Anatomy Applied to Occupation Practical I

Biting off a tough piece of bread is usually done by placing it on one side of the mouth. How does this change the amount of force the muscles need to generate in order to bite through the bread?

When biting with the front teeth (long resistance arm), more force must be generated to overcome the larger resistance

What makes up white matter?

White matter is myelinated tissue

When you talk, are you doing so during inspiration, expiration, or both?

You talk only during expiration, when air is moving out through the airway

The zygomatic arch is made up of which two bones?

Zygomatic and temporal bones

Name the ligaments that attach the bodies of the vertebrae and run the length of the vertebral column. Name the primary motion that each of these ligaments limits.

-Anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments -Anterior longitudinal ligament limits extension -Posterior longitudinal ligament limits flexion

Which are more oxygen rich, veins, or arteries? What is the exception?

-Arteries -Pulmonary arteries

The left AV valve has two other names: -Referring to the number of flaps, it is called the ____________ valve -Referring to its shape, it is called the ______________ valve

-Bicuspid valve -Mitral valve

Two pringles chips on top of each other with the long end in the anterior-posterior position. -Is the anterior-posterior shape of the bottom surface of the top chip convex or concave? -Is the anterior-posterior shape of the top surface of the bottom chip convex or concave? -Is the medial-lateral shape of the top surface of the bottom chip convex or concave? -If these chips represented a joint, what would the shape of the joint be?

-Convex -Concave -Concave -Convex -Sellar

Analyze the motion at the elbow joint -Name the joint surfaces and identify whether each surface is concave or convex -Identify the more movable bony segment -Is the motion concave-on-convex, or convex-on-concave? -Will the more movable bony segment glide in the same or opposite direction as the rest of the bone?

-Distal end of humerus: convex, proximal end of the radius and ulna: concave -Radius and ulna -Concave-on-convex -The joint surfaces of the radius and ulna will glide in the same direction as the rest of the radius and ulna

Name the ligament that extends over the spinous processes from the occiput to C7 and from C7 to the sacrum

-From the occiput to C7: nuchal ligament -From C7 to the sacrum: supraspinous ligament

Name 3 ADLs you would need your erector spine muscles for?

-Getting something out of tall cabinet space -Getting something off the floor -Washing your hair

Clenching your teeth requires what TMJ motion and involves what muscles?

-Motion: mandibular elevation -Muscles: temporalis, masseterm medial pterygoid

What are the three features that describe diarthrodial joints?

-Number of axes -The shape of the joint -The joint motion involved

If you are rotating your trunk to the left, what abdominal muscles are you using?

-Right external oblique -Left internal oblique

You are given two different sets of instructions. The first instruction tells you to run 5 miles, and the second instruction tells you to walk 30 feet to the north -Running 5 miles is.... -Walking 30 feet north is.....

-Scalar = 5 miles (magnitude only) -Vector = 30 feet to the north (magnitude and direction)

Sitting with a weight in your hand, forearm pronated, elbow extended, and shoulder medially rotated, slowly move your hand out to the side and raise it. -What is the joint motion at the shoulder? -Is an isometric, concentric, or eccentric muscle contraction occurring at the shoulder? -What muscle group is contracting at the shoulder? -What type of muscle contraction is occurring at the elbow? -What muscle group is contracting at the elbow?

-Shoulder abduction -Concentric -Shoulder abductors -Isometric -Elbow extensors

While lying supine with your arm at your side and with a weight in your hand, raise the weight up and over your shoulder. (Hint: Think about gravity's effect throughout the range.) -What is the joint motion at the shoulder? -Is the muscle action during the first 90-degrees of the motion concentric or eccentric? -Are the shoulder flexors or extensors responsible for this action? -Is the muscle action during the second 90-degrees of the motion concentric or eccentric? -Are the shoulder flexors or extensors responsible for this action?

-Shoulder flexion -Concentric -Shoulder flexors during first 90-degrees -Eccentric -Shoulder extensors during second 90-degrees

Grinding your teeth could involve motions in the sagittal plane and frontal plane. What are these motions?

-Side-to-side motion: lateral deviation -Anterior-posterior motion: protraction/retraction

If you are coming to a standing position from being seated on the floor, what actions are you doing? What trunk muscles are you using?

-Trunk flexion --> hip flexion --> knee extension --> hip extension --> trunk extension -Rectus abdominis, external oblique, internal oblique, transverse abdominis, erector spinae group

In comparing the size of a quarter and a nickel, the quarter is larger. Place a pencil mark on the quarter at the 6 and 12 o'clock position. Lay a nickel flat on the table. Roll the quarter across the flat surface of the nickel, starting with the quarter at the 6 o'clock position at the edge of the nickel. -Will the quarter reach the edge of the nickel before reaching the 12 o'clock position? -Which arthrokinematic motion will you have to use on the quarter, in addition to roll, so that the 12 o'clock mark can reach the opposite side of the nickel?

-Yes -Glide/slide

What are the three main functions of lymph vessels?

1. Collect 2. Filter 3. Return lymph to the bloodstream

Name the 10 structures that a clot would travel through on its way from the left femoral vein to the lung.

1. Left femoral vein 2. Left external iliac vein 3. Left common iliac vein 4. Inferior vena cava 5. Right atrium 6. Right AV valve 7. Right ventricle 8. Pulmonic valve 9. Pulmonary arteries 10. Lungs

Name five mechanisms that help move lymph from the periphery to the venous system?

1. Valves 2. Lymph angion 3. Squeezing action of muscles 4. Movement of diaphragm 5. Good posture

Inflation and deflation of the lungs can be compared to an object known as a ______________________

A bellows

Which pressure is lowest in an artery? When does it occur?

A diastolic pressure (lowest) occurs when the heart relaxes between beats

What are the two terms for a joint that allows a great deal of motion?

A joint that allows a lot of motion is called a synovial joint or diarthrosis

What are the three types of joints that allow little to no motion?

A joint that allows little or no motion is referred to as a fibrous joint. -Synarthrosis -Syndesmosis -Gomphosis

What is the functional significance with regard to respiration between a person with a C3 spinal cord injury and a person with an injury at C5?

A person with a C3 injury will not have an innervated diaphragm; they will need the assistance of a ventilator to breathe. A person with a C5 injury will have a neurologically intact diaphragm and can breathe without mechanical assistance

The first heart sound (lub) is heard when which valves close?

AV valve

What is there term for the situation in which a muscle contracts until it can contract no further, even through more joint range or motion is possible?

Active insufficiency

Does the lymph in an afferent or efferent lymph vessel contain more impurities?

Afferent lymph vessel

What is the difference between afferent and efferent nerve fibers?

Afferent nerve fibers transmit sensory impulses form the periphery toward the brain. Efferent fibers transmit motor impulses from the brain or spinal cord toward the periphery

The flexor carpi radials performs wrist flexion and radial deviation. The flexor carpi ulnaris performs wrist flexion and ulnar deviation. In what wrist action fo the two muscles act as agonists?

Agonists during wrist flexion

As you stand in anatomical position, what TMJ muscles are working to resist the force of gravity? How are the contracting?

All muscles of mandibular elevation (temporalis, master, and medial pterygoid) are contracting isometrically

What are two joint terms that could be used to describe the symphysis pubis?

Amphiarthrosis and cartilaginous

What type of bone is mainly involved in an individual's growth in heights? In what portion of the bone does this growth occur?

An individual's height growth occurs mainly in long bones. The growth occurs at the epiphysis of long bones

A person wheeling across a room in a wheelchair uses both linear and angular motion. Describe when each type of motion is being used

Angular motion is being used by upper extremity joints (shoulders, elbows, wrists) to propel thee wheelchair. Linear motion occurs as the person moves across the room in the wheelchair

The flexor carpi radials performs wrist flexion and radial deviation. The flexor carpi ulnaris performs wrist flexion and ulnar deviation. In what wrist action fo the two muscles act as antagonists?

Antagonists during ulnar/radial deviation

The sternum is ________________ to the vertebral column

Anterior

Identify the arthrokinematic motion that occurs by describing the direction in which the joint surface is gliding during elbow flexion.

Anterior glide of the proximal ends (articular surfaces) of the radius and ulna

Identify the direction in which the bone moves during elbow flexion?

Anterior movement of the radius and ulna

Two motions occur during mandibular depression: (1) the disk and condyle glide forward and inferiorly, (2) the mandible rotates anteriorly on the disk. Which occurs first?

Anterior rotation of the mandibular condyle on the disk

For a muscle to have an effective angle of pull to be a shoulder flexor and not a shoulder abductor, it would have to span the shoulder on what surface?

Anterior surface

The valve located at the exit of the left ventricle is called the ________________ valve

Aortic valve

Is the clavicle part of the axial or appendicular skeleton?

Appendicular skeleton

Is the humerus part of the axial or appendicular skeleton?

Appendicular skeleton

Is shoulder distraction an arthrokinematic or osteokinematic type of motion?

Arthrokinematic

Is the sternum part of the axial or appendicular skeleton?

Axial skeleton

Give an example of a synarthrodial joint in the axial skeleton

Bones in the skull

Medial and lateral expansion of the thorax can be compared to ___________________ handle motion

Bucket handle movement

What type of joint structure pads and protects areas of great friction?

Bursa

Diarthrodial, synovial, biaxial, and saddle are all terms that could be used to describe which joint?

CMC joint of the thumb

Which would impair function of the TMJ more: damage to the mandibular division of CN V, or damage to CN VII?

CN V (trigeminal)

Superficial lymph drainage goes into what three regional lymph node groups?

Cervical, axillary, and inguinal regional nodes

Is the tempromandibular joint (TMJ) (jaw) in the close-packed position when the teeth are clenched or when the mouth is slightly open?

Close-packed position of TMJ is when teeth are clenched

Wheelchair push-ups

Closed-chain activity

The pulse of which artery can be felt in the neck?

Common carotid artery

Give one example of compact bone and one of cancellous bone

Compact bone is found in the diaphysis of long bones, and cancellous bone is found in the metaphysics and epiphysis. In other types of bone, cancellous bone is found sandwiched between layers of compact bone.

Which is heavier, compact bone or cancellous bone? Why?

Compact bone is heavier than cancellous bone because it is less porous

A person bends down to touch the floor in the sagittal plane. What type of force is applied to the anterior part of the vertebra?

Compression

The accessory motion forces occurring at the shoulder when leaning on a table with your elbows extended

Compression or approximation

Sit in a good posture position with your hands on each side of your jaw. Move your jaw from side to side against slight resistance. What type of contraction (isometric, concentric, or eccentric) is occurring?

Concentric

Sit in a good posture position with your thumb beneath your chin. Open your mouth against slight pressure. What type of muscle contraction (isometric, concentric, or eccentric) is occurring?

Concentric

Projections of processes that fit into joints

Condyle, eminence, facet, head

In terms of muscle tissue characteristics, what can a muscle do that a rubber band cannot?

Contract

Starting at anatomical position, what does shoulder flexion look like? Is the concave surface gliding on a fixed convex surface, or is a convex surface gliding on a fixed concave surface?

Convex surface is gliding on a fixed concave surface

Projections or processes that attach connective tissue such as tendons, ligaments, and fascia

Crest, epicondyle, line, spine, trochanter, tuberosity, tubercle

With respect to spinal flexion and extension, describe what happens to the load on the facet joints

Decreases with flexion and increases with extension

Acetabulum

Deep depression

Identify the phases of respiration occurring during holding your breath for 15 seconds

Deep inspiration

Veins carry which type of blood? -What is the exception?

Deoxygenated blood; pulmonary veins

What is another term for opening the jaw?

Depression

The main shaft of bone is called?

Diaphysis

What muscles work like a pulley?

Digastric and omohyoid

A person bends down to touch the floor in the sagittal plane. What type of force is applied to the posterior part of the vertebrae?

Distraction

Bicipital groove

Ditchlike depression

If you placed your hand on the back of a dog, that is referred to as placing it on what surface? If you place your hand on the back of a person, that is referred to as placing it on what surface?

Dorsal surface of the dog, posterior surface of the person

How do movements of the diaphragm affect inspiration and expiration?

During inspiration, the diaphragm lowers, and during expiration, the diaphragm muscles elevate

How do movements of the thorax affect inspiration and expiration?

During inspiration, the ribs elevate, and during expiration, the ribs depress

Is walking downhill a concentric or an eccentric contraction of your quadriceps muscle?

Eccentric

In terms of muscle tissue characteristics what characteristic does a rubber band have that chewing gum does not?

Elasticity

What is another term for closing the jaw?

Elevation

What type of movement is allowed at the constovertebral, costotransverse, and chondrosternal joints?

Elevation and depression bringing about inspiration and expiration

What is the name of the membrane that lines the medullary cavity?

Endosteum

The head and neck regions are drained mostly by what two veins?

External and internal jugular veins

At the inguinal ligament, the main artery and vein change name from ________________ (proximally) to _______________ (distally)

External iliac arter and vein to femoral artery and vein

Biting off a tough piece of bread is usually done by placing it on one side of the mouth. Identify the force (F) and resistance (R) in this example.

F = Muscles R = Bread

Assuming muscles are of normal length and taking a person's ankle into dorsiflexion, you would expect what type of end feel?

Firm end feel

With respect to spinal flexion and extension, describe what happens to the lumbar curve

Flexion decreases the lumbar lordosis and extension increases the lumbar lordosis

Depressions and openings

Foramen, fossa, groove, meatus, sinus

Identify the phases of respiration occurring during sneezing

Forced expiration

Identify the phases of respiration occurring during whistling a tune

Forced expiration

Identify the phases of respiration occurring during blowing up a balloon.

Forced inspiration followed by forced expiration

Does a motor nerve send impulses from the periphery to the spinal cord or from the spinal cord to the periphery?

From the spinal cord to the periphery

Starting at anatomical position, what does shoulder flexion look like? Does the glenoid fossa of the scapula have a concave, or convex joint surface?

Glenoid fossa of scapula is concave

Lay the quarter flat on the table and hit it with your finger, sending it across the table. This would be what type of arthrokinematics motion?

Glide/slide

While bending forward to pick up a light object from the floor, what force is causing the forward bending

Gravity

What makes up gray matter?

Gray matter is unmyelinated tissue

Putting your right ankle on your left knee involves what type of hip rotation?

Hip lateral rotation

Explain why a person leans to the right when carrying a heavy suitcase in the left hand. If the suitcase was very heavy, what might the person do with her right arm? Why?

Holding the suitcase on the left shifts her COG to the left. By leaning to the right, she is bringing her COG back over the BOS. With a very heavy suitcase, the person's COG shifts farther to the left, so besides leaning to the right, she might raise her right arm out to the side in an attempt to shift the COG more to the right

Starting at anatomical position, what does shoulder flexion look like? Is the humerus moving on the scapula, or is the scapula moving on thee humerus?

Humerus is moving on scapula

How does hyaline cartilage differ from fibrocartilage? Give an example of each type of cartilage.

Hyaline cartilage is located on the bone ends of synovial joints and provides a smooth articulating surface. Fibrocartilage provides shock absorption and spacing. Examples of fibrocartilage are the menisci of the knee, and the discs of the vertebrae

What is the resultant force of the following muscles? -Two heads of the gastrocnemius

In between the two heads of the gastrocnemius

What is the resultant force of the following muscles? -Sternal and clavicular portions of the pectorals major

In between the two heads of the pectorals major

With respect to spinal flexion and extension, describe what happens to the load on the intervertebral disk

Increases with flexion and decreases with extension

With respect to spinal flexion and extension, describe what happens to the intervertebral foramen size

Increases with flexion, and decreases with extension

The hip is ___________ to the chest.

Inferior

Usually when a muscle contracts, the distal attachment moves toward the proximal attachment. What is another name to describe the distal attachment?

Insertion

When touching the left shoulder with the left hand, is a person using the contralateral or ipsilateral hand?

Ipsilateral

Sit in a good posture position with your index and middle fingers on the anterior surface of your lower jaw in the midline. Without allowing your fingers to move, push against them with your lower jaw. What type of muscle contraction (isometric, concentric, or eccentric) is occurring?

Isometric

If a clot breaks loose in a leg artery, where will it end up?

It will end up distal to its origin in a leg artery, or an arteriole small enough in diameter to prevent its passage

If a clot breaks loose in a leg vein, where will it end up?

It will end up in one of the pulmonary arteries (pr arterioles) in the lung, because it will travel until reaching a vessel with a small enough diameter to prevent further passage

What joint structure surrounds and encases the joint and protects the articular surfaces?

Joint capsule

The spinal cord extends to about what vertebral level?

L2

What is/are the most common levels for a herniated disk, and why?

L4-5 and L5-S1 because the PLL is thinner and more narrow at this level and does not ace as an effective barrier between the disc and the spinal cord

The radius is on the ________________ side of the forearm

Lateral

What is another term for moving the jaw toward the side?

Lateral deviation

Sit in a good posture position with your thumb beneath your chin. Open your mouth against slight pressure. Name the primary muscle responsible for moving the mouth

Lateral pterygoid

Sit in a good posture position with your thumb beneath your chin. Open your mouth against slight pressure. Name the primary muscle group that assists with this action

Lateral pterygoid, suprahyoid group

While lifting a suitcase up off the floor, what muscle is contracting and what type of contraction is it performing? (object on person's right)

Left quadrates lumborum contracts concentrically to perform left lateral bending back to the neutral position

What is the name of the series of ligaments that connect the lamina above to the lamina below along the length of the vertebral column?

Ligamentum flavum

Two people are standing on the same side of a patient's bed. They plan to move the patient towards them by pulling on the draw sheet. This move would be what type of force?

Linear force

If a person has a spinal cord injury at L4, would it be considered an upper or lower motor neuron lesion?

Lower motor neuron lesion

Sit in a good posture position with your thumb beneath your chin. Open your mouth against slight pressure. What is the joint motion?

Mandibular depression

Forming the letter O with your lips requires what motion of the TMJ, and contraction of what muscle that flattens the cheek?

Mandibular depression; buccinator

Biting off a tough piece of bread is usually done by placing it on one side of the mouth. The biting action requires what motion of the TMJ?

Mandibular elevation

Sit in a good posture position with your hands on each side of your jaw. Move your jaw from side to side against slight resistance. What is the joint motion?

Mandibular lateral deviation

Sit in a good posture position with your index and middle fingers on the anterior surface of your lower jaw in the midline. Without allowing your fingers to move, push against them with your lower jaw. What is the joint motion?

Mandibular protraction

What muscle makes up the fullness of the posterior portion of the cheek?

Masseter

Sit in a good posture position with your index and middle fingers on the anterior surface of your lower jaw in the midline. Without allowing your fingers to move, push against them with your lower jaw. Name the muscles responsible for moving the jaw forward.

Medial and lateral pterygoid

A delivery person has several boxes stacked on a hand truck. Would the person have to use more force to push the hand truck when the hand truck is more horizontal or vertical? Why?

More force is required when the hand truck is more horizontal. The force arm remains constant, while changing the angle of the hand truck lengthens or shortens the resistance arm. Lowering the load (angle becomes more horizontal) in effect lengthens the resistance arm and requires the person to exert more force. Raising the load (angle becomes more vertical) shortens the resistance arm and allows the person to use less force to move the hand truck

Would the spinal cord injury at L4 show clinical signs more like a spinal cord lesion or a peripheral nerve lesion? Why?

More like a peripheral nerve lesion because the spinal cord ends at L2. Below that, the cord is made up of a collection of nerve roots

What are the differences between upper and lower motor neurons?

Motor neurons that synapse above the level of the spinal cord's anterior horn are upper motor neurons. Those synapsing at the cell bodies or axons are lower motor neurons. Pathological conditions occurring to either upper or lower motor neurons have quite different clinical signs

Where are lymph capillaries found?

Muscles

Describe the neck and trunk motions in the sagittal plane around the frontal axis.

Neck and trunk flexion, extension, and hyperextension

Describe the neck and trunk motions in the frontal plane around the sagittal axis.

Neck and trunk lateral bending

Describe the neck and trunk motions in the transverse plane around the vertical axis.

Neck and trunk rotation

Identify the cervical position when you are lying supine on a sofa with your head propped up on a pillow or the sofa's arm

Neck flexion

Identify the cervical position when you are looking up at the top of a tall building from the street below

Neck hyperextension

Identify the cervical position when you are painting the ceiling

Neck hyperextension

Looking at a spot on the ceiling directly over your head involves what joint motion?

Neck hyperextension

Identify the cervical position when you are cradling the telephone between your ear and shoulder

Neck lateral bending

Identify the cervical position when you are sleeping on your stomach

Neck rotation and possibly hyperextension

If you wanted a muscle to lift a very strong load, what muscle fiber arrangement would you want?

Oblique

Exercises with weight cuffs

Open-chain activity

Overhead wall pulleys

Open-chain activity

Starting at anatomical position, what does shoulder flexion look like? Is that joint surface gliding in the same or opposite direction as the distal end of the moving bone?

Opposite direction

Usually when a muscle contracts, the distal attachment moves toward the proximal attachment. What is another name to describe the proximal attachment?

Origin

Is shoulder flexion and extension an arthrokinematic or osteokinematic type of motion?

Osteokinematic

The surface of the thumb metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint are what shape?

Ovoid

Arteries carry which type of blood? -What is the exception?

Oxygenated blood; pulmonary arteries

If you wanted a muscle to contract through a very great range, what muscle fiber arrangement would you want?

Parallel

Before moving the patient, what can the people do to increase their own stability?

People need to get as close to the bed as possible, as this shortens their lever arms; they need to move their legs apart, especially in the anterior-posterior direction as this increases their BOS; they need to bend their knees slightly as this lowers their COG

The calcareous is on the __________________ portion of the foot

Posterior

In children, does long bone growth occur at a traction epiphysis, or at a pressure epiphysis?

Pressure epiphysis

Describe the role of the transverse ligament

Prevents the dens from slipping posteriorly into the spinal cord.

What is another term for moving the jaw anteriorly?

Protraction of protrusion

The femur is ________________ to the tibia

Proximal

Starting at anatomical position, what does shoulder flexion look like? Is the proximal end of the humerus a concave, or convex joint surface?

Proximal end of humerus is convex

The blood vessels that transport blood from the heart to the lungs are the ________________________

Pulmonary arteries

The blood vessels that transport blood from the lungs to the heart are the ___________________

Pulmonary veins

The semilunar valve located at the exit of the right ventricle is also called the ____________________ valve

Pulmonic valve

Anterior-posterior expansion of the thorax can be compared to _____________________ handle motion

Pump handle movement

When cracking an almond with a nutcracker, will the almond be easier to crack if it is closer to the axis or closer to the end of the handles? Why?

Putting the nut closer to the axis makes the resistance arm shorter, thus making it easier to crack the nut

As the pelvis rises up on one side while ascending a step, what muscle is contracting, and what type of action is it performing?

Quadrates lumborum performs reverse muscle action to elevate the pelvis

Identify the phases of respiration occurring during sitting quietly

Quiet inspiration and expiration

What is another term for moving the jaw posteriorly?

Retraction or retrusion

What is the term that describes a muscle contraction in which the proximal end moves towards the distal end?

Reversal of muscle action

At the end of a 100-yd dash, describe how is the pectorals minor contracting, and what action is produced?

Reverse muscle action causes the pectorals minor to lift up on the rib cage assisting in inspiration

Sit in a good posture position with your hands on each side of your jaw. Move your jaw from side to side against slight resistance. Name the muscles responsible for moving the jaw to the right.

Right temporalis and master, left medial and lateral pterygoid

You stand a quarter on its edge and give it a small push so that it travels slowly across to the other side of the table. What type of arthrokinematic motion does this represent?

Roll

Humeral head

Rounded articular projection that fits into a joint

The seconds heart sound (dub) is heard when which valves close?

SL valves

Biting off a tough piece of bread is usually done by placing it on one side of the mouth. Which side of the jaw experiences some compression?

Same side as the bread

What is the purpose of sesamoid bones?

Sesamoid bones protect tendons from excess wear. The patella has the additional function of increasing the angle of pull of the quadriceps muscle.

The accessory motion forces occurring at the knee when a football player is hit on the front of the shin

Shear

Identify the 11 degrees of freedom of the upper extremity.

Shoulder = 3 Elbow = 1 Radioulnar = 1 Wrist = 2 MCP = 2 PIP = 1 DIP = 1

Diarthrodial, synovial, triaxial, and ball and soccer are all terms that can be used to describe which joint of thee upper extremity? Could these same terms apply to a joint in the lower extremity? If so, what joint is it?

Shoulder joint, and hip joint

Putting your hand in your back pocket involves what shoulder joint rotation?

Shoulder medial rotation

Biting off a tough piece of bread is usually done by placing it on one side of the mouth. Which side of the jaw experiences distraction?

Side opposite of the bread

You would feel what type of end feel at the end of the knee flexion range?

Soft end feel

Hold a pencil vertical with the lead end on the table. Holding the eraser end between your thumb and index finger, roll the pencil between your fingers, keeping the lead end in contact with the table. This is representative of which type of arthorkinematic motion?

Spin

While bending forward to pick up a light object from the floor, what spinal muscles are contracting and what type of contraction are they performing?

Spinal extensors are contracting eccentrically to control the rate and degree of flexion being caused by gravity

At what point does lymph drain into the vascular system?

Subclavian vein

In the anatomical position, the forearms are in what position?

Supination

A person lying on a bed staring at the ceiling is in what position?

Supine

What position would a person have to be in to perform shoulder abduction and adduction in a gravity-eliminated position?

Supine or prone lying

Which pressure is highest in an artery? When does it occur?

Systolic pressure (highest) occurs while the heart contracts

What muscles can be palpated superior and anterior to the ear?

Temporalis

What type of joint structure connects bone to muscle?

Tendon

In terms of BOS, why is it more difficult for a person in a wheelchair to balance on only the back wheels ("wheelie") rather than on all four wheels?

The BOS of a wheelchair during a "wheelie" is very narrow. To maintain balance, the person must keep the body's COG within the BOS. However, the BOS is very wide when the wheelchair is resting on all four wheels, and it is easy to keep the body's COG within it

How do the accessory muscles assist with breathing?

The accessory muscles of inspiration pull up on the sternum and rib cage while the accessory muscles of expiration pull down

With respect to spinal flexion and extension, describe what happens to the annular portion of the disk

The annulus compresses anteriorly with flexion, and posteriorly with extension

What portion of the temporalis is the most effective line of pull when biting down hard, and why?

The anterior fibers because they are oriented more vertically

The chondrosternal joints involve what structures?

The articulation of the costal cartilage of ribs 1-7 with the sternum

What are the differences between the axial and appendicular skeletons?

The axial skeleton contains no long or short bones, whereas the appendicular skeleton contains no irregular bones. The bones of thee axial skeleton are particularly important in providing support and protection; the appendicular skeleton provides the framework for the movement

The costovertebral and costotransverse joints involve what bony structures?

The bodies of the thoracic vertebrae articulate with the heads of the ribs (costoveertebral joint), and the transverse processes of the thoracic vertebrae articulate with the tubercles of the ribs (costotransverse joint)

Name the bony, membranous, and fluid features that protect the brain from trauma.

The brain is protected from trauma by (1) the bony outer layer called the skull, (2) the three layers of membrane called meninges, and (3) the cerebrospinal fluid, which provides shock absorption

You are handed a cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae. What identifying features help you distinguish among them?

The cervical vertebra has a bifid spinous process, and there are foramen in the transverse process. The thoracic vertebra has a long, slender, downward-pointing spinous process with rib facets on the body and transverse processes; the superior articular processes face posteriorly. The lumbar vertebra has a large spinous process pointing straight back; the superior articular processes face medially

Which posterior muscle groups are the most superficial?

The erector spinal

When a football is kicked through the goalposts, what type of motion is being demonstrated by the football? By the kicker?

The football is demonstrating curvilinear motion, whereas the kicker's leg is demonstrating angular motion

Biting off a tough piece of bread is usually done by placing it on one side of the mouth. What would happen to the force and resistance arms if the bread was moved to the front of the teeth instead?

The force arm would stay the same as the muscle attachments, and joint axis has not moved. The resistance arm would increase as the distance between the joint axis and the resistance (point where teeth contact bread) has gotten longer

What structural features allow the thoracic vertebrae to rotate but not flex?

The frontal plane position of the superior and inferior articular processes

If a person had a subdural hematoma from a blow to the head, where would that hematoma be located?

The hematoma would be deep in the dura, the outermost covering of the brain

The rectus femurs flexes the hip and extends the knee. The vastus medialis extends only the knee. In what position must the hip and knee bee placed to be able to stretch only the vastus medialis?

The hip must be flexed to place the rectus femurs on slack, and the knee is flexed

Sit in a good posture position with your thumb beneath your chin. Open your mouth against slight pressure. The TMJ muscles in what group are acting as stabilizers during this activity? Describe what structure they are stabilizing and what motion they are preventing.

The infrahyoid group contracts to stabilize the hyoid and prevent it from elevating then the supra hyoid group contracts

The diaphragm has only one bony attachment. How is the other end attached? How does the muscle work?

The insertion attaches to a central tendon. When the muscle is relaxed, it is dome shaped. When it contracts, the muscle flattens out, allowing more room in the thoracic cavity

If a person had pressure on a nerve root, what bony area is likely to be involved?

The intervertebral foramen made up of the inferior vertebral notch of the vertebra above and the superior vertebral notch the the vertebra below

In an individual who has lost the ability to pick up the toes (ankle dorsiflexion), what nerve is involved? What is a common term for this condition?

The involved nerve is the fibular nerve. The condition is referred to as foot drop

In an individual who has lost the ability to oppose the thumb, what nerve is involved? What is the term for this condition?

The involved nerve is the median nerve. The condition is referred to as ape hand

When the anterior surface of the forearm moves toward the anterior surface of the humerus, what joint motion is involved? In what plane is the motion occurring? Around what axis?

The joint motion involved is elbow flexion; it occurs in the sagittal plane around the frontal axis

What joint motion is involved in returning the fingers to anatomical position from the fully spread position? In what plane and around what axis does the joint motion occur?

The joint motion involved is finger (MP) adduction; it occurs in the frontal plane around the sagittal axis

What joint motions are involved in turning the palm of the hand? In what plane and around what axis does that joint motion occur?

The joint motions involved are forearm pronation (palm down) and supination (palm up); they occur in the transverse plane around the vertical axis

Lateral deviation of the mandible to the left involves both spinning and gliding motions. Describe how that happens

The left condyle spins in the mandibular socket while the right condyle slides forward

The line of pull of the right and left external intercostal muscles forms a V shape in front similar to the right and left external obliques. However, in the back, they have the opposite line of pull. Why?

The line of pull does not change from front to back, but the muscles move 180-degrees around the rib cage, giving the appearance of changing direction from front to back

Name the two bones and their articular surfaces that make up the tempromandibular joint

The mandibular fossa of the temporal bone, condyle of the mandible

Give an example of bony structures at the knee acting as a pulley to increase the angle of pull

The medial condyles of the tibia and femur increase the angle of pull of the gracilis. The patella and femoral condyles increases the angle of pull of the quadriceps

Name all of the joints that move when atlantoaxial rotation occurs. Identify the type/classification of each of these joints.

The median AA joint is a uniaxial pivot joint, and 2 lateral AA joints are plane-shaped synovial joints

Claw hand involved the loss of what muscle group? What nerve is primarily involved?

The muscle group involved with claw hand is the intrinsic group, which is mostly innervated by the ulnar nerve

Why does the quadratus lumborum muscle not play a role in trunk flexion, extension, or rotation?

The muscle's line of pull is through or close to the center of the frontal axis of trunk flexion and extension, thus making it ineffective in this motion. To be effective in rotation, the muscle's line of pull would have to be horizontal or diagonal. The quadrates lumborum has a vertical line of pull

At the end of a 100-yd dash, describe how does the action produced by the levator scapula, upper trapezius, and rhomboids help the pectorals minor assist with inspiration?

The muscles of scapular elevation stabilize the scapula, so the pectorals minor, in a reverse muscle action, pulls up on the ribs instead of pulling down on the coracoid process.

With respect to spinal flexion and extension, describe what happens to the nucleus portion of the disk

The nucleus moves posteriorly with flexion and anteriorly with extension

During AO joint extension, name the bony segment that is gliding and the direction of the glide.

The occipital condyle glides anteriorly on the superior articular facet of C1

What is the muscle origin of all accessory inspiration muscles in relation to the rib cage?

The origin, is above the rib cage and in a position to pull the rib cage up

Please perform an analysis of what is happening to the length of the rectus femoris muscle at both the hip and the knee when an individual moves from a seated position to a standing position

The rectus femoris is lengthening over the anterior aspect of the hip and contracting (shortening) over the anterior aspect of the knee

A muscle on the right side of the trunk will always produce lateral bending to which side?

The right side (same side)

What structural features allow the lumbar vertebrae to flex, but not rotate?

The sagittal plane position of the superior and inferior articular processes

Two people have the same weight and BOS, but one is on stilts, which person is more stable? Why?

The shorter person, who is not on stilts, because they have a lower COG

What bony structures make up the thorax?

The sternum, ribs, costal cartilages, thoracic vertebrae

At the end of a 100-yd dash, describe what stabilizing muscles are contracting to allow the abdominals to assist with expiration? Why are they needed?

The trunk extensors contract to neutralize the trunk flexion force created by the abdominals, allowing the abdominals to pull down on the ribs instead of flexing the trunk

Putting a weight cuff in which position would require more effort at the shoulder joint to move the weight cuff through shoulder range of motion?

The wrist, because there is a longer resistance arm when the weight is around the wrist than when it is around the elbow

At the end of a 100-yd dash, describe how are the levator scapula, upper trapezius, and rhomboids contracting, and what motion they are working together to produce?

They perform a concentric contraction to produce scapular elevation. This exerts an upward pull on the rib cage via the scapula's connection to the clavicle, assisting in inspiration

Biting off a tough piece of bread is usually done by placing it on one side of the mouth. What class lever system is the TMJ functioning as with respect to this motion?

Third-class lever

Compare the push rims of a standard wheelchair and a racing wheelchair. Note that the racing wheelchair has much smaller push rims. What is the advantage of smaller push rims to a wheelchair racer?

This demonstrates the concept of the wheel and axle. The smaller push rum will require more force, but the distance the wheelchair will travel with a single push is greater

When the joint surface of the first metacarpal glides posteriorly on the trapezium during thumb abduction, is this considered an osteokinematic movement or an arthrokinematic movement? Why?

This is an arthrokinematic movement because we are referring to the direction of movement of the "joint surfaces"

Which lymph duct drains a larger area of the body?

Thoracic duct

How do thoracic nerves differ from cervical or lumbar nerves?

Thoracic nerves directly innervate the muscles near where they arise from the spinal cord. Cervical or lumbar nerves branch or divide, forming a plexus and innervating muscle quite distal to the level of the cord from which they originate

What is another term for "adam's apple?"

Thyroid cartilage

Why are rubber tips put on the ends of crutches?

To increase the amount of friction between the crutch tip and the ground to prevent slippage

Sitting in a chair, a man turns around to look behind him. What type of force is being applied to the vertebral column?

Torsional

The accessory motion forces occurring at the wrist when opening a jar

Torsional

The accessory motion forces occurring at the elbow when picking up one end of the table

Traction or distraction

The accessory motion forces occurring to the shoulders of a child when they are being swung around by their arms

Traction or distraction

The right atrioventricular (AV) valve is also referred to as the ________________ valve

Tricuspid valve

Identify the main trunk action during the follow through of punting a football

Trunk flexion

Identify the main trunk action when doing a backward handstand

Trunk hyperextension

Identify the main trunk action when reaching down to pick up a suitcase beside you

Trunk lateral bending

Picking up a pencil on the floor beside your chair involves what trunk joint motion?

Trunk lateral bending

Identify the main trunk action when preparing to hit a tennis ball with a backhand swing with the racket in your right hand

Trunk rotation to left

Identify the main trunk action when hitting a tennis ball with the backhand swing

Trunk rotation to right