ANATOMY AND PSY 2 FINALS
The pituitary hormone that stimulates the breakdown of stored fats and the release of fatty acids into the bloods is
GH.
Produces hormones and is considered a neuroendocrine organ.
HYPOTHALAMUS
The pituitary hormone that promotes testosterone release in males and ovulation in females is LH. ACTH. GH. TSH. FSH.
LH.
Which sequence is correct for the following events? 1. fibrinogen → fibrin 2. clot retraction 3. formation of thromboplastin 4. prothrombin → thrombin
3. formation of thromboplastin 4. prothrombin → thrombin 1. fibrinogen → fibrin 2. clot retraction
Chad has a stroke volume of 60 mL and heart rate of 50 BPM. What is his cardiac output?
3000 mL/min
A hemoglobin protein has how many heme groups:
4
The following is a list of vessels and structures that are associated with the heart. 1. right atrium 2. left atrium 3. right ventricle 4. left ventricle 5. venae cavae 6. aorta 7. pulmonary trunk 8. pulmonary veins What is the correct order for the flow of blood entering from the systemic circulation?
5. venae cavae 1. right atrium 3. right ventricle 7. pulmonary trunk 8. pulmonary veins 2. left atrium 4. left ventricle 6. aorta
Plasma makes up what percent of whole blood?
55%
You are exercising and your blood pressure is 140/80 mmHg. You cardiac output is 7 L/min. and your heart rate is 100 bpm. What is your stroke volume?
60 mL
What is the average normal pH range of blood?
7.35-7.45
Capillary with intercellular clefts found in the skin and muscles.
A continous
The most common type of blood in the U.S. population is ________.
O
When neither anti-A serum nor anti-B serum clot on a blood plate with donor blood, the blood is type ________.
O
Which blood type is called the universal donor
O negative
Produces the hormones that promote the development of the female secondary sexual characteristics at puberty.
OVARY
Olympic athletes train in Colorado Springs, Colorado because this location is at high altitude and near the 14,000 foot Pikes Peak. Which statement best describes why this location was chosen?
Oxygen levels are low and, therefore, more red blood cells are produced, giving the athletes an advantage when competing at lower altitudes.
Atrial depolarization.
P waves
Storehouse for the hormones produced by the hypothalamus of the brain.
PITUITARY GLAND
Which of the following hormones is released in response to LOW levels of calcium in the blood? (so it works to increase blood calcium levels)
PTH
Select the correct statement about cardiac output.
A slow heart rate increases end diastolic volume, stroke volume, and force of contraction.
cardiac output.
A slow heart rate increases end diastolic volume, stroke volume, and force of contraction.
Which of the following is NOT a hormone released by the anterior pituitary gland?
ADH (antidiuretic hormone)
Which of the following chemicals help regulate blood pressure?
ADH - kidney atrial natriuretic peptide - heart muscle angiotensin II - vasoconstrictor
Produce steroid hormones and glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids.
ADRENAL GLANDS
Which of the following hormones is not produced by an endocrine gland:
ANP
Damage to the ________ is referred to as heart block.
AV node
Which statement best describes arteries?
All carry blood away from the heart.
The primary function of many hormones is to regulate various homeostatic activites. Hormonal effects are proportional to their concentration in the blood. Only "free" hormones can cross capillary walls and are available to interact with target cell receptors. Assuming that the number of target cell receptors remains constant, predict how the following scenario (below in bold)would impact the effectiveness of a hormone.
An increase in the number of protein bound hormones increase the effectiveness of the hormone
________ is a condition in which the oxygen-carrying capacity of RBCs is reduced.
Anemia
Indicate the relationship between the hormone pair presented below. Glucagon - Insulin
Antagonistic
Capillary found where active capillary absorption of filtrate occurs.
B fenestrated
Capillary found in endocrine organs that allows hormones to gain rapid entry into the blood.
B.fenestrated
blood flow.
Blood flow through the entire vascular system is equivalent to cardiac output.
Molly has blood type A and her daughter has blood type B. Why can't Molly donate blood to her daughter?
Blood type B contains anti-A antibodies, which will agglutinate with type A blood.
Capillary that may contain Kupffer cells in the lining.
C sinusoids
Which of the choices below does explain why low capillary pressures are desirable?
Capillaries are fragile and high pressures would rupture them. Most capillaries are extremely permeable and thus even low pressures force solute-containing fluid out of the bloodstream. Low capillary pressure reduces the load of drainage the lymphatic drainage must handle
Which of the following is likely during vigorous exercise?
Capillaries of the active muscles will be engorged with blood.
Which of the following hormones are released by the adrenal cortex?
Cortisol Estrogen Aldosterone
Which of the following is not a category of endocrine gland stimulus? hormonal enzyme humoral neural
ENZYME
Which of the following hormones is NOT released by the adrenal cortex?
Epinephrine
Select the correct statement about factors that influence blood pressure
Excess red cell production would cause a blood pressure increase
factors that influence blood pressure.
Excess red cell production would cause a blood pressure increase.
Which of the following hormones requires a releasing hormone from the hypothalamus in order to be released?
FSH
A man has been told that he is not synthesizing enough follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and for this reason he may be unable to father a child. Choose the correct statement to explain this problem.
FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes.
Atrial repolarization is clearly visable on an EKG:
False
Autocrine glands have their on affect neighboring cells.
False
Select the incorrect statement regarding blood cell formation.
Platelets are formed from myeloblasts.
A person goes to the doctor and is told his blood pressure is 90/60 and his pulse is 80. Which of the following is FALSE? Pulse pressure is 80 mm Hg. Heart rate is 80. Diastolic pressure is 60. Systolic pressure is 90 mm Hg.
Pulse pressure is 80 mm Hg.
Which of the following represents ventricular depolarization on an electrocardiogram:
QRS complex
Which cell type accounts for 45% of blood:
RBC
Select the correct statement regarding blood cell formation.
Red marrow is the main site of blood cell formation throughout adult life.
Point after which pressure begins to rise in the aorta.
S waves
This portion of the intrinsic conducting system controls the overall rate of heart contractions:
SA node
This structure is responsible for setting the overall contraction rate of the heart:
SA node
Sympathetic stimulation of the heart targets:
SA node and ventricular muscle tissue
Virtually all of the protein or amino acid-based hormones exert their effects through intracellular ________. second messengers deactivating ions calcium nucleotides
SECOND MESSENGER
Ventricular repolarization.
T waves
Point that represents the "dup" sound made by the heart.
T waves/E
Produces the hormones that direct the production of the secondary male sex characteristics.
TESTIS
Which organ is responsible for synthesizing ANP?
THE HEART
Normal development of the immune response is due in part to hormones produced by the ________.
THYMUS GLAND
It is possible for only part of a ventricle to contract.
TRUE
Which of the following are hormone released by the anterior pituitary gland?
TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) GH (growth hormone) LH (leutinizing hormone)
Which of the choices below is not a factor required for target cell activation by hormone receptor interaction? strength of the bond between the receptor and hormone blood levels of hormone number of receptors for that hormone type of hormone
TYPE OF HORMONE
heart valves.
The AV valves are supported by chordae tendineae so that regurgitation of blood into the atria during ventricular contraction does not occur.
Which of the choices below explains why the arterioles are known as resistance vessels?
The contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscle in their walls can change their diameter.
Fred's blood was determined to be AB positive. What does this mean?
There are no antibodies to A, to B, or to Rh antigens in the plasma.
Tom and Jane's blood donations are sent to a processing center where their blood cells are separated from their plasmas. Both their separated cells and plasmas are then sent to a hospital. A blood researcher wished to use Tom's blood in an attempt to extract and identify the B antigen. In order to do this the researcher should attempt the extraction process on
Tom's RBC
Blood is a type of connective tissue:
True
Cardiac muscle can contract without any external stimuli:
True
Increasing vessel diameter lowers the resistance to blood:
True
The chambers of the heart used to pump blood out of the heart are the:
VENTRICLES
Which of the events below does not occur when the semilunar valves are open?
Ventricles are in diastole.
If you found a cell that exhibited diapedesis and amoeboid motion you would be observing?
WBC
All of the following would cause an increase in blood pressure EXCEPT an increase in arterial resistance. a decrease in arterial diameter. sympathetic stimulation. a decrease in cardiac output.
a decrease in cardiac output.
Excess secretion of growth hormone during adulthood will cause
acromegaly
The common pathway of coagulation begins with the
activating of a clotting factor that converts prothrombin to thrombin.
Which endocrine gland is located directly superior to the kidneys:
adrenal
This describes the strength of bond between a hormone and its receptor:
affinity
The plasma protein that is the major contributor to osmotic pressure is ________.
albumin
Which of the following are not formed elements? RBC, WBC, platelets
albumin
Which of the following hormones can cause an increase in blood pressure: aldosterone ADH Angiotensin II ACTH
all of the above
The short-term controls of blood pressure, mediated by the nervous system and bloodborne chemicals, primarily operate via all but which of the following?
altering blood volume
When a chemical named IL-2 is produced in response to external stimuli, it can bind to cell-surface receptors on the same cell that produced it. What type of chemical is IL-2?
amino acid based
Which hormone type generates cAMP as a second messenger inside the cell:
amino acid/ peptide
Hormones based on this chemical structure must have their receptor on the exterior of the cell membrane in order to have it's effect at the target
amino acid/ peptide (water soluble)
All of the following would cause an increase in blood pressure
an increase in arterial resistance. a decrease in arterial diameter. sympathetic stimulation
The term for pain associated with deficient blood delivery to the heart that may be caused by the transient spasm of coronary arteries is ________.
angina pectoris
Indicate the relationship between the hormone pair presented Aldosterone - ANP
antagonist
Indicate the relationship between the hormone pair presented below PTH - Calcitonin
antagonist
Tom is B- and Jane is A+. What ABO blood group antibody is found in Tom's blood?
anti-A antibody
Agglutinins
are antibodies that will attack surface antigens on RBCs of a different blood type.
Veins
are called capacitance vessels or blood reservoirs.
Steroid hormones include pancreatic hormones. are the largest class of hormones. are structurally similar to cholesterol. are proteins. are secreted by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland.
are structurally similar to cholesterol.
Which vessel type would you expect to vasoconstrict to increase blood pressure
arteriole
Resistance to blood flow is regulated primarily by what blood vessels?
arterioles
Match the following hormones with their antagonists. anti diuretic hormone
atrial naturetic peptide
These structures in the heart prevent the back-flow of blood:
atrioventricular valves
When a chemical named IL-2 is produced in response to external stimuli, it can bind to cell-surface receptors on the same cell that produced it. IL-2 is an example of a _____________________.
autocrine
Which WBC is responsible for producing histamine:
basophil
In the process of hemoglobin recycling, each heme molecule is stripped of its iron and converted to which pigmented organic compound?
biliverdin
The second-messenger mechanism of hormone action operates by ________. altering gene expression in the nuclear DNA increasing the basal metabolic rate in the target organ binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP synthesizing more than one hormone at a time
binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP
The release of parathyroid hormone is controlled by
blood calcium ion levels.
Perfusion is
blood flow through an organ.
During the period of ventricular filling ________.
blood flows mostly passively through the atria and the open AV valves into the ventricles
Which blood type contains the A antigen only?
blood type A
Which blood type(s) can a person with blood type O receive?
blood type O
Which of these blood types carries no antigens?
blood type O
Which of the following is the most significant source of blood flow resistance?
blood vessel diameter
The major targets of growth hormone are ________.
bones and skeletal muscles
The major targets of growth hormone are ________. the liver the adrenal glands bones and skeletal muscles the blood vessels
bones and skeletal muscles
The heart is innervated by ________ nerves.
both parasympathetic and sympathetic
When a chemical named IL-2 is produced in response to external stimuli, it can bind to cell-surface receptors on the same cell that produced it. What mechanism of action does IL-2 use?
cAMP signaling mechanism
Match the following hormones with their antagonists. parathyroid hormone
calciton
Elevated levels of calcium ion in the blood stimulate the secretion of the hormone
calcitonin
The influx of this ion increases the strength of the cardiac muscle cells contraction:
calcium
The long plateau phase of the cardiac muscle action potential is due to
calcium channels remaining open.
What causes he long plateau phase of the cardiac muscle action potential?
calcium channels remaining open.
Which of the following is not a function of the blood:
calcium homeostasis
An individual who is blood type AB negative ________.
can receive any blood type in moderate amounts except that with the Rh antigen
The total cross-sectional area is greatest in which blood vessels?
capillaries
Which of the following can influence blood pressure:
cardiac output blood volume vessel diameter
A penetrating stab wound to the heart wall that causes blood to leak into the pericardial cavity would result in
cardiac tamponade.
What effect does norepinephrine have on the heart?.
causes threshold to be reached more quickly
Norepinephrine acts on the heart by ________.
causing threshold to be reached more quickly
The baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch are sensitive to which of the following?
changes in arterial pressure
Which would best be used as a long term control for blood pressure:
changing blood volume
Normal heart sounds are caused by which of the following events?
closure of the heart valves
Peptide hormones are lipids. composed of chains of amino acids. derived from arachidonic acid. chemically related to cholesterol. released by the reproductive organs.
composed of chains of amino acids.
A foramen ovale ________.
connects the two atria in the fetal heart
The most common type of blood capillary is the ________.
continuous capillary
The myocardium receives oxygen rich blood from which vessels:
coronary arteries
The source of blood carried to capillaries in the myocardium would be the ________.
coronary arteries
Which of the following hormone(s) raises blood glucose levels?
cortisol and glucagon
Compatibility testing for agglutination of donor RBCs by the recipients' serum is called ________.
cross matching
Drugs that block the beta-one adrenergic receptors will
decrease heart rate.
A person with Cushing's disease is found to have a tumor in the anterior pituitary causing an increase in ACTH secretion. Which of the following CORRECTLY describes changes in plasma levels of hormones?
decreased CRH, increased ACTH, and increased cortisol
Which of the following are distribution function of blood?
delivery of oxygen to body cells transport of metabolic wastes from cells transport of hormones to their target organs
This condition develops when the posterior pituitary no longer releases adequate amounts of ADH.
diabetes insipidus
The process of fibrinolysis
dissolves clots
During their formation, RBCs
eject their nucleus and most of their organelles.
Steroid hormones exert their action by ________. binding cell receptors and initiating cAMP activity entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene entering the cell and activating mitochondrial DNA activating the hypothalamic release of regulating hormones
entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene
The adrenal medulla secretes
epinephrine and norepinephrine.
This hormone from the kidney helps to stimulate erythropoesis:
erythropoetin
This hormone can have the side effect of increasing blood viscosiy:
eurethropoetin
Arteriolar blood pressure increases in response to all but which of the following?
falling blood volume
A red blood cell that has the A and Rh antigen on its surface would be termed type A- blood?
false
During preload the ventricles will be in systole:
false
If someone is suffering from hypoxia this means that they are anemic:
false
Plasma includes the formed elements like rbc's
false
RBC's have nuclei and can undergo mitosis:
false
The heart requires input from the nervous system to beat:
false
The secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary is controlled by hypothalamic tropic hormones.
false
When aldosterone entered the cell you would expect to see an increase in Adenylate cyclase activation.
false
Which of the following is not a type of hormone interaction? permissiveness synergism feedback antagonis
feedback
Due to the differences in opposing forces, there is net ________ occurring at the arteriolar end of most capillaries, coupled with net ________ at the venous end.
filtration, absorption
The slowest step in the clotting process is ________.
formation of prothrombin activator
A hemoglobin molecule contains
four protein chains, four heme groups, and four iron ions.
Aldosterone ________.
functions to increase sodium reabsorption
Which cell junction type allows the depolarization to pass directly from one cardiac muscle cell to the next:
gap
Heart muscle cells can pass their depolarization's directly from cell to cell. What allows them to do this:
gap junctions
Jose, age 10, has a pituitary tumor and has been diagnosed with a hypersecretion growth disorder. Which of the following is the likely diagnosis.
giantism
From the list given choose the item(s) that would be considered to be constituents of the Plasma. For this question more than one answer could be
globulins , water, salts
When blood glucose levels fall,
glucagon is released.
An EKG is useful in that it measures:
heart depolarization
Which of the choices below is the parent cell for all formed elements of blood?
hemocytoblast
More than 95 percent of the protein in a red blood cell is
hemoglobin
This four sub-unit protein contains heme which allows RBC's to carry oxygen:
hemoglobin
Some rat poisons contain a toxin that blocks the liver's ability to utilize vitamin K. Animals that consume this poison would die of
hemorrhage
Tell what triggered the release of the hormone that is in bold type. TRH ---> TSH from the anterior pituitary gland ---> TH from the Thyroid gland Note: the ---> in each means "stimulates the release of"
hormonal trigger
Hormone release in response to changes in ion or nutrient levels in the blood is called:
humoral control
One of the least complicated of the endocrine control systems directly responds to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients. Which of the following describes this mechanism? protein synthesis catabolic inhibition carbohydrate oxidation humoral stimulation
humoral stimulation
Which of the choices below reflects the balance (or imbalance) between the direction and amount of fluid that flows across the capillary walls?
hydrostatic and osmotic pressure
Several hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the anterior pituitary gland. The mechanism of transportation from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland is through the ________. hepatic portal system feedback loop hypophyseal portal system general circulatory system
hypophyseal portal system
This neuroendocrine gland controls the release of hormones from the pituitary:
hypothalamus
The primary stimulus for the release of erythropoietin is
hypoxemia and low oxygen levels in the tissues.
Which of the following might trigger erythropoiesis?
hypoxia of EPO-producing cells decrease oxygenation of EPO-producing cells
When can erythroblastosis fetalis not possibly happen in the child of an Rh negative mother?
if the father is RH negative
Which causes systemic blood pressure to decrease as you move away from the heart:
increase in number of vessels
Generally, an increase in extracellular Ca2+ ions causes __________ force of contraction.
increased
Which of the following would increase the rate of blood flow through a blood vessel?
increased pressure of the blood entering the vessel
If pancreatic alpha cells were releasing too much of their hormone this would result in ________.
increased synthesis and release of glucose by the liver
The hormone secreted by the pancreatic alpha cells would result in ________.
increased synthesis and release of glucose by the liver
If cardiac output increases and resistance in arterioles does NOT change, what happens to arterial blood pressure?
increases
Increased blood volume ________ blood pressure.
increases
Peripheral resistance ________.
increases as blood viscosity increases
Blood flow to the skin ________.
increases when environmental temperature rises
Sympathetic stimulation increase heart muscle contractility by:
increasing Ca++ permeability
Match the following hormones with their antagonists. glucagon
insulin
Which of the following is not part of the intrinsic cardiac conduction:
interventricular septum
For erythropoiesis to proceed normally, protein synthesis requires adequate supplies of factors, such as vitamin B12, which is absorbed from the diet in the presence of which of the following?
intrinsic factor
ADH ________. promotes dehydration is inhibited by alcohol is produced in the adenohypophysis increases urine production
is inhibited by alcohol
The hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract ________. is the site of prolactin synthesis connects the hypophysis to the pituitary gland is partly contained within the infundibulum conducts aldosterone to the hypophysis
is partly contained within the infundibulum
In the dynamics of blood flow through capillaries, hydrostatic pressure ________.
is the same as capillary blood pressure
During which phase does the ventricle contract but no blood moves forward (hint: both the AV and SL valves are closed; this phase correlates to the QRS complex on an EKG).
isovolumetric contraction
The neurohypophysis or posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is not a true endocrine gland because ________. it is unable to function as an endocrine tissue because it is actually part of the neural system due to its location it is strictly a part of the neural system and has little or nothing to do with hormonal release embryonically it was an endocrine tissue, but in the adult human it is no longer functional it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release
it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release
The mean arterial pressure (MAP) is important because
it represents the driving pressure for blood flow.
Blood within the pulmonary veins returns to the ________.
left atrium
Blood within the pulmonary veins returns to the
left atrium.
The heart chamber that pumps oxygenated blood around the systemic circuit is the
left ventricle.
Leukocytes make up how much of the bloods volume:
less than 1%
Which organ, a primary source of plasma proteins, synthesizes more than 90 percent of such proteins?
liver
Which organ is part of the cardiovascular system and plays an important role in regulating blood pressure?
liver spleen lung skin
Increasing vessel diameter does which to blood resistance:
lowers it a lot
Where in the body would you find low oxygen levels causing vasoconstriction and high levels causing vasodilation?
lungs
Restoring lost fluid from the capillaries back to the circulatory system is one of the major functions of the ________ system.
lymphatic
Which leukocyte becomes a generic macrophage:
macrophage
Target organs for the hormone oxytocin are the uterus and the
mammary glands.
What is the driving force for blood flow through the systemic circuit?
mean arterial pressure
Blood pressure is determined by
measuring the force exerted by blood in a vessel.
This is the location of the cardiac control center in the brain:
medulla oblongata
No visible cytoplasmic granules are present in ________.
monocytes
Compared to arteries, the velocity of flow of the blood through the capillaries is
much slower.
The arteries that are also called distributing arteries are the ________.
muscular arteries
Of the three layers of the heart wall, the layer that contains the cardiac muscle is the
myocardium.
Which control system uses antagonistic hormones to maintain homeostasis:
negative feedback
Hormone concentration levels are most commonly controlled by the quantity of circulating hormone. body temperature. cellular demands. positive feedback. negative feedback.
negative feedback.
This leukocyte is specialized as a bacterial phagocyte:
neutrophil
Which leukocyte should be the most common in a person's blood:
neutrophil
Each of the following paracrines may cause vasodilation EXCEPT Calcium
nitric oxide. K+. H+ ions from metabolic acids. CO2.
When viewing a dissected heart, it is easy to visually discern the right and left ventricles by ________.
noticing the thickness of the ventricle walls
Osmotic pressure resulting from presence of plasma proteins in blood is called ________ pressure.
oncotic and colloid osmotic
The posterior pituitary gland secretes melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH). follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). oxytocin (OT). adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).
oxytocin (OT).
What structures anchor the chordae tendineae?
papillary muscles
The hormone that inhibits osteoblasts is
parathyroid hormone.
Sometimes a hormone is only active when it is in the presence of other hormones. This is known as:
permissive
This is when one hormone cannot exert it's full effect without another hormone present.
permissiveness
During fibrinolysis, which enzyme begins digesting the fibrin strands, breaking down the clot?
plasmin
As repairs proceed, a blood clot gradually dissolves in a process that begins with the activation of ________.
plasminogen
Which of the following is a protective function of blood?
prevention of blood loss
Aldosterone will ________.
promote an increase in blood pressure
Stenosis of the mitral valve may cause blood to back up into the
pulmonary circulation.
Which of the following vessels does not carry oxygen-poor blood to the right ventricle?
pulmonary vein
The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures is called the
pulse pressure
The left ventricular wall of the heart is thicker than the right wall in order to ________.
pump blood with greater pressure
Blood reticulocyte counts provide information regarding ________.
rate of erythrocyte formation
An individual who is blood type AB negative can ________.
receive any blood type in moderate amounts except that with the Rh antigen
In order for a cell to be a target for a hormone the cell must have which of the following:
receptor
In normal adults, red blood cells are formed in
red bone marrow.
Which of the following could cause annemia:
reduced rbc production faulty hemoglobin You Answered too few hemoglobin per rbc
The values obtained when measuring blood pressure, such as 120/80,
reflect the pressure in the major arteries during ventricular systole and diastole.
Oxytocin ________. exerts its most important effects during menstruation release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism controls milk production is an adenohypophyseal secretio
release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism
Endothelins are ___________
released from endothelium and are potent vasoconstrictors
Which of the following processes provides a long-term response to changes in blood pressure?
renal regulation
The influence of blood vessel diameter on peripheral resistance is ________.
significant because resistance is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the vessel radius
This type of capillary has large gaps between endothelial cells:
sinusoid
Which of the following factors does not influence heart rate? skin color age gender body temperature
skin color
During contraction of heart muscle cells ________.
some calcium enters the cell from the extracellular space and triggers the release of larger amounts of calcium from intracellular stores
The RBC "graveyard" is the________
spleen
Thyroid hormone (a small iodinated amine) enters target cells in a manner similar to ________.
steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily into target cells
Platelets ________.
stick to the damaged area of a blood vessel and help seal the break
Which of the following is not a change typically produced by a hormonal stimulus? stimulates production of an action potential induces secretory activity activates or deactivates enzymes alters plasma membrane permeability
stimulates production of an action potential
Myogenic autoregulation means that
stretched smooth muscle in a blood vessel constricts reflexively.
Which nervous system would cause an increase in heart rate and cardiac output:
sympathetic
Which nervous system would cause in increase in heart rate and cardiac output:
sympathetic
When the baroreceptor reflex is triggered by a decline in blood pressure,
sympathetic activity increases and cardiac output increases.
This is the term used to talk about contraction:
systole
If the length of the absolute refractory period in cardiac muscle cells was the same as it is for skeletal muscle cells, ________.
tetanic contractions might occur, which would stop the heart's pumping action
The common pathway of coagulation ends with
the activation of a clotting factor that converts fibrinogen to fibrin.
Nutrients and oxygen travel through which part of the vessel?:
the arterial end
The first heart sound is caused by:
the av (atrioventricular) valves closing
Functionally, there are no valves in arteries (as opposed to in veins) because
the blood pressure in arteries is high enough that there is no backflow of blood.
Which vessel returns most of the venous blood from the heart to the right atrium?
the coronary sinus
Mechanisms that do not help regulate blood pressure include ________.
the dural sinus reflex
The Frank Starling law states:
the greater the stretch the stronger the contraction
If the vagal nerves to the heart were cut, the result would be that ________.
the heart rate would increase by about 25 beats per minute
The pericardial cavity lies between
the parietal pericardium and the visceral pericardium.
The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on ________. the location of the tissue or organ with respect to the circulatory path nothingall hormones of the human body are able to stimulate any and all cell types because hormones are powerful and nonspecific the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ the membrane potential of the cells of the target organ
the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ
The right ventricle pumps blood into which vessel?
the pulmonary trunk
A drop of blood returning to the heart from the head region would enter the heart through which vessel?
the superior vena cava
Which endocrine gland stores enough of its hormone extracellularly to last several months?
the thyroid
Which of the following is characteristic of all leukocytes?
they are nucleated
In a capillary bed, relaxation of the precapillary sphincters causes more blood to flow
through the true capillaries.
Normal production of hormones from which gland establishes the background notes of cellular metabolism?
thyroid
Why do veins need valves:
to maintain venous return
Which of the following valves prevents blood from flowing back into the right atria from the right ventricle?
tricuspid
All blood cells are created by the same stem cells:
true
An increased blood volume in the ventricle could increase contraction strength.
true
Each heme contains an atom of iron and can transport one molecule of oxygen
true
Increasing the amount of blood in the ventricle before contraction increases the strength of the contraction:
true
The third most abundant type of white blood cell under normal circumstances would be a Monocyte.
true
WBC's have nuclei and can undergo mitosis:
true
Which tunic contains the vaso vasorum
tunica externa
Histologically, the ________ is squamous epithelium supported by a sparse connective tissue layer.
tunica intima
This process is responsible for the increased production of receptors when a hormone is present:
up regulation
Factors that aid venous return include all except ________. pressure changes in the thorax activity of skeletal muscles urinary output venous valv
urinary output
Which of the following would lower blood pressure for the short term:
vasodilation of vessels
Which of the following would lower blood pressure for the short term:
vasodilation of vessels changing blood volume
The blood vessels of largest diameter are the ________, and the blood vessels with the thickest walls are the ________.
veins : arteries
The epicardium is the same as the
visceral layer of serous pericardium.
Cells that manufacture and secrete aldosterone are located in the
zona glomerulosa.
