Anatomy Chapter 11
Describe the blood's path and which part is oxygenated and which part is not.
((left atrium>left ventricle>aorta>arteries>arterioles)oxygenated blood)>((capillaries)O2 + CO2 exchange)>((venules>veins>superior or inferior vena cava>right atrium>right ventricle>pulmonary artery)deoxygenated)>((lungs)O2 + CO2 exchange)>((pulmonary valve>left atrium)oxygenated)
What is the approximate blood volume?
6 quarts
crushing chest pain caused by low oxygen in the myocardium
angina pectoris
What are the 4 vital signs of our bodies?
arterial pulse, blood pressure, respiratory rate, body temperature
What causes the heart rate to change?
autonomic nervous system activity, chemicals/hormones/ions, blood volume or heart is weakened
slow heart rate (less than 60 bpm)
bradychardia
pumping efficiency of the heart is slowed and circulation is inadequate to meet tissue needs.
congestive heart failure
insidious filling of the blood vessels with fatty, calcified deposits
coronary artery disease
Increased diameter of the arterioles (increase or decrease in BP?)
decrease
alcohol(increase or decrease in BP?)
decrease
hemorrhage(increase or decrease in BP?)
decrease
increased urine output(increase or decrease in BP?)
decrease
physical training(increase or decrease in BP?)
decrease
sudden change in position from reclining to standing(increase or decrease in BP?)
decrease
Cold ______ heart rate
decreases
When calcium levels decrease, heart rate ______.
decreases
When potassium levels decrease, heart rate ______.
decreases
heart relaxing
diastole
bacterial infection of the endocardium
endocarditis
What factors lead to an increase in cardiac output by influencing either heart rate or stroke volume?
epinephrine, thyroxine, fear, exercise, activation of the sympathetic nervous system, low blood pressure, fever
rapid uncoordinated shuddering of the heart muscle (bag if worms)
fibrillation
anxiety, fear(increase or decrease in BP?)
increase
arteriosclerosis(increase or decrease in BP?)
increase
increased blood viscosity(increase or decrease in BP?)
increase
increased cardiac output(increase or decrease in BP?)
increase
increased pulse rate(increase or decrease in BP?)
increase
nicotine(increase or decrease in BP?)
increase
physical exercise(increase or decrease in BP?)
increase
Heat ______ heart rate
increases
lack of adequate blood supply to the heart muscle
ischemia
Why are valves present in veins but not in arteries?
it helps to push the blood back up to the heart
inferior, thick-walled discharging chambers. They actually pump the heart.
left/right ventricles
The entire blood supply passes through the body once each ____________.
minute
abnormal or unusual heart beat; usually valve problems
murmurs
heart attack; where heart cells die
myocardial infarction
decrease in serous fluid and makes heart movements painful
pericarditis
when blood vessels within the lungs become swollen with blood. if untreated, person suffocates
pulmonary edema
hollow chambers. not really important with the pumping action.
right/left atrium
heart contracting
systole
fast heart rate (over 100 bpm)
tachycardia
valve flaps become stiff; ultimately weakens the heart
valvular stenosis
How are veins compared to arteries?
veins: thinner walls; pressure is lower all the time. venous return is equal to cardiac output. arteries: thicker walls, tunica media is heavier to allow dilating and recoiling from pumping; walls strong and stretchy
