the solution.

How does a cell know when to stop dividing?

When the telomeres shorten to a certain length.

What is the role or function of yellow marrow in the bone tissue?

Yellow bone marrow is a site for storage of fat.

The following image is demonstrating __________ and __________ at the radiocarpal joint.

abduction; adduction

The molecule called __________ enters the citric acid cycle during the aerobic phase of cellular respiration.

acetyl CoA

During the metabolism of glucose, carbon dioxide (CO2) is produced during the __________ reactions.

aerobic

Merocrine (eccrine) sweat glands are located __________ and function to __________.

almost everywhere in the body; cool the skin

2. Helper T cells interact with target cells by recognizing __________ on their cell surfaces.

antigen/MHC complexes

Programmed cell death is called __________.

apoptosis

The papillary layer of the dermis is composed of __________ tissue, and the reticular layer is composed of __________ tissue.

areolar; dense irregular

The __________ are the bundles of smooth muscle found within the dermis, attached to hair follicles.

arrector pili

Isotopes are atoms with the same ___ but with different ___.

atomic number; mass numbers

How do atoms participating in polar covalent bonds differ from atoms participating in nonpolar covalent bonds?

atoms participating in polar bonds have areas of slightly positive charge and areas of slightly negative charge

The branch of the peripheral nervous system that controls cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands are called the __________ nervous system.

autonomic

What portion of the human organism consists of the head, neck, and trunk?

axial portion

Within the epidermis, cell division and growth occurs in the stratum __________.

basale

Anchoring the epidermis to the superficial dermis is a thin layer called the __________.

basement membrane

The normal pH of blood is 7.35 to 7.45. Thus, the normal pH of blood is

basic (alkaline)

2. The ion exchange molecule in the plasma membrane of parietal cells exchanges __________ ions going out for __________ ions coming in.

bicarbonate; chloride

2. Fibers at the center of the optic chiasma can be injured or damaged. An example would be a hypothalamic tumor pushing downward from above the chiasma. This type of injury causes __________.

blindness of the medial retinas; cannot see left visual field from left eye or right visual field from right eye

2. At the lungs, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide is higher in the __________.

blood entering pulmonary capillaries

3. At the tissues, the partial pressure of oxygen is higher in the __________.

blood entering systemic capillaries

What is the term to describe the mass of chewed food mixed with saliva?

bolus

5. Results in metabolic changes in the cell

both

Swelling of the hand could be caused by a thrombosis (blood clot) in the __________ vein.

brachial

Label the major body parts shown.

brain trachea heart vertebral column liver stomach colon testis

In this ATP molecule, which label indicates a high-energy bond?

c

2. Since the hormone can't enter the cell, what chemical serves as the second messenger for the hormone?

cAMP

2. Tetany (sustained contractions) can result from deficiency of __________. This mineral also is needed for bone formation.

calcium

Most of the body's reserves of __________ and __________ are stored and released by bone.

calcium; phosphate

Glucose and glycogen are examples of what group of organic compounds?

carbohydrates

1. Facilitated diffusion requires __________.

carrier proteins

Joints in which the bone ends are bound together by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage are classified as __________ joints.

cartilaginous

The pubis symphysis is an example of a __________ joint.

cartilaginous

An enzyme, which accelerates a chemical reaction, is considered a(n) __________.

catalyst

1. Delayed hypersensitivity is __________ mediated.

cell

What is the basic unit of function and structure in the human body?

cell - the basic unit of function and structure is microscopic and can vary in size and shape. It is often called the building block, as it is the smallest living unit that makes up larger organisms.

Activated T cells are responsible for the __________ immune response.

cellular (cell-mediated)

Peripheral proteins that allow cells to bind to one another are called __________.

cellular adhesion molecules (CAMs)

The brain and the spinal cord make up the __________ nervous system.

central

3. The fibers coming from the fovea centralis of each eye pass to the very tip of the occipital lobe on the same side as the eye of origin. Damage to this specific area of the occipital lobe (such as trauma or other injury) leads to __________.

central blindness; peripheral vision is not affected

Which of the following organelles play a role in the distribution of chromosomes during cell division?

centrioles

What type of T cell does not respond to a foreign antigen on first exposure, but will respond rapidly upon subsequent exposure?

Memory cells

What is a function of bone that is due to its relationship with skeletal muscle?

Movement of limbs

Muscles with attachment points on the pelvic girdle and on the femur will cause what type of movement?

Movement of the thigh

What is the term for the inability of a muscle to contract after rigorous exercise?

Muscle fatigue

What would happen if there were no Schwann cells?

Muscles would not be able to contract and the body would be paralyzed.

What word segment means "muscle"?

Myo-

Name the type of synapse that occurs between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber.

Neuromuscular junction

What is a group of interneurons called that synapse with each other, receiving input and generating output, and performing a common function?

Neuronal pool

What two cell types occur in neural tissue?

Neurons Neuroglial

What is the effect of the binding of neurotransmitters to their receptors on the postsynaptic cell membrane?

Neurotransmitters are sometimes excitatory and sometimes inhibitory.

Name the B vitamin that can be made from the amino acid tryptophan.

Niacin

4. Receptor is on the cell membrane.

Nonsteroid hormone

What allows for substances to move between the nucleus and cytoplasm?

Nuclear pores

What is the basic cell part indicated by the arrow?

Nucleus

Indicate the number of calories contained in one gram of each of the following nutrients.

Number of calories in one gram of fat- 9 Calories/gram Number of calories in one gram of carbohydrate- 4 Calories/gram Number of calories in one gram of protein- 4 Calories/gram

Which direction do gases diffuse at the arterial end of the systemic capillaries?

O2 diffuses from the blood into tissues, while CO2 diffuses from tissues into the blood.

In which lobes of the cerebrum is the visual cortex located?

Occipital lobes

Identify the structure highlighted in blue and indicated by the arrow.

Olfactory bulb

Match the special senses with the specialized structures that house their receptors.

Olfactory organs- smell Spiral organ (organ of Corti)- hearing Maculae and cristae ampullaris- Equilibrium Retina- sight taste buds- sight taste buds- taste

Which of the following describes an example of how hormones are regulated?

One hormone stimulates the release of another hormone.

Match the part of the brain with the proper function or description.

One of the four major portions of the brain; surrounds third ventricle- Diencephalon Coordinates voluntary muscle movement- Cerebellum In the diencephalon, is a relay area for sensory impulses- Thalamus In the diencephalon, links the endocrine to the neural systems- Hypothalamus In the brainstem, has auditory and visual reflex centers- Midbrain In the brainstem, controls vital visceral activities- Medulla oblongata

What determines the order of amino acids in a protein?

Order of nucleotide bases within a gene.

4. Which way does air flow when alveolar pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure?

Out of the lungs, called expiration

A molecular formula indicates the number of atoms of each element necessary to make a specific molecule. Complete the table, listing the number of each type of atom within each molecule.

Oxygen, O2 - 2 - 0 - 0 Water, H2O - 1 - 0 - 2 Glucose, C6H12O6 - 6 - 6 - 12

2. What endocrine gland secretes this hormone?

Pancreas

Which of the following describes the correct sequence of veins from their origin in the lower leg until they reach the trunk?

Popliteal v. → femoral v. → external iliac v.

Chemicals released by damaged cells, white blood cells, and platelets act to attract white blood cells to the area. What is this attraction called?

Positive chemotaxis

Identify the ligament highlighted in the knee.

Posterior cruciate ligament

What function do the compounds heparin and coumadin have in common?

Prevention of coagulation

Match the description of the metabolic reaction with its name.

Process of using noncarbohydrates to produce glucose- Gluconeogenesis Hydrolysis of glucose-storage molecules- Glycogenolysis Polymerization of excess glucose- Glycogenesis

Define the term gluconeogenesis.

Production of glucose from non-carbohydrates, like proteins and fats.

3. Define angiogenesis.

Production of new blood vessels

Which phase of mitotic cell division is represented by this picture?

Prophase

1. Interferons and complement proteins are examples of __________.

chemical barriers

4. Scars consist of __________.

collagen

Cells with specialized characteristics are termed __________.

differentiated

The process of specialization by a cell is called __________.

differentiation

The cell membrane is composed of a __________ layer of phospholipids. The __________ portion of the phospholipids forms the extracellular and intracellular membrane surfaces, and the __________ portion forms the interior of the membrane.

double; phosphate; fatty acids

Name the subatomic particle that participates in chemical bond formation.

electrons

The three major cartilages of the larynx include the thyroid cartilage, the cricoid cartilage, and the __________ cartilage.

epiglottal

3. A response to the situation in question #2 would be an increase in production of __________ by cells of the kidneys.

erythropoietin

Label the major body parts shown.

esophagus main bronchus aorta pleural cavity spleen pancreas kidney ureter

When an acid such as HCl reacts with a base such as NaOH, the products are a salt (NaCl) and water (H2O). What term best describes this type of chemical reaction?

exchange reaction

1. Both steroid and protein hormones have their cell receptors in the same area of the cell.

false

4. Bone-building cells beneath the endosteum lay down bone to form ridges around a blood vessel.

false

5. Once a tunnel of bone is formed around a blood vessel, the bone-building cells of the periosteum lay down bone in concentric circles that fill in the tunnel.

false

The lymphatic system is involved in the absorption of __________ from the digestive system.

fats

A chemical called endogenous pyrogen may be released from lymphocytes that are responding to a pathogen. What does this compound cause?

fever

2. The collagen matrix of granulation tissue is produced by cells called __________.

fibroblasts

Label the major body parts shown (from top to bottom)

fibrous pericardium diaphragm liver greater omentum small intestine colon

2. Skin grafting will be necessary with __________.

full-thickness burns

1. Gas molecules will move from an area of __________ partial pressure to an area of __________ partial pressure.

higher; lower

When the peripheral chemoreceptors detect low oxygen levels, they stimulate the respiratory areas of the brain to __________ breathing rate.

increase

A(n) __________ in the concentration of reactants will result in a(n) __________ in the rate of the chemical reaction.

increase; increase

After entering the right atrium, the furthest a red blood cell can travel before reaching the right atrium again is the __________.

inferior vena cava

2. The changes that occur in infected or injured tissue (redness, swelling, heat, pain) are due to the process of __________.

inflammation

2. Transferrin and ferritin are molecules named for their association with __________.

iron

3. The breakdown of red blood cells is due to the activity of __________.

macrophages

Label the parts of this atom

nucleus, proton, neutron, electron

1. Bone-producing cells are called __________.

osteoblasts

3. The combination of all of the concentric rings of bone built around blood vessels is called a(n) ___________.

osteon

The osteocytes in compact bone are arranged within cylinder-shaped units called __________.

osteons

Energy needed for cellular function comes from the "burning" or __________ of glucose, fats, and protein.

oxidation

At the end of the electron transport chain, the electrons and hydrogen combine with __________, the final electron acceptor.

oxygen

Which of the following would be considered an element?

oxygen

What is the organ indicated in the figure?

pancreas

Taste buds are associated with bumps on the tongue called __________.

papillae

Within the dermis of the skin, the __________ layer is superficial to the __________ layer.

papillary; reticular

Label the components of a DNA molecule.

phosphate group deoxyribose hydrogen bond nitrogenous base

What gland produces melatonin?

pineal gland

What component of blood accounts for the largest proportion of the blood volume?

plasma

Name the formed element that is a cell fragment.

platelet

Someone consuming more protein than they are losing via excretion are in positive nitrogen balance. Someone consuming less protein than they are losing via excretion are in negative nitrogen balance.

positive negative

Label the membranes in the transverse section through the thorax.

posterior visceral pericardium pericardial cavity parietal pericardium anterior

Label the membranes as shown in the transverse section through the thorax.

posterior visceral pleura pleural cavity parietal pleura anterior

3. Deficiency in __________ results in muscular weakness due to hyperpolarization of the cell membranes.

potassium

Of the subatomic particles, the ___ have approximately the same weight, while the ___ have essentially no weight.

protons and neutrons; electrons

The knee is ___ to the ankle.

proximal

As we age, our skin __________.

thins

A __________ cell can divide into any cell type, whereas __________ cells can divide into many but not all cell types.

totipotent; pluripotent

2. Antidiuretic hormone is a posterior pituitary hormone.

true

The inferior pair of vocal folds inside the larynx are called the __________ vocal cords.

true

Persons with __________ blood have neither antigen A nor antigen B on their red blood cells but have antibody anti-A and antibody anti-B in their plasma.

type O

3. Elevated blood glucose concentration and type I diabetes is a result of __________ secretion of this hormone.

under (hypo-)

When did early interest in the human body probably develop?

when people became concerned about injuries and illness

Bundles of myelinated axons form nervous system tissue called white matter Unmyelinated axons, dendrites, neuronal cell bodies, and synapses are found within nervous system tissue called gray matter

white matter gray matter

Using a dermatomal map, predict the possible site of nerve damage in a patient suffering from loss of sensation in the left hand.

C6-C8

4. Why are both the kidneys and blood vessels able to respond to ADH?

Both have target cells with ADH receptors.

Label only the organs found within the digestive system. (top to bottom)

stomach liver small intestine

Match the description with the correct type of neuron. - Cell body with a single process that divides into two branches - Cell body with a process arising from each end; one dendrite and one axon - Cell body with many processes; one axon and many dendrites

- Unipolar neuron - Bipolar neuron - Multipolar neuron

Select the functions that the epithelium in the stomach would perform.

-Contraction to break down food mechanically -Support for blood vessels and nerves -Secretion of substances needed for chemical digestion

Why is myelin important? Check all that apply.

-It speeds up signal conduction in the nerve fiber. -It is formed to assist in the regeneration of damaged fibers. - It insulates the nerve fiber.

Match the description with the correct classification of neuron. -Carry impulses from the CNS to effectors -Relay impulses between neurons in CNS -Carry impulses from receptors to CNS

-Motor neurons -Interneurons -Sensory neurons

Match the functions to the correct cell parts. 1-Controls passage of materials into and out of the cell 2-Controls passage of materials between nucleus and cytoplasm 3-Site of ribosome synthesis 4-Contains information for synthezing proteins 5-Helps distribute chromosomes to new cells during cell division

1- Cell membrane 2- nuclear envelope 3.nucleolus 4.chromatin 5.centrosome

1. Thin filaments connect to and extend from either side of a __________. These thin filaments are composed largely of the myofilament __________. 2. Myosin heads directly use __________ to transition to their __________ conformation, which enables them ready to bind to actin.

1- z disc; actin 2- ATP; energized

Match the description with the correct type of secretory gland. 1. Specialized structures formed of epithelial cells located near or connected to hair follicles (not in palms or soles) 2. Function by secreting in response to pain, fear, emotional upset, and sexual arousal 3. Secrete ear wax into external ear canal 4. Function to lower body temperature 5. Near hair follicles in armpit and groin 6. Modified sweat glands located in breast tissue 7. Function to keep hair soft, pliable, and waterproof 8. Open onto skin surface of forehead, neck, and back

1. Sebaceous glands 2. Apocrine glands 3. Ceruminous glands 4. Merocrine glands 5. Apocrine glands 6. Mammary glands 7. Sebaceous glands 8. Merocrine glands

Match the epithelial tissue with its corresponding function. 1.Functions in gas exchange in the lungs; lines blood and lymph vessels and various body cavities 2.Protects passages of the respiratory system; contains cilia that move mucus over the surface of the tissue 3.Specialized to become distended in the urinary bladder, ureters, and superior urethra 4.Specialized to secrete substances

1. Simple squamous epithelium 2. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium 3. Transitional epithelium 4. Glandular epithelium

Maintaining a blood pH within a narrow normal limit is critical to the continued functioning of the body. This exercise looks at acids, bases, and the buffers found in the body that help keep the pH within its normal range. Bases, by definition, are compounds that reduce the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution. A typical base is an ionic compound with an hydroxyl group (OH-) as its anion. When the compound dissociates in water, the OH- group is released. This base can combine with H+, removing it from solution. Other bases are molecules such as the bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) which will bind hydrogen ion to form carbonic acid (H2CO3). HCO3- + H+ = H2CO3

1. Since bases remove H+ from solution, their addition to a solution causes the pH to INCREASE. 2. A basic (or alkaline) solution will have a pH value of GREATER THAN 7.0

Match the skin layers with the correct tissue type. 1. Dense connective tissue 2. Stratified squamous epithelium 3. Adipose and areolar tissue

1. dermis 2. epidermis 3. Subcutaneous layer

The PO2 of alveolar air is __________ mmHg. The blood entering the pulmonary capillaries has a PO2 of __________ mmHg, and the blood leaving the pulmonary capillaries has a PO2 of __________ mmHg.

104; 40; 104

Which equation states the relationship between blood pressure (BP), peripheral resistance (PR), and cardiac output (CO)?

BP = CO x PR

AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) results from infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This virus infects and kills helper T cells. Which of the following will be compromised in this disease?

Both humoral and cell-mediated immunity are compromised.

What is the definition of the term gene?

DNA sequence used to make a particular polypeptide.

Which of the following are cell junctions? Check all that apply.

Desmosomes Tight junctions

2. What binds to the active site of an enzyme?

Substrate

Leukocytes can undergo diapedesis. What is diapedesis?

The ability of cells to squeeze between cells of capillary walls.

What is a function of platelets?

They reduce blood loss from damaged blood vessels.

What is inflammation?

Tissue response to injury or infection.

2. Production of hemoglobin requires what mineral?

iron

This figure illustrates __________ conduction along an axon.

saltatory

1. The video ends by saying that an action potential will be produced if the membrane potential reaches __________.

threshold

When the first heart sound is heard, what is occuring with the heart valves?

The AV valves are closing.

Why are some nutrients classified as essential nutrients?

The body cannot produce them in adequate amounts, so it is essential that they be in the diet.

Comparing the brachialis and the biceps brachii, how would the location of the brachialis be described?

The brachialis is deep to the biceps brachii.

2. What is the source of energy used to power the sodium-potassium pump?

The breakdown of ATP

Which of these changes in blood gases will be the first to stimulate Bobby's respiratory system to start breathing again?

The change in PCO2

3. A 74-year-old chronic smoker scheduled an appointment with his doctor for a routine check-up. When asked by his physician if he had any new problems or concerns, he admits to experiencing shortness of breath with any type of exercise and a chronic cough for the past 6 months. The physician ordered blood work which indicated a blood pH of 7.31 (normal = 7.35-7.45). What might account for this altered blood pH?

The inflamed bronchioles and reduced alveolar surface area reduced the diffusion of carbon dioxide from the blood. The buildup of carbon dioxide caused an increase in the number of hydrogen ions in the blood, accounting for the altered pH.

Physiological saline solution is isotonic to human tissue and is commonly used in clinical procedures. If a kidney removed for transplantation is accidentally placed in tap water, what would happen to the kidney?

The kidney would swell.

1. The deeper the burn, the more likely a burn will not heal without a skin graft. Why is healing more difficult in these burns?

The loss of cells that would have undergone mitosis reduces ability to repair tissue.

What is the definition of the term ventilation?

The movement of air in and out of the lungs.

1. What is osmosis?

The movement of water molecules from an area of low impermeable solute concentration to an area of higher impermeable solute concentration.

Which is a physiological description rather than an anatomical one?

The muscles of the intestinal wall contract slowly and involuntarily.

2. A 54-year-old female with COPD presented to her doctor's office with a productive cough, fever, and chills. Upon examination, her doctor noted that her lips and nail beds were cyanotic (bluish tint). Although he had been treating her COPD for 3 years this cyanosis was a new symptom. What might explain the cyanosis?

The patient probably had a respiratory infection, which exacerbated the disease process by increasing mucus production and inflammation of the bronchial airways that further decreased diffusion of oxygen into the blood.

1. Hundreds of mutations have been identified in RyR1 that contribute to multiple muscular diseases. Assume that a new mutation was discovered that causes this receptor to continually remain open. Based on what you know about the function of this receptor, how would you expect this new mutation to impact contraction?

This mutation will increase levels of calcium in the sarcoplasm, which will induce continued muscle contraction.

In the image, name the lymphatic structure highlighted in yellow.

Thoracic duct

Name the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction that converts fibrinogen to fibrin.

Thrombin

3. How is ADH transported to the target cells?

Through the blood

Declining levels of which hormone(s) is/are associated with the increased susceptibility to infections that occurs with aging?

Thymosin

In the cadaver image, identify the lymphatic structure highlighted in yellow.

Thymus

A 34-year-old female presents to her doctor with a slight enlargement in the anterior portion of her neck. The doctor suspected a goiter, so tests are ordered to try to determine the cause. The results showed that TRH levels were low, TSH levels were high, and T3 and T4 levels were high. Given these results, which endocrine organ is the problem? Is this condition an example of hypersecretion or hyposecretion?

Thyroid gland hypersecretion

What structure is highlighted in this anterior view of the knee joint?

Tibial collateral ligament

Name the respiratory volume that is defined as the amount of air that moves in, then out, during a single respiratory cycle.

Tidal volume

What is the name of the volume of air moved in or out of the lungs during a quiet respiratory cycle?

Tidal volume

If an electrical impulse was taking a longer than normal amount of time to get through the AV node, what would the ECG look like?

Time between the P wave and QRS complex would be lengthened.

What is the role of monoamine oxidase and acetylcholinesterase in the nervous system?

To breakdown neurotransmitter molecules

When describing the roles of muscles involved in a movement, what is the role of the antagonist?

To oppose the action

2. Macrophages have a role in both innate and adaptive defenses. What is the function of macrophages during infection by a pathogen?

To phagocytize the pathogen

What is the function of antithrombin found in the blood and on the cells lining blood vessels?

To prevent unwanted clot formation

What is the function of the arrector pili?

To shift position of hair follicles

What is the function of the gallbladder?

To store bile between meals

1. Which of the following lung volumes or capacities would be increased in a patient with emphysema?

Total lung capacity

1. Rifampin binds to bacterial RNA polymerase.

Transcription

What is the process of synthesizing mRNA called?

Transcription

3. The urethra and urinary bladder are designed to accommodate fluctuations in volume of liquid in organs and tubes. Which epithelium would be best for this function?

Transitional epithelium

After suffering a head injury, Derick exhibits weak and uncoordinated movement of the jaw as well as numbness of the tongue and lower gums. Which nerve was likely damaged?

Trigeminal nerve

Consider the arteriolar end of a capillary bed. During capillary exchange, the process of __________ is favored at the arteriolar end due to the higher __________ pressure.

filtration; hydrostatic

When you sit in a chair with your feet on the floor, you have to __________ your hips and __________ your knees.

flex; flex

4. Deficiency of __________ leads to megaloblastic anemia, in which abnormal RBCs are very large (megalo-) and nucleated.

folic acid

Name the B vitamins. Check all that apply.

folic acid biotin niacin thiamine riboflavin vitamin b12 vitamin b6 pantothenic acid

1. Several B vitamins, including __________ and __________ are necessary to produce DNA. Due to their rapid production, RBCs are affected if these vitamins are deficient; anemia can develop.

folic acid; vitamin B12

A person in positive energy balance will gain weight. A person in neutral energy balance will maintain weight.

gain

A person in positive energy balance will gain weight. A person in neutral energy balance will maintain weight. A person in negative energy balance will lose weight.

gain maintain lose

A single cell, or a structure consisting of a group of cells, that makes and secretes a substance is called a(n) __________.

gland

Label the major body parts shown in the transverse section through a pelvic cavity of a male. (top to bottom)

gluteus maximus rectum coxal bone femur prostate gland urethra femoral vein femoral artery

List the components of a phospholipid.

glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group

The organic molecule called ___ is formed of branched chains of sugar units. It is used by humans (and other mammals) to store carbohydrate in the liver and skeletal muscle.

glycogen

2. The tissue that fills the gap in the skin during healing is called __________ tissue.

granulation

3. In a reaction to poison oak or poison ivy, a small molecule from the plant, called a(n) __________, will bind to a host molecule, triggering an allergic reaction.

hapten

Contraction of the splenius capitis and semispinalis capitis will move the __________.

head

The spiral organ contains receptor cells for what sense?

hearing

Label only the organs found within the cardiovascular system.

heart vein artery

Bond occurring between polar molecules, such as between two water molecules, are called ___ bonds.

hydrogen

Correctly label the chemical bonds illustrated in the figure.

hydrogen bond polar covalent bond

3. In the ducts of the gastric glands, __________ ions are actively transported into the ducts in exchange for __________ ions which enter the parietal cells.

hydrogen; potassium

2. Combining the effect in question #1 with the workouts that an Olympic-level athlete would participate in while at the Training Center, it is likely that the athlete's tissues will experience __________ (prolonged oxygen deficiency).

hypoxia

3. The stage called __________ involves vasodilation of vessels, allowing the leakage of white blood cells into the injured tissue. This step is necessary before healing can occur.

inflammation

1. The phases of wound healing, in the correct order, are __________.

inflammation, proliferation, remodeling

Mr. Smith is admitted to the cardiac unit with a diagnosis of endocarditis. When he asks the nurse where the infection is located, the nurse replies that the infection is in the __________.

inner lining of the heart

A skeletal muscle is attached to bones on either side of a joint. The movable end of the muscle is called the insertion and the fixed end is called the origin .

insertion origin

2. Sodium entry into the postsynaptic cell moves the membrane potential from -70mV to __________.

a value closer to 0mV

In the following image, the fingers are __________ at the metacarpophalangeal joint.

abducted

Doing jumping jacks requires that you alternate __________ and __________ your lower extremities.

abducting; adducting

Gastric juice (fluid in the stomach) has a pH value of 2.0. Therefore, this solution is

acidic

Which atom is an isotope of magnesium, the nucleus of which contains 12 protons and 12 neutrons?

an atom with 12 protons, 14 neutrons, and 12 electrons

Chemical reactions in which large molecules are built from small molecules are classified as __________ reactions. In contrast, __________ reactions involve breaking large molecules down into smaller ones.

anabolic; catabolic

What is the branch of science that deals with morphology of body parts?

anatomy

The hypothalamus regulates the activities of the __________ pituitary gland by __________.

anterior; secreting hormones that inhibit or stimulate production of hormones

What term refers to any molecule that elicits an immune response?

antigen

3. Phagocytic cells such as macrophages digest a pathogen, then insert a bit of pathogenic antigen on their cell membrane. In this role, these cells are described as being __________ cells.

antigen-presenting

What duct is indicated in the figure?

bile duct

1. If injury or damage occurs in the pathway prior to the optic chiasma, the visual deficit will be __________.

blindness in the eye on the side of the injury

What type of substance works to resist changes in the pH of a solution?

buffer

What was the MOST effective way to understand and begin treating sickness?

by observing the natural processes in the human body

The structure indicated in the image secretes a watery solution containing an enzyme that breaks down __________ in response to __________ stimulation.

carbohydrates; parasympathetic

Organic compounds are formed of ___, arranged in chains or rings, and ___ while inorganic compounds are not.

carbon; hydrogen

Knowing the definitions of a variety of anatomical terms is important to many medical professionals. In order for a doctor to effectively communicate with a nurse, them must have a common medical language in which to give directions or describe a location of the patient's symptoms. The following series of activities will help you practice your medical terminology, so that some day you can become an effective communicator in the health field. Can you help a surgeon localize different sites for incision with your use of medical terminology? Label the regions of the body indicated.

cervical pectoral brachial antecubital umbilical antebrachial

Examples of ______ include the breakdown of glucose by cells to provide energy, the bonding of oxygen to hemoglobin, and the digestion of your meal by your gastrointestinal tract.

chemistry

Chemically, hormones synthesized from __________ are classified as steroid hormones and hormones synthesized from __________ are classified as amines, peptides, or proteins.

cholesterol; amino acids

In the intestinal lumen, triglycerides are digested to fatty acids and monoglycerides. These two components are absorbed through the intestinal mucosa and enzymatically reunited to re-form triglycerides. These triglycerides, along with other lipids, enter the lacteals as part of particles called __________.

chylomicrons

Label the major body parts shown.

common carotid artery internal jugular vein brachiocephalic artery aorta superior vena cava right atrium right ventricle diaphragm

What kind of connective tissue forms the superficial layer of all parts of a bone?

compact bone

Joints are classified structurally according to the __________ that binds them, and functionally according to their __________.

connective tissue; degree of motion

Label the body regions with the proper adjective.

coxal inguinal femoral patellar pedal

Label the cavities of the head.

cranial cavity frontal sinus orbital cavity nasal cavity middle ear cavity oral cavity

Label the various body cavities in this lateral view.

cranial cavity vertebral canal thoracic cavity diaphragm abdominal cavity pelvic cavity

3. If there was a high concentration of acetylcholine within the synaptic cleft, but little to no response at the motor end-plate, you would expect __________ to be the responsible neuromuscular-blocking agent.

curare

3. Helper T cells secrete __________ to stimulate the proliferation of B cells.

cytokines

The primary type of chemical reaction involved in the digestion of a meal by the digestive system is

decomposition reaction

Pregnancy can place a stress on many organ systems in the body, including the respiratory system. As the uterus expands, it can increase the volume of the abdominal cavity and place pressure on the diaphragm. Based on the facts provided, will the total lung capacity of a pregnant woman increase or decrease?

decrease

Vasoconstriction of blood vessels in the dermis of the skin is a response to a(n) __________ in body temperature.

decrease

With age, range of motion __________ in joints and the production of synovial fluid __________.

decreases; decreases

Match the types of building blocks with the correct type of organic compound.

*nucleic acids - C, H, O, N, P - polynucleotide chain *lipids - C, H, O (often P) - triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids *carbohydrates - C, H, O - monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide *protein - C, H, O, N (often S) - polypeptide chain

For the organ systems illustrated on the right of the figure, indicate their function.

*protects underlying tissue and helps regulate body temperature *provides framework and protection for the body *provides the force that moves the body *uses electrical signals to coordinate bodily functions *uses hormones to affect change on the body

Nutrient and oxygen supply for the epidermis comes from blood vessels located in the __________ layer of the skin.

dermal

1. In normal skeletal muscle tissue, what results from the binding of acetylcholine to its receptors at the neuromuscular junction? 2. What is the normal response of a muscle cell to the change in membrane permeability caused by binding of acetylcholine to its receptors? 3. With myasthenia gravis, the acetylcholine receptors are blocked or destroyed by autoantibodies. How will this affect muscle cell function? 4.What treatment would make the most sense for a patient with myasthenia gravis?

1- Increased permeability of the membrane to sodium ions 2- Generation of muscle impulse 3- No muscle impulse will be generated, so the muscle cell will not contract. 4- Use anticholinesterase inhibitor to increase the presence of ACh in synaptic cleft.

Match the descriptions to the correct cell part. 1-Composed of protein and a lipid bilayer 2-Membranous sacs with interior partitions 3-Group of flattened, membranous sacs 4-Particles composed of protein and RNA molecules 5-Nonmembranous structure composed of two rodlike centrioles

1-cell membrane 2- mitochondrion 3-golgi apparatus 4-ribosome 5-centrosome

Atoms of an element are similar to each other, but they differ from the atoms that make up other elements. Atoms vary in size, weight, and the ways they interact with other atoms. Some atoms can combine with atoms like themselves or with other atoms. Atoms can combine to form larger molecules and compounds. Depending on the elements involved, the atoms will interact with each other in a variety of ways.

1. Atoms can interact with other atoms by forming CHEMICAL BONDS. 2. What atomic component is involved in the interactions between atoms? ELECTRONS 3. What type of chemical bond involves the sharing of electrons between two atoms? COVALENT BONDS

Match the location with the appropriate connective tissue. 1. Skull 2. On surface of the heart and around the kidneys 3. Covering the ends of bones 4. tendons and ligaments 5. Between muscles; beneath epithelial tissues

1. Bone 2.Adipose tissue 3. Hyaline cartilage 4.Dense connective tissue 5. Areolar tissue

Our example for analysis is an atom of OXYGEN. An oxygen molecule has the following composition: 8 protons, 8 neutrons, and 8 electrons.

1. By definition, what is the atomic number? - atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus 2. Oxygen atoms have 8 protons, 8 neutrons, and 8 electrons. What is the atomic number of oxygen? - 8

Match the description with the correct chemical pathway of cellular respiration. 1. Occurs in mitochondria; products are 2 CO2 and 1 ATP per substrate molecule 2. Occurs in mitochondria; products are water and 28 ATP 3. Occurs in cytoplasm; net products are 2 ATP and 2 pyruvic acid molecules

1. Citric acid cycle 2. Electron transport chain 3. Glycolysis

Differentiate between types of heat loss that might occur to maintain body temperature. 1. Heat (molecular vibration) is transmitted from one substance directly to another. 2. Body heat is used to convert liquid water in sweat to gaseous water vapor. 3. Heat is emitted in waves (rays) from warmer surfaces to cooler surroundings. 4. Heat is carried away by movement of air over surface.

1. Conduction 2. Evaporation 3. Radiation 4. Convection

Match the description with the correct term associated with genetic information. 1. The sequence of nucleotide bases that determines the sequence of amino acids in a protein. 2. Segment of DNA that codes for a protein. 3. The complete set of genetic instructions for a cell/organism. 4. The portion of the entire DNA base sequence that actually codes for protein production.

1. Genetic code 2. gene 3. Genome 4. Exam

Our example for analysis is an atom of OXYGEN. An oxygen molecule has the following composition: 8 protons, 8 neutrons, and 8 electrons.

1. How is mass number determined? - mass number is equal to the number of protons + neutrons. 2. What is the mass number of oxygen? - 16

An atom is considered chemically stable if its outermost electron shell is full. If, however, the outermost shell is not full, an atom can either gain, lose, or share electrons with other atoms, filling the shell and becoming more stable. In order to figure out how a particular atom will interact, and with what other atoms it can form a chemical bond, you need to figure out what must happen to that atom for it to have a full outer shell.

1. If an atom had seven electrons in its second shell, it would need to GAIN 1 electron to become stable. 2. If an atom had two electrons in its third shell, it would need to LOSE 2 electrons to become stable. 3. If an atom had four electrons in its second shell, it would need to GAIN 4 electrons to become stable.

Chemical buffers are compounds that resist changes in the pH of a solution. The buffer system works by having an acid (the weak acid) that is able to release hydrogen ions if too few are present in solution, and a base (the weak base) that can bind up excess hydrogen ions when there are too many H+ present. By keeping the concentration of H+ at the right level, the pH remains at the right level. A predominant buffer system in the blood is called the bicarbonate system, consisting of carbonic acid (H2CO3) and bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) HCO3- + H+ = H2CO3

1. If the pH of the blood started to drop, the compound ___ will find excess hydrogen ions to minimize the drop in pH. BICARBONATE ION 2. As the pH of the blood starts to increase, ___ breaks down to release more H+ into solution. CARBONIC ACID

Match the descriptions with the correct epidermal cell type. 1. Found in deepest layer; produce pigment 2. Most abundant cell type; provide waterproofing to skin 3. Scattered within epidermis; phagocytic cells

1. Melanocytes 2. Keratinocytes 3. Epidermal dendritic cells

The surface area of contact between the epidermis and the dermis is increased by structures called __________. This increased surface area allows for improved gas and nutrient exchange and waste removal by dermal blood vessels.

dermal papillae

Dr. Day has completed surgery and requests that you document the location of the incision. Using the following image, answer the questions about the location of the red incision. 1. The incision is located on the __________ surface on the __________ side of the body. 2. The incision is located in the __________ region of the body. 3. The incision is approximately 4 inches __________ to the antecubital region.

1. anterior; right 2. brachial 3. proximal

Match the characteristics of life to the proper description.

1. change in position of the body or of a body part; motion of an internal organ - movement 2. reaction to a change inside or outside the body - responsiveness 3. increase in body size without change in shape - growth 4. production of new organisms and new cells - reproduction

List the end products of the complete oxidation of one molecule of glucose.

6CO2, 6H2O, 32 ATP

1. Within the skull, __________ bones protect the brain.

8 cranial

Which concentration gradient would result in a faster diffusion of oxygen?

95% concentration outside; 45% concentration inside

Match each thigh muscle with its action(s).

Adductor longus-Adducts thigh and flexes hip Biceps femoris - Biceps femoris Tensor fasciae latae - Rotates thigh medially; abducts thigh Quadriceps femoris - Extends knee Sartorius - Flexes knee; flexes hip Semitendinosus and semimembranosus- Flexes knee; extends hip Gracilis - Adducts thigh and flexes hip Adductor magnus- Adducts thigh and extends hip

What nitrogenous bases are found in DNA?

Adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine

Identify the molecule shown below.

Adenosine triphosphate

Identify the example of oxygen-dependent metabolism that breaks down organic compounds and produces ATP.

Aerobic respiration

This figure shows the result of interaction of RBC antigens (A antigens) with the antibody against the RBC antigen (anti-A antibodies). What is this result called?

Agglutination

What would result when a patient with type A blood receives a transfusion of type B blood?

Agglutination of the donor red blood cells

Indicate the equation used to calculate alveolar ventilation.

Alveolar ventilation = (tidal volume - physiologic dead space) x breathing rate

What layers make up the respiratory membrane?

Alveolar wall, capillary wall, and basement membranes of each.

2. Which of the following does not affect the rate of diffusion?

Amount of ATP present

What is an allergen?

An antigen that triggers an allergic response.

What is an effect of exercise on the muscular system?

An increase in proinflammatory molecules that can result in the formation of new muscle cells

What is vasodilation?

An increase in the diameter of a blood vessel.

For each structure, identify the organ system to which it belongs. (labels can be used more than once)

Answers top to bottom: digestive skeletal cardiovascular cardiovascular muscular skeletal muscular urinary skeletal

Name the highlighted ligament shown in this anterior view of the knee.

Anterior cruciate ligament

6. The ethmoid bone is not a part of what structure?

Anterior roof of the mouth

1. Indicate the order of cell types involved in the response to the first exposure to an allergen.

Antigen-presenting cell, helper T cell, B cell, plasma cell

Cells such as macrophages can process foreign antigens and attach them to their cell surface in order to assist in activation of T cells. What are cells that have this function called?

Antigen-presenting cells

Match the description with the correct chemical barrier.

Antimicrobial substances; bind to sugar groups on pathogen; enhance phagocytosis- Collectins Antimicrobial substances that put holes in pathogen cell membranes- Defensins Group of proteins that, when activated, stimulate inflammation and phagocytosis- Complement Released by virally infected cells; protects nearby uninfected cells- Interferons

Name the ligament that holds the head of the radius in place within the elbow joint.

Anular ligament

How do apocrine glands differ from other skin glands?

Apocrine glands secrete in response to emotional stimuli.

What type of secretory gland includes proteins and lipids in its watery secretions? These organic molecules are metabolized by bacteria on the skin's surface, leading to odor.

Apocrine sweat glands

What division of the nervous system functions independently and continuously, without conscious effort?

Autonomic nervous system

In the cadaver image shown, name the group of lymph nodes highlighted in yellow.

Axillary lymph nodes

Hillocks, collaterals, and terminals are associated with what part of a neuron?

Axon

The vitamin __________ is a coenzyme for reactions involving nitrogen-containing compounds, including proteins and amino acids. Therefore, the dietary need for this vitamin depends on protein intake.

B6

In order to be fully activated, most __________ cells require interaction with __________ cells.

B; T

Indicate the correct values for each weight range.

BMI values for overweight- 25 to 30 BMI values for healthy weight- 18 to 24 BMI values for obesity- Over 30

What type of synovial joint involves one bone end with a globular head that fits into a cup-shaped cavity on the other bone end?

Ball-and-socket (spheroidal) joint

Match the description with the correct type of cytokine.

Block viral replication, stimulate macrophages to engulf viruses, stimulate B cells to produce antibodies, attack cancer cells- Interferons Stops tumor growth, releases growth factors, causes fever (with bacterial infection), stimulates T and B cell differentiation- Tumor necrosis factor Stimulate bone marrow to produce lymphocytes- Colony-stimulating factors Control lymphocyte differentiation and proliferation- Interleukins

For each blood group, indicate the antigens present on the RBCs and the antibodies present in the blood plasma.

Blood Type O- Neither A nor B antigens Blood Type A- Only the A antigen Blood Type B- Only the B antigen Blood Type AB- Both A and B antigens

A neurotransmitter that causes the opening of sodium channels is an excitatory Correctneurotransmitter while one that causes the opening of potassium channels is an inhibitory Correctneurotransmitter.

excitatory inhibitory

How is the majority of oxygen transported in the blood?

Bound to the heme portion of hemoglobin

Identify the artery of the upper extremity indicated in the figure.

Brachial artery

Which organs are part of the central nervous system?

Brain and spinal cord

Describe the role of plasmin.

Breaks down fibrin, dissolving the clot

Glands classified as __________ glands secrete substances (like sweat) onto a free surface, like skin.Glands classified as __________ glands release their secretions (like hormones) into the bloodstream.

exocrine; endocrine

1. A 68-year-old male presented to the emergency room complaining of shortness of breath. He admitted to the doctor that he has smoked two packs of cigarettes a day for the past 40 years. The physician ordered blood work, which indicated an elevated level of carbon dioxide. With this result along with the patient's history of smoking, the doctor concluded that the patient most likely was suffering from COPD. Why did the doctor come to this conclusion?

COPD causes loss of alveolar surface area and loss of lung elasticity. This disrupts the gas exchange between the alveoli and the capillaries resulting in a buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood.

What are lymphatic nodules?

Compact masses of lymphatic tissue

Activation of what group of proteins in the plasma leads to inflammation, attraction of phagocytes, and enhancement of phagocytosis?

Complement

Which statement describes myofibrils?

Comprised of thick and thin filaments

A patient is found to be myopic. What type of corrective lenses are needed to improve their vision?

Concave lenses

Which type of tissue provides support, protection, and fills gaps between tissues?

Connective tissue

2. Antibodies attach to mast cells via what part of the antibody structure?

Constant region

Identify the structure highlighted in orange and indicated by the arrow.

Corpus callosum

What type of connective tissue is comprised of many interwoven and randomly organized collagen fibers?

Dense irregular connective tissue

The leukocyte indicated in the image is undergoing what process?

Diapedesis

Indicate the events that occur with inspiration, in the correct order.

Diaphragm contracts; thoracic cavity expands; intra-alveolar pressure drops; air flows into lungs.

1. Hormonal release is constant and is not effected by sensory input.

false

When does the process of myelination complete?

During adolescence

The cristae ampullaris house the receptors for what sense?

Dynamic equilibrium

1. True or False: The carbonic acid ion is joined to a hydrogen ion by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase.

false

2. In this scenario, the total lung capacity has decreased.

false

2. Oxygen-rich blood is carried through pulmonary arteries from the lungs to the heart.

false

2. The residual volume will be decreased in a patient with emphysema.

false

3. Using "E" for enzyme, "S" for substrate, and "P" for product, indicate the best representation of the mechanism of enzyme function.

E + S → ES → EP → E + P

What connective tissue layer surrounds an axon?

Endoneurium

Name the innermost layer of an artery wall.

Endothelium

When healing a shallow cut in the skin, the rate of mitosis increases in what layer?

Epidermis

These two images depict the hands of individuals with toxic shock syndrome (TSS). In both cases, as typically occurs in TSS, the skin of the palms and soles of the feet peel off in a process called desquamation. Based on your knowledge of skin anatomy, what layers are peeling off of these patients' hands?

Epidermis only

Which structure/space is highlighted in green and indicated by the arrow?

Epidural space

Which blood vessel is found in the anterior-medial thigh?

Femoral a.

Why is dietary fiber beneficial to the diet?

Fiber provides "bulk" in intestines, allowing better movement of intestinal contents.

What type of cartilage provides support and shock absorption?

Fibrocartilage

Match the descriptions to the structures associated with synovial joints.

Fibrocartilage discs within joint- Menisci Fluid-filled sacs -Bursae Lining of joint cavity; secretes fluid -Synovial membrane Protective layer that covers bone ends -Articular cartilage

What class of joint consists of bone ends held together by collagenous tissue?

Fibrous joints

What type of joint is comprised mainly of dense connective tissue?

Fibrous joints

Name the structure highlighted in this anterior view of the knee joint.

Fibular collateral ligament

For each description, indicate the correct group of lymph nodes.

Filter lymph from hands and wrists- Supratrochlear lymph nodes Filter lymph from scalp, face, nasal cavities, and pharynx- Cervical lymph nodes Filter lymph from upper limbs, mammary glands, upper wall of abdomen, wall of thorax- Axillary lymph nodes Filter lymph from lower limbs, lower abdominal wall, external genitalia- Inguinal lymph nodes

3. Air moves from areas of low pressure to areas of high pressure until an equilibrium is reached.

false

Match each statement with the appropriate lymphatic structure.

Filters lymph; initiates immune responses- Lymph node Site of maturation of T lymphocytes- Thymus Filters blood; initiates immune responses- Spleen

With age, small crystals or clumps of gel may form in the vitreous humor of the eye that cast shadows on the retina. What are these tiny objects called?

Floaters

3. Shock (severe drop in blood pressure) occurs with severe burns. Why does hypovolemic shock develop?

Fluid leaks out of capillaries. reducing blood volume

2. What are the small holes in the skull called that serve as passageways for blood vessels and nerves?

Foramina

Within the retina, what is the area of sharpest vision?

Fovea centralis

Match the feature of the eye with its function.

Fovea centralis -Retinal area producing sharpest vision Optic disc- Point of exit for axons of retinal cells Scleral venous sinus- Site of drainage of aqueous humor Choroid coat- Pigmented to absorb light; provides blood supply Ciliary body- Regulates thickness of lens

In a hypothetical situation, two solutions are separated by a membrane. Solution A is a 10% sodium solution and solution B is a 40% sodium solution. Which way would sodium pumps within the membrane move sodium ions during active transport?

From solution A to solution B

Which of the following bones contains paranasal sinuses? Check all that apply

Frontal bone Sphenoid bone Maxillary bone

Which of the following bones form a portion of the orbit?Check all that apply

Frontal, Maxilla, Zygomatic, Sphenoid, Ethmoid, Lacrimal

2. What type of burn involves destruction of all layers of the skin.

Full-thickness burn

What type of burn involves the destruction of the epidermis, dermis, and accessory structures of the skin?

Full-thickness burn

What term refers to a mass of cells that act as a unit?

Functional syncytium

Identify the process illustrated in this figure:

Functioning of an enzyme.

Indicate which of the following are complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides). (Check all that apply.)

Glycogen Starch Cellulose

2. What hormone released from the endocrine gland would result in stimulation of growth of bone tissue?

Growth hormone

Carbonic acid is a compound consisting of one carbon, two hydrogen atoms, and three oxygen atoms. Indicate the correct molecular formula for this compound.

H2CO3

4. What is presented on the macrophage surface?

Hapten plus class II MHC

Match the description of the vertebra to the correct vertebral region.

Have transverse foramen - Cervical vertebrae Have articular facets on the transverse process - Thoracic vertebrae Have articular facets that face superior/inferior - Cervical vertebrae Have spinous processes that are blunted and short - Lumbar vertebrae Some have bifid spinous process. - Cervical vertebrae Have largest size vertebral bodies - Lumbar vertebrae Have facets that articulate with a rib - Thoracic vertebrae

Match each description with the correct type of lipoprotein.

High concentration of protein; low concentration of lipid- High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) High concentration of cholesterol- Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) High concentration of triglycerides- Very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs)

What part of the brain is associated with memory consolidation?

Hippocampus

Which of the following describes smooth muscle contraction but not skeletal muscle contraction?

Hormones can inhibit contraction.

Marfan syndrome is a hereditary defect in elastin fibers. People with this syndrome would therefore exhibit what feature?

Hyperextensible joints

What is another term for allergy?

Hypersensitivity

What organ controls the response to stress, called the general adaptation syndrome?

Hypothalamus

What structure regulates appetite?

Hypothalamus

Name the immunoglobulin classes that are found in secretions.

IgA and IgE

What class of immunoglobulin is involved in immediate-reaction allergic reactions?

IgE

3. With second exposure to an antigen, the antigen molecules bind to __________.

IgE on the mast cells

The disease called multiple sclerosis involves an immune response against myelin of the central nervous system, causing scar formation (sclerosis) within the neural tissue. How would this affect nerve impulse conduction?

Impulses are blocked or interrupted.

3. The molecules in a solid lump of sugar do not move.

false

3. True or False: The first step in the formation of hydrochloric acid is the active transport of carbon dioxide into the parietal cells.

false

4. An enzyme speeds up a chemical reaction in the cell, but can only be used once.

false

2. In which direction does facilitated diffusion occur?

In either direction depending on the concentration gradient of the molecule.

4. Which of the following will result from being at high altitude?

Increase RBC count

3. Would this patient's symptoms be due to an increase or decrease in hormone secretion?

Increase in secretion

Name a noticeable sign of normal aging in the nervous system.

Increased memory loss

Name the innate defense that involves vasodilation and increased vascular permeability, resulting in the influx of blood, blood cells, and fluid to an area of injury or infection.

Inflammation

Match the definition to the correct class of nutrients.

Inorganic elements needed for metabolism- Minerals Organic essential compounds needed in very small amounts; needed for normal metabolism- Vitamins

4. The net diffusion of oxygen out of the blood occurs during which phase?

Internal respiration

Name the cell cycle phase during which DNA replication occurs.

Interphase

Identify the highlighted structure indicated by the arrow.

Iris

What is the role of skeletal muscle contractions in the flow of lymph?

It compresses lymphatic vessels, encouraging the lymph to flow toward the upper thorax.

2. What is the purpose of the hormone-receptor complex moving into the nucleus?

It will cause transcription of the DNA.

3. What would happen to a red blood cell placed in a hypertonic medium?

It would shrink.

The fat-soluble vitamin __________ can be produced by intestinal bacteria.

K

Indicate which situations lead to primary malnutrition. Check all that apply.

Lack of available food Excessive intake of high calorie (junk) foods Anorexia nervosa

In which organ do the peristaltic waves typically occur only 2-3 times each day?

Large intestine

The fastest impulse conduction would occur in what type of axon?

Large-diameter myelinated axon

Over a lifetime, the brain shrinks due to the loss of what areas?

Larger loss in gray matter than white matter

In the anterior view of the knee, shown below, what structure is highlighted?

Lateral meniscus

What branch off of the aortic arch is indicated in the figure?

Left common carotid artery

What chamber of the heart is indicated in the figure?

Left ventricle

Which hormone, if it were to be used clinically, could help in weight loss?

Leptin

3. Describe the effect of acetylcholine on the postsynaptic neuron.

Ligand (chemically)-gated sodium channels open, and sodium diffuses into the postsynaptic neuron.

Describe the location of synovial membranes.

Lining joint capsules

What is segmentation?

Localized contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle that help to mix food and secretions

Match each description with the correct muscle protein.

Location of binding sites for myosin - Actin Blocks myosin binding sites - Tropomyosin Location of binding sites for calcium -Troponin Forms cross-bridges -Myosin

2. What molecules are absorbed into the lymph?

Long-chain fatty acids

Match each description with the name of the condition.

Low blood oxygen levels lead to bluish tint to the skin- Cyanosis Reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood; leads to paleness of the skin- Anemia Abnormal hemoglobin; causes hemoglobin to crystallize in low oxygen conditions- Sickle-cell disease Low platelet count; results in decreased blood clotting and bruising- Thrombocytopenia

What is the name of the fluid contained within vessels of the lymphatic system?

Lymph

Natural killer (NK) cells are what type of cell?

Lymphocyte

1. The primary cells of the immune response are the T and B cells. T and B cells are what type of cell?

Lymphocytes

Some white blood cells function to digest bacteria in the body. These white blood cells would need to contain a large number of what organelle to perform this specific function?

Lysosomes

1. Which cells can act as antigen-presenting cells?

Macrophages and B cells

What is the process of breaking down large molecules into small ones without affecting the chemical composition called?

Mechanical digestion

Stretch receptors and baroreceptors are examples of what type of receptor?

Mechanoreceptors

The image below is of the anterior knee. What structure is highlighted?

Medial meniscus

Where are sensory signals from the stomach and small intestine sent to trigger a vomiting reflex?

Medulla oblongata

What structure of the cytoskeleton is composed mostly of the protein actin and is associated with cell motility?

Microfilament

Indicate the equation used to calculate minute ventilation.

Minute ventilation = tidal volume x breathing rate

In the majority of right-handed people, the left hemisphere is dominant for what function?

Motor activities related to speech

What type of functional area of the cerebral cortex would be responsible for sending impulses that control skeletal muscles?

Motor area

The myelin sheath along an axon is not continuous. What are the gaps between Schwann cells called?

Nodes of Ranvier

The cell membrane of a neuron has both gated and non-gated ion channels. Which type of non-gated channel is more abundant?

Non-gated potassium channels

What neurotransmitter is classified as a monoamine?

Norepinephrine

Name the combination of neurotransmitter and receptor type that will cause an increase in heart rate.

Norepinephrine and adrenergic receptor

What is the special name for the diffusion of water across a membrane?

Osmosis

What cell found in bone functions to deposit bony matrix, resulting in the growth of bone tissue?

Osteoblast

Match the stimulus to the response of the respiratory system.

Over-inflation of the lungs- Detected by stretch receptors; causes inhibition of contraction of the diaphragm Decreased blood oxygen levels- Detected by peripheral chemoreceptors; causes increased respiratory rate Increased blood carbon dioxide levels- Detected by central and peripheral chemoreceptors; causes increased ventilation Increased hydrogen ion concentration in the CSF- Detected by central chemoreceptors; causes increased ventilation

7. What bone makes a portion of the roof of the mouth?

Palatine bone

Which of the following bones is not visible in the lateral view of the skull?

Palatine bones

In the dermis of the skin, name the more superficial layer.

Papillary layer

Which type of secretion enters the interstitial fluid and affects neighboring cells in the same tissue?

Paracrine secretion

What determines the direction of gas movement?

Partial pressure differences

What structures monitor the level of oxygen in arterial blood?

Peripheral chemoreceptors

Match each white blood cell with its description.

Phagocytizes small particles, first-responders at infection site: Neutrophils Phagocytizes large particles in tissues: Monocytes Provides immunity: Lymphocytes Releases histamine and heparin: Basophil Moderate allergic reactions; defends against parasitic worm infections: Eosinophils

1. Which of these glands are found in the brain?

Pituitary gland

5. What sits in the sella turcica?

Pituitary gland

Which of the following glands is found in the brain?

Pituitary gland

What type of synovial joint involves a cylindrical shape for one bone end that rotates in a ring formed by another bone and a ligament?

Pivot (trochoid) joint

What type of synovial joint involves two flat (or nearly flat) bone surfaces?

Plane joint

Platelets cling to exposed collagen at the site of injury of a blood vessel. What is the result of this process called?

Platelet plug

What stage in the process of hemostasis is illustrated in this image?

Platelet plug formation

Which gland secretes the antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

Posterior pituitary

In a nerve cell at rest, the cell membrane is more permeable to which ion?

Potassium

4. When hydrogen ions pass from the parietal cell into the duct of the gastric gland, they are exchanged for what ion?

Potassium ion

Indicate the functions of cholesterol. Check all that apply.

Precursor for some hormones Precursor for bile salts Structural component of cell membranes

3. What is the final effect of the steroid hormone activation of the cell?

Production of proteins

Indicate which situation would increase the risk of blood clot formation.

Prolonged immobility

What group of compounds is produced from a specific type of fatty acid and has powerful effects on cells and tissues?

Prostaglandins

What are the functions of the skeletal system?Check all that apply

Protect soft tissue, Provide attachment for muscles, Store inorganic salts

The substance between the cells of connective tissues is called the extracellular matrix. In addition to ground substance, what else makes up the matrix?

Protein fibers

What is the composition of extracellular matrix found in connective tissue?

Protein fibers Ground substance

1. Epinephrine is a hormone that can't cross the plasma membrane. What classification of hormone is it?

Protein or amine

What must be present for any type of hormone to be able to act on a target cell?

Protein receptors

Match each example with the taste sensation that it causes.

Proteins, amino acids, and monosodium glutamate- Umami Table sugar and other carbohydrates- sweet Caffeine, quinine, some poisons- bitter Sodium chloride (NaCl) and other sources of sodium- salt Lemon and other acid-containing foods- sour

Identify this type of epithelial tissue.

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

What vessel is located in the atrioventricular sulcus between the right atrium and right ventricle?

Right coronary a.

What type of photoreceptor is more sensitive to light and can, therefore, provide vision in dim light?

Rods

Match the terms used to describe skeletal features with the appropriate description.

Rounded process that usually articulates with another bone - Condyle Prominent projection on a bone - Process Small, knoblike process Tubercle Opening through a bone - Foramen Relatively deep pit or depression - fossa

What structure is also known as the pacemaker of the heart?

SA mode

Name the functional units of contraction in a muscle fiber.

Sarcomeres

What types of fats are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease?

Saturated fats

Which of the following bones are part of the appendicular skeleton?

Scapula

Classify each of the following bones based on their shape.

Scapula - Flat bone Vertebra - Irregular bone Patella - Sesamoid bone Humerus - Long bone Carpal - Short bone

Memory T and B cells function in what type of response?

Secondary immune response

Match the names of the cranial nerves with their functions.

Sense of vision- Optic nerve Controls muscles of facial expression- Facial nerve ense of equilibrium- Vestibulocohlear nerve Cutaneous sensation from the face- Trigeminal nerve Controls heart rate and glands in abdomen- Vagus nerve

What functions to detect changes inside and outside of the body?

Sensory receptors

1. The small intestine is designed to absorb most of our ingested nutrients and to secrete enzymes. Which epithelium would be best for this function?

Simple columnar epithelium

2. The kidney tubules carry the filtered fluid through the kidneys and allow secretion and absorption of solutes that will ultimately form the urine. Which epithelium would be best suited for this function?

Simple cuboidal epithelium

1. Within each kidney, blood capillaries and structures called glomerular capsules are made of an epithelial tissue specifically suited for diffusion and filtration. Which epithelium would be best suited for this function?

Simple squamous epithelium

Why is saltatory conduction along a myelinated axon faster than continuous conduction along an unmyelinated axon?

Since action potentials do not occur along with the areas of the axon membrane that are covered by myelin, myelinated axons have less membrane surface that will conduct the impulse.

What is the function of the lunula of the nail?

Site of nail growth

Match the gland with the location in the body where it is found.

Sits on top of a kidney- Adrenal gland ound in the pelvis- Ovaries Attached to the small intestines- Pancreas Found in the neck- Thyroid gland Found in the brain- Pituitary gland

The largest organ(s) of the integumentary system is/are __________.

Skin

During wound healing, granulations may form. What are granulations?

Small masses consisting of a blood vessel and associated fibroblasts.

2. Which of the following will pass through a cell membrane most easily?

Small nonpolar molecules

What organelle is indicated by the arrow?

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

What type of muscle tissue is found in the wall of blood vessels?

Smooth muscle

Compare skeletal muscle to smooth muscle.

Smooth muscle takes longer to contract and can stay contracted longer than skeletal muscle.

What occurs during depolarization of an axon?

Sodium channels open and sodium diffuses into the cell.

1. In which direction are ions moved across the membrane by a sodium-potassium pump?

Sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell.

1. Hormone enters the cell directly.

Steroid hormone

3. The most distal end of the large intestine is the anal canal. This final passageway is not absorptive and must resist the abrasive nature of feces. Which epithelium would be best for this function?

Stratified squamous epithelium

What makes a cell a target cell for a hormone?

Target cells have specific receptors for the hormone.

Indicate which of these structures are composed of gray matter. Check all that apply.

Thalamus, Motor cortex, Basal nuclei

1. What hormone is associated with type 1 diabetes?

insulin

Which of the following hormones is released when blood glucose levels are elevated?

insulin

2. If it were possible to move the terminal cisternae further away from the T-tubules, it would __________.

interfere with the signal required for the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

What type of interaction would occur between these two atoms?

ionic bond

The smooth muscles of the __________ regulate the diameter of the pupil.

iris

5. Deficiency of __________ leads to an anemia in which the RBCs are very pale, due to reduced quantity of hemoglobin.

iron

Nails consist of __________.

keratinized epithelial cells

2. The concentric rings of compact bone are called __________.

lamellae

Label the major body parts shown (from top to bottom)

larynx common carotid artery trachea thyroid gland aorta lung heart diaphragm

The lungs are ___ to the heart.

lateral

While standing, twisting your lower limb at the hip so that your toes point off to the side is called _______ rotation. Twisting your lower limb at the hip so that your toes point toward your other foot is called _______ rotation.

lateral; medial

In comparison to arteries, how much do veins change with aging?

less than

An excessive number of white blood cells is classified as leukocytosis points awarded ItemScored A deficiency in white blood cells is classified as leukopenia

leukocytosis leukopenia

Name the type of organic molecule that is hydrophobic.

lipid

In comparing the classes of macronutrients, name the class that provides the most energy per gram.

lipids

Substances called __________ consist of a surface layer of phospholipid, cholesterol, and protein that surrounds a core consisting of triglycerides and other lipid-soluble compounds.

lipoproteins

Synaptic potentials are __________ potentials resulting from opening or closing __________-gated ion channels.

local; chemically

A cation is formed when an atom ___ an electron.

loses

4. More extensive injury to one of the occipital lobes would result in partial blindness. For example, injury to just the left occipital lobe would cause __________.

loss of the right visual field; can't see anything to the right

3. What codes for the synthesis of proteins?

mRNA

What occurs during the phase of protein synthesis called transcription?

mRNA is produced from a DNA template.

Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are __________ that provide energy and are required in large amounts. Vitamins and minerals are __________ that do not provide energy and are required in smaller amounts.

macronutrients; micronutrients

What is the definition of homeostasis?

maintenance of a stable internal environment

Which of the following is found inferior to the maxilla and has a posterior articulation with the temporal bone?

mandible

Calculate the mass number of the illustrated atom.

mass number = 7

Touch and pressure stimulate the class of receptors called __________. The senses of taste and smell rely on __________.

mechanoreceptors; chemoreceptors

Label the planes used to cut the body into the sections shown.

median (midsagittal) plane transverse (horizontal) plane frontal (coronal) plane

The region of the thoracic cavity between the lungs is called the

mediastinum

What body cavity contains the heart, esophagus, and trachea?

mediastinum - the axial portion of the body contains cavities. Within these cavities are many vital organs. The heart, esophagus, and trachea are located in a cavity that sits between the lungs.

What is illustrated in this figure?

metabolic pathway

The physiological events that obtain, release, and use energy are defined as

metabolism

The term __________ refers to all of the chemical reactions that occur in the body.

metabolism

What term refers to the combination of all of the chemical reactions in cells that use or release energy?

metabolism - all the characteristics of life are dependent on these chemical reactions

4. The antidote that holds the most promise to counteract the effects of tubocurarine is one that __________.

modifies acetylcholine receptors so that they bind acetylcholine stronger than tubocurarine

A nerve fiber that conducts impulses toward muscles and glands is called a(n) __________ fiber. A nerve that conducts impulses toward the brain and spinal cord is called a(n) __________ fiber.

motor; afferent

Which layer of the digestive tract is composed of epithelial tissue and may contain folds and mucus-secreting glands?

mucosa

The addition or deletion of nitrogenous bases during replication or transcription results in changes in the DNA sequence. The change in base sequence is called __________.

mutation

For some metabolic pathways, the product of the pathway inhibits the functioning of the first enzyme of the same pathway. This type of regulation is an example of __________.

negative feedback

During a race, the body temperature of a runner increases. The runner responds by perspiring (sweating), which lowers body temperature. This process is an example of a

negative feedback mechanism

What organ system is responsible for coordination and integration of bodily functions as well as detecting changes inside and outside the body?

nervous system

In nervous tissue, the cell type that carries out the main function of the tissue is the __________.

neuron

Neural tissue consists of two cell types. 1. Cells called neurons Correctare specialized to send and receive nerve impulses. 2. Cells called neuroglia Correcthave a support function, though they may also send and receive impulses.

neurons neuroglia

What are the components of a nucleotide?

nitrogenous base 5-carbon sugar phosphate group

1. Botulinum toxin causes muscle paralysis because __________.

no acetylcholine enters the synaptic cleft

The building blocks for DNA and RNA molecules are called

nucleotides

Deficiency symptoms can develop due to malabsorption of a vitamin or nutrient. Match the symptoms with the appropriate vitamin or nutrient.

oor vision-Vitamin A Weakened bones- Vitamin D Impaired blood clotting- Vitamin K Slower healing and decreased immunity- Zinc

The structures within cells that carry out specific activities are called

organelles - the cell is the basic living unit of life. It contains several smaller structures, such as mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum, that enable the cell to carry out its function.

In the small intestine, parasympathetic impulses stimulate peristaltic movements, while sympathetic impulses inhibit movements.

parasympathetic sympathetic

Increased peristaltic activity in the small intestine is due to __________ nervous stimulation and distension of the __________ wall.

parasympathetic; stomach

A woman has a recent history of broken bones, ulcers, and kidney stones. Her physician finds that she has unusually high blood levels of calcium and immediately suspects that she is suffering from an excess of __________.

parathyroid hormone

Label the membranes of the abdominopelvic cavity in the transverse section provided.

parietal peritoneum peritoneal cavity visceral peritoneum liver

Match the correct serous membrane with the description of the membrane's location.

parietal pleura - lines compartments of the thoracic cavity visceral pleura - covers the lungs parietal pericardium - lines the pericardial cavity visceral pericardium - covers the heart parietal peritoneum - lines the abdominal cavity visceral peritoneum - covers the abdominal organs

The enzyme __________ begins digestion of protein in the stomach.

pepsin

The negative charge across a resting membrane is due to the more __________ ions diffusing out of the cell than __________ ions diffusing into the cell.

potassium; sodium

The loss or absence of lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles will diminish an individual's sense of __________.

pressure/vibration

At a synapse, the neuron that releases the neurotransmitter (sends the signal) is the __________ and the neuron that responds to the neurotransmitter (receives the signal) is the __________.

presynaptic neuron; postsynaptic neuron

Define hemostasis.

process that stops bleeding

A cell that is located in the lineage between a stem cell and a fully differentiated cell is called a __________.

progenitor cell

What is the definition of apoptosis?

programmed cell death

Of the six classes of nutrients, name the type of nutrient that provides nitrogen for the body.

protein

In the following image, the jaw is __________ at the temporomandibular joint.

protracted

At neuromuscular junctions, acetylcholine binds to __________.

receptors in the muscle fiber membrane

1. When compared to living at a lower altitude, the amount of oxygen entering the bloodstream of someone at high altitude will be __________.

reduced

2. Facial wrinkles, such as glabellar or "frown" lines, appear with aging as a result of natural, repetitive muscle contractions. Botox® helps alleviate the appearance of these wrinkles by __________.

relaxing the facial muscles that cause the wrinkles

ATP molecules provide energy for cellular activities by __________.

releasing the terminal phosphate group and the energy associated with the bond

Movement of a body part backward along the transverse plane is called __________.

retraction

Label each of the pictures demonstrating the planes of the body.

sagittal plane transverse plane frontal plane

A neurotransmitter that causes the opening of sodium channels is an excitatory Correctneurotransmitter while one that causes the opening of potassium channels is an inhibitory Correctneurotransmitter.

saltatory

The process called __________ occurs when the brain becomes aware of sensory impulses; __________ occurs when the brain interprets those sensory impulses.

sensation; perception

3. During anaphase, the mitotic spindles attached to chromosomes __________, while the unattached mitotic spindles __________, stretching the cell.

shorten; elongate

The walls of alveoli are comprised of __________ epithelium.

simple squamous

3. Mechanical barriers include __________.

skin and mucous membranes

Compared to skeletal muscle, smooth muscle is __________ to contract and __________ to relax.

slower; slower

In comparison to the nervous system, the endocrine system responds __________ and its actions are __________.

slowly; long-lasting

Arrector pili are located in the dermis of the skin. What are they?

smooth muscles

1. Cramps and convulsions result from hyperexcitability of neural and muscular tissue. This can be caused by a deficiency in what mineral?

sodium

Action potentials spreading along the sarcolemma of a muscle fiber result from the opening of __________ channels in the sarcolemma.

sodium

1. The effectors of the somatic Correctnervous system are skeletal muscles. 2. The effectors of the autonomic Correctnervous system include cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands.

somatic autonomic

Mitosis occurs in __________ cells and produces __________ daughter cells.

somatic; two

Label the major body parts shown in the transverse section through the abdomen. (top to bottom)

spinal cord liver kidney vertebral body aorta pancreas small intestine large intestine

Label the major body parts shown in the transverse section through the thorax. (top to bottom)

spinal cord rib aorta lung liver hearts sternum

In this image of the abdominal cavity of a cadaver, name the structure highlighted in yellow.

spleen

What type of cell retains the ability to divide repeatedly into any type of cell, thus allowing the body to repair and grow?

stem cell

How often a cell divides is __________ controlled and __________ .

strictly; varies with cell type

The submucosal plexus controls secretions of the GI tract and the myenteric plexus controls digestive motility.

submucosal myenteric

3. Facilitated diffusion is used to transport __________.

sugars and amino acids

Burns classified as __________ burns heal quickly with no scarring.

superficial partial-thickness

In the spinal cord, white matter is found __________ gray matter. This arrangement is reversed in the brain.

superficial to

Label the terms of relative position on the figure.

superior medial lateral anterior posterior proximal distal inferior

3. The neurotransmitter molecules were released from __________.

synaptic vesicles

Someone with a cold that involves increased mucus secretions in the nasal cavity will find that both their sense of smell and their sense of __________ are affected.

taste

The organs for taste receptors are called __________, most of which are found associated with __________.

taste buds; papillae

Dense connective tissue is found in __________ and is made of thick, strong __________ fibers.

tendons; collagen

What does pH measure?

the amount of hydrogen ions in a solution

1. Inspiration begins with __________.

the contraction of the diaphragm

What is an organ that is protected by bones of the axial skeleton?

the heart

In reference to atomic structure, what is the ocet rule?

the outermost electron shell is filled when it has 8 electrons

In which decade of life are the first signs of aging usually noticeable?

third - the first signs of aging begin with a few gray hairs, faint lines etched into facial skin, and minor joint stiffness in the morning

The "genetic code" determines the types of proteins made by a cell. The term "genetic code" refers to ___________.

three-base sequences in DNA that code for a particular amino acid

The smallest stimulus strength that triggers a contraction in a muscle fiber is called a __________ stimulus.

threshold

An increase in the body's metabolic rate is the primary effect of what hormone?

thyroid hormone

What is the major function of carbohydrates in the cells of the body?

to provide a source of energy

Label the major body parts shown.

trachea lung diaphragm liver gallbladder large intestine femoral n. femoral v.

Label only the organs found within the respiratory system.

trachea lungs

Label the major body parts shown in the sagittal view.

trachea sternum esophagus aorta heart spinal cord liver

Which of the following are functions of blood? (Check all that apply.)

transportation heat distribution maintenance of interstitial fluid composition

If a radiologist wants an image of a patient that shows both kidneys, which body sections would accommodate her request?

transverse section sagittal section

The molecule shown is a ___ molecule. It is a type of __.

triglyceride; lipid

1. A steroid hormone enters a cell directly.

true

1. All cranial bones function to protect the brain and thus form a portion of the cranial cavity.

true

1. Iron is recycled.

true

2. As alveolar volume increases, alveolar pressure decreases.

true

2. Steroid hormones bind directly to the DNA.

true

3. If the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveolar air rose higher than that of the blood, carbon dioxide would not diffuse from the blood to the lungs.

true

3. The body utilizes the absorbed nutrients to produce ATP.

true

4. Diffusion is one of the processes whereby materials are exchanged between a cell and its environment.

true

4. Plasma cells are B cells that produce antibodies.

true

An asthma attack is characterized by increased smooth muscle contraction and mucus production in the bronchioles. This leads to the characteristic wheezing, coughing, and/or shortness of breath seen in asthmatic patients. Patients tend to find it easier to inhale than to exhale during an asthma attack. These symptoms lead to temporary changes in respiratory air volumes and capacities. 1. In this scenario, the functional residual capacity will be increased.

true

Lymphatic pathways begin at the lymphatic capillaries which empty into lymphatic vessels. From there, fluid flows through lymphatic __________ into lymphatic __________, eventually emptying into veins in the thorax.

trunks; ducts

Medical and socioeconomic conditions of many elderly leads to __________.

undernutrition

In __________ axons, impulse conduction is uninterrupted along the entire axon; while in __________ axons, action potentials only occur at nodes of Ranvier.

unmyelinated; myelinated

What is the classification of fatty acids with one or more double bonds within their carbon chain?

unsaturated

What is the name of the structure found in lymphatic vessels, indicated by the arrows?

valve

1. The inflammatory phase includes __________ and phagocytosis of bacteria and debris by white blood cells.

vasodilation

One response to increased internal body temperature is an increase in blood flow to the skin due to the __________ of dermal blood vessels.

vasodilation

3. Long-term deficiency of __________ and/or __________ leads to pernicious anemia, a condition in which nerve damage has already occurred at the time the anemia becomes symptomatic.

vitamin B12; cobalt

What vitamin is necessary for proper absorption of calcium in the small intestines?

vitamin D

2. Which bone does not make up a part of the orbit?

vomer