Anatomy Ch. 3

ECF

mainly Na and Cl

A

Adenine

Hydrophillic

Attracted to water

Polar

Charged molecule

Charge

Charged molecules can't pass easily

Selectively Permeable

Controls the entrance and exit of substances into the cell means it is...

C

Cytosine

Protein Synthesis Equation

DNA - mRNA - Protein

G

Guanine

Smooth ER

Has no ribosomes, helps lipid synthesis, fat absorption in GI Tracts, and breaks down drugs.

Cytosol (Make up)

Mainly K and PO4

Proteins

Makes up many of the structures and chemicals of the body. Most complex chemical structure. Brings nitrogen into the body. Made of Amino Acids that are linked by Peptide Bonds

Matrix

Mitochondria, filled with enzyme-solution fluid called...

Cilia and Flagella

Motile extensions of some cells

Ions

Na+, K+, Cl-, I-

Transport Mechanisms

Passive and Active Transport

Electrical Gradient

Present because the inside of the cell surface is more negative than the outside of the cell surface. Separation of Ions near the membrane

Cisternae

Stack of 6+ membranes

Golgi Body

Stack of 6+ membranes called cisternae. Refines packages and delivers proteins. Synthesized by rough ER. Chemically modify glycoproteins as they pass from sac to sac.

Fluid Mosaic Model

The currently accepted model of cell membrane structure, which envisions the membrane as a mosaic of individually inserted protein molecules drifting laterally in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids.

Cholesteral

The presence of .............. also affects this permeabilty

T

Thymine

Endocytosis

Vesicular transport into a cell

Minerals

Vitamins; A, B, C, D, E, K. Ions

Membrane Potential

Voltage due to the separation of + and - ions

Lipid Soluble

Water-Insoluble

Cytoskeleton

a series of protein rods and tubules that form a supportive framework

Inclusions

a shared group of chemicals in different cells

Signal Transduction

allows cell to receive and respond to incoming messages

Isotonic Solution

any solution that has the same osmotic pressure as bodily fluid

mRNA

carries code to Ribosomes

Microfilaments

cause various types of movement within the cell. Smaller in diameter than microtubules.

3 basic cells parts

cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus

Nucleolus

condensed central part that is composed of proteins and RNA. Has no membrane, assembles ribosomes

Lysosomes

contain enzymes to dismantle debris. Only function under acidic conditions so they don't destroy the cells around them

DNA

contains code for proteins, made of nucleotides

Nucleus

contains genetic material, most central portion of the cell.

Rough ER

contains ribosomes on the surface, helps with protein synthesis

Selective permeability

depends on; lipid solubility, size, charge, presence of channels and transporters

Metabolism

describes every single biochemical reaction going on in the body.

Osmosis

diffusion of water molecules from higher to lower concentration across a selectively permeable membrane. Higher solute concentration means a Higher osmotic pressure

Facilitated Diffusion

diffusion that is aided by membrane proteins. Important to transport of ions, water, water - soluble glucose, amino acids

Peripheral protein

does not extend all the way through, remains at the surface. Many are enzymes. take part in signal transduction.

Passive transport

does not require cellular energy. Depends upon concentration difference.

Mitochondria

double layer inn membrane, inner layer forms folds known as cristae

Nuclear membrane

double layer with large pores

Integral Protein

extends from the ECF to the ICF provides routes in and out for smaller molecules and ions. Provides route in and out of cell for small molecules. Find to specific molecules

Cytosol

fluid that suspends organelles and disolves solutes, thick, clear

Filtration

forced movement through a membrane base on pressure.

Monosaccharides

glucose, fructose, lactose

Chromatid

half of a chromosome

Presence of channels and transporters

help with the movement of things

Cristae

inner layer folds in mitochondria

ATP

intracellular carrier of chemical energy. High energy bonds are found between the phosphate groups.

Cytoplasm

intracellular fluid containing organelles, cytosol, and inclusions

Size

large molecules can't pass through easily or at all.

Catabolism

larger molecules are broken down into smaller ones, releasing energy.

Anabolism

larger molecules are constructed from smaller ones, requiring energy inputs. Required for cellular growth and repair.

Phospholipids

lipids that contain phosphorus

Centrosome

located near the nucleus of animal cells. Consists of two hollow cylinders called centrioles. organized in 9 groups of 3. Form fibers that will control chromosomal movement. Also help form flagella and cillia

Fatty Acids

long carbon chains

Fats

long carbon chains called Fatty Acids. Used as a long term storage of energy, making structures, steroids.

Carbohydrates

long units of simple structures. Major source of ATP

Flagella

long, whip like tail found on a cell.

Chromatin

loosely coiled fibers in the nuclear fluid. DNA molecules wrapped around histones.

Membrane Proteins

many different types providing specialized functions

Endoplasmic Reticulum

membrane bound flattened sacs, elongated canals, fluid filled vesicles. Interconnected and communicate with the cell membrane and other organelles

Electrochemical Gradient

membrane maintains an electrical and chemical gradient between the inside and outside of the cell membrane.

Chemical Gradient

membrane maintains different chemicals between the cytosol (ICF) and the ECF

Microtubules

more rigid than microfilaments, adding more structure to the cell. More organelles and structures within the cell.

Exocytosis

movement of molecules out of a cell.

Active Transport

net movement of particles passing through a membrane from lower concentration to higher concentration.

non polar

neutral molecule

Organelles

parts of a cell that have specific functions, Ribosomes, assemble amino acid chains

tRNA

picks up amino acids. has anti-codon which determines which amino acid brings parts

Peroxisomes

present in all cells, most abundant in kidney and liver cells. catalyze metabolic reactions to release H2O2. Use enzyme to then destroy H2O2. Breakdown lipids, rare biochemicals, form bile. Detoxification of alcohols.

Hydrolysis

process where water is used to break down carbs, lipids, and proteins.

Histones

protein clusters

Cellular Respiration

release energy from molecules, and make it available for cellular use. Forms ATP. High energy bonds are found between the phosphate groups. Series of 14 Steps

hydrophobic

repels water

Cilia

small hair like projections from the surface of the cell. Typically found on epithelial cells. Maintain a constant rowing pattern.

Hypotonic solution

solution that has a lower osmotic pressure than bodily fluids

Hypertonic solution

solution with a higher osmotic pressure than bodily fluids.

Lipid Solubility

substances dissolved in lipids pass easily

Cell membrane

surface membrane that separates the external environment from the Internal Environment

Pinocytosis

takes in liquids. Water and particles dissolved in it that would otherwise be too large.

Phagocytosis

takes in solid particles. Disposal of foreign objects, removal of damages cells and parts, destruction of disease causing organisms.

Diffusion

tendency of atoms, molecules, and ions in a liquid or air solution to move from areas of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

Nutrients

the molecules your body is constantly breaking up, rebuilding, and breaking up again.

Chromosome

thickened rods of chromatin, only during cells division.

Microtubules and Microfilaments

threadlike structures found throughout the cytoplasm forming the cytoskeleton

Enzyme

type of protein that controls the rate of a reaction

Amino Acids

valine, leucine, alanine

Head

water soluble phosphate group from the outer surface. Hydrophillic

Tails

water- insoluble fatty acid chains that make up the interior of the membrane Hydrophobic