anatomy ch 11
Given these events, arranged in order of which they occur during platelet plug formation
1,3,2 (coagulation begins, fibrinogen, blood clot forms)
lifespan of platelets
10 days
Place the four major events of coagulation in chronological order: 1. Conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin 2. Conversion of prothrombin to thrombin 3. Formation of prothrombin activator 4. Interaction of fibrin threads with the platelet plug
2,3,4,1
Although antigens are present at the time of birth, antibodies usually do not appear in the blood until the age of
2-8 months
although antigens are present at the time of birth, antibodies usually don't appear in blood until the age of ______
2-8 weeks
Hemoglobin molecule has ___ heme groups and ___ globin molecules
4,4
The hematocrit is normally
45%
Identify the normal erythrocyte count
5 million/cubic mm
Identify the normal leukocyte count
6,000/cubic mm
Type A blood contains antigen
A
A person with type AB blood would have ___ antigens on red blood cells, and ___ antibodies carried in the plasma
A and B, neither anti-a or anti-b
An individual has A antigens on the surface of their red blood cells and anti B antibodies in their plasma. The blood type of this individual is
A-
Persons with ABO blood type _____ are often called universal recipients.
AB
Which is the rarest ABO blood type?
AB
Identify the types of plasma proteins
Albumins, fibrinogen and globulins
Which of these statements about hemolytic disease of the newborn is true?
All of these statements are correct
Type B blood contains antibody ___ in the plasma
Anti-A
Type A blood contains antibody ___ in the plasma
Anti-B
A person with type A blood has
Antigen A and the anti-b antibody
what are alternatives to matching blood types
Autotransfusion tech and blood substitutes
Type B blood contains antigen
B
___ in the blood of the newborn can lead to brain damage or death
Bilirubin
Which of the following is NOT related to red blood cell structure and function?
Bilobed nucleus
What mineral is necessary for blood coagulation?
Calcium
Identify the types of formed elements
Erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets
Hemorrhagic bleeding disorders may result from a deficiency of vitamin
K
How is red blood cell production controlled in The Body
Negative feedback mechanism using erythroproteins from the kidneys
An individual has Rh antigens on the surface of their red blood cells and anti A and anti B antibodies in the plasma. The blood type of this individual is
O+
Red blood cells with combined hemoglobin and combined high oxygen concentrations are said to have
Oxyhemoglobin
Show these statements about the ABO blood group is NOT true?
Person with type O blood has both the a and B antigens
Select the statement about red blood cells that is incorrect
Red blood cells are rarely damaged during circulation and live for decades
hemolytic disease of the newborn is prevented by giving Rh- women an ___
Rh immunoglobulin injection
if red blood cells lack Rh antigens, the blood is called
Rh-
The risk of hemolytic disease of the newborn exists when the mother is ______ and the child is ______
Rh-, Rh+
the Rh blood group was named after the
Rhesus monkey
red blood cells are produced in the red marrow of...
Skull, Ribs, Vertebrae, Iliac crests, Ends of long bones
Identify the function of erythropoietin
Stimulates the production of red blood cells
Which of these statements is true?
The largest percentage of people in the US are type O
The blood type that lacks antigens a or B is
Type O
mrs Smith needs a blood transfusion. She has type O blood. What type could she safely be given?
Type O only
A group of inherited clotting disorders called hemophilias are due to
a deficiency of clotting factors
Osmotic pressure is created from
a difference in solute concentration on either side of a semipermeable membrane
Clumping of red blood cells is called
agglutination
when antibodies in the plasma bind to antigens on red blood cells clumping
agglutination
White blood cells lacking granular cytoplasm are called
agranulocytes
A person with Type AB blood can safely receive blood from a person with
all of the above
Illness characterized by tiredness, cells are not getting enough oxygen due to decreased hemoglobin or decreased number of red blood cells
anemia
plasma contains proteins called ___ that are very specific to the antigen
antibodies
red blood cells have molecules called ___ on its surface
antigens
Identify the type of white blood cell that releases histamine and heparin
basophil
Identify the type of white blood cell that fights parasitic infections and decreases allergic reactions
basophils
the shape of a red blood cell
biconcave disc
Which pressure is greater on the arteriole side of a capillary?
blood
pushes blood through the capillary
blood pressure
Choose the correct order for the steps of hemostasis
blood vessel spasm, platelet plug formation, blood coagulation
thin, shiny layer that separates wbc's and rbc's
buffy coat
Which of the following is NOT a function of plasma proteins?
carry oxygen
the process by which blood changes from a liquid to a gel, forming a blood clot
coagulation
Which of the following accounts for the movement of carbon dioxide between the blood in the tissue fluid?
diffusion
movement of a substance from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
diffusion
What type of movement of materials occurs in the midsection of a capillary?
diffusion into and out of the capillary
The accumulation of excess fluid is the cause of
edema
if a clot in the unbroken blood vessel dislodges and travels into the blood
embolus
The white cell that would increase in certain parasitic infections in allergic reactions is
eosinophils
Red blood cells are also called
erythrocytes
The clumping together of red blood cells when unlike (incompatible) types of blood are mixed is due to antibodies in the plasma and antigens on the
erythrocytes
Which of the following formed elements of blood are essential to gas exchange at tissues?
erythrocytes
Cellular constituents of blood
formed elements
list the 2 parts of blood
formed elements and plasma
The blood of every person contains one of ___ combinations of antigens
four
White blood cells with granular cytoplasm are called
granulocytes
The percentage of blood made up of red blood cells is called the
hematocrit
the process of blood cell production
hematopoiesis
Identify the iron-containing molecule within erythrocytes that binds to oxygen
hemoglobin
The ___ is the oxygen caring substance in a red blood cell
hemoglobin
The main component of erythrocytes is
hemoglobin
the respiratory pigment found in a red blood cell that transports oxygen is called
hemoglobin
inherited clotting disorder in which the slightest bump can cause bleeding into the tissues
hemophilias
Antibodies for Rh appear
in response to stimulation by exposure to Rh antigens
The production of red cells is dependent on an adequate intake of mainly
iron, folic acid, and vitamin B12
Erythropoietin is produced primarily by the:
kidneys
Compared to red blood cells, white blood cells are
larger and have a nucleus
A form of cancer characterized by uncontrolled production of white blood cells is
leukemia
Identify the formed element responsible for fighting infection, removing dead and dying cells and destroying cancerous cells
leukocytes
What's all that protect (fight infection and remove dead cells) the body are called
leukocytes
The majority of clotting factors are produced by the
liver
The majority of plasma proteins are produced by the ____
liver
Identify the organs that remove old and damaged red blood cells from circulation
liver and spleen
where are red blood cells destroyed?
liver and spleen
Erythropoietin is produced in response to:
low oxygen levels
which other system of the body are white blood cells associated with?
lymphatic system
Identify a type of white blood cell that is associated with specific immunity
lymphocyte
The white blood cell that forms antibodies necessary for immunity to specific diseases is the
lymphocyte
The white cell that is not a granulocyte is a
lymphocyte
In red bone marrow, platelets develop from stem cells called
megakaryocytes
A platelet, which is a fragment of a soul, lacks a nucleus and
mitochondria
Which of the following is NOT a granular lymphocyte?
monocyte
Macrophage differentiate from
monocytes
Type O blood cells have
neither A nor B antigens
the most numerous white blood cells are
neutrophils
Individuals with type AB+ blood would have ______ antibodies in their plasma
no anti-A, anti-B, or anti-Rh
red blood cells cannot reproduce because they lack ___ when they are mature
nuclei
Identify the type of white blood cell that is first to respond to an infection
nuetrophils
Polycythemia is an elevated:
number of red blood cells
___ leave a capillary and ___ enter a capillary
nutrients and oxygen, cellular wastes
Pernicious anemia is an example of
nutritional anemia
Persons with ABO blood type ___ are often called universal donors
o
Which of the following accounts for the movement of fluid into the capillary at its venous end?
osmosis
force caused by a difference in solute concentration on either side of a membrane
osmotic pressure
White blood cells combat infection by
phagocytosis and production of antibodies
The fluid component of blood is called
plasma
The formed elements of blood include all of the following except
plasma
a light yellow fluid that contains a variety of inorganic and organic molecules dissolved or suspended in water
plasma
Fragments of megakaryocytes are
platelets
Identify the formed element that functions in initiating the process of blood clotting
platelets
Identify the substance that converts prothrombin to thrombin
prothrombin activator
The antigens of the ABO blood group are located in the
red blood cell membrane
Hematopoiesis is the production of:
red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets
In an adult, red blood cells are produced in
red marrow
Which of the following is NOT a defense function of the blood?
regulates pH
Who is at risk for developing fatal Rh incompatibility?
second Rh+ fetus of Rh- mother
Plasma minus fibrinogen and prothrombin is called
serum
Damage to the brain from interruption of its blood supply
stroke
Identify the substance that helps to convert fibrinogen into fibrin
thrombin
What is a low platelet count called?
thrombocytopenia
low platelet count, it is one cause of impaired clotting. it occurs when antibodies attack platelets
thrombocytopenia
A blood clot that forms and stays in an unbroken blood vessel is a
thrombus
clot formed in an unbroken blood vessel
thrombus
3 functions of blood
transportation, regulation, defense
Red blood cells in the blood lack a nucleus and therefore cannot synthesize proteins or reproduce
true
The average lifespan of a red blood cell is 120 days
true
Mr. Jones has type a blood and needs a transfusion. What type could he safely be given?
type A or O
Identify the type of blood type that is the "universal recipient"
type AB
A person with Type A blood can safely receive blood from a person with
type O
A person with Type O blood can safely receive blood from a person with
type O
From which section of a capillary does water and small dissolved solutes move into the capillary?
venous end
Plasma consists of 90-92% of ____
water
What is the most common component in the plasma?
water
