anatomy chapter 16

Special sensory inputs arrive by which cranial nerves?

II and VIII

Preganglionic fibers of parasympathetic neurons are present in all of the following cranial nerves except

XII

Tom suffers from hypertension (high blood pressure). Which of the following might help deal with his problem?

a drug that blocks alpha-1 receptors in smooth muscle and blocks beta receptors in cardiac muscle tissue

Damage to the glossopharyngeal nerve would likely cause

a reduction in saliva

Autonomic tone is an important aspect of ANS function because it

allows ANS neurons to increase or decrease their activity, providing a range of control options.

A certain drug decreases heart rate by blocking a receptor on cardiac pacemaker cells. This drug probably binds to ________ receptors.

beta-1 adrenergic

Which of the following is not innervated by the celiac ganglia?

bladder

The short reflex bypasses what part of the nervous system?

central nervous system

Most long-term memories are stored in the

cerebral cortex

Clusters of ganglionic sympathetic neurons lying along either side of the spinal cord are called sympathetic ________ ganglia.

chain

The ganglia located lateral to the vertebral column are part of the sympathetic

chain

Identify the round structure labeled "3."

chain ganglion

All parasympathetic neurons are

cholinergic

Clusters of ganglionic sympathetic neurons that innervate organs in the abdominopelvic region are called ________ ganglia.

collateral

The celiac, superior mesenteric and inferior mesenteric ganglia are collectively called ________ ganglia.

collateral

Which type of ganglionic neuron innervates visceral organs in the abdominopelvic cavity?

collateral ganglionic neurons

A state of unconsciousness in which an individual cannot be aroused even by strong stimuli is

coma

Sympathetic nerves

contains short preganglionic fibers and longer postganglionic fibers.

Stimulation of the neurons in the celiac ganglion would lead to

conversion of liver glycogen reserves into glucose

The parasympathetic division is also called the ________ division.

craniosacral

Damage to the ventral roots of the first five thoracic spinal nerves on the right side of the body would interfere with the ability to

dilate the right pupil

Which of the following is essential for memory consolidation?

hippocampus

Which of the following is an inherited disease characterized by destruction of ACh- secreting and GABA-secreting neurons in the basal nuclei causing difficulty controlling movements?

huntingdon's disease

The integrative centers for autonomic activity are located in the

hypothalamus

Visceral motor neuron nuclei are located in which part of the brain?

hypothalamus

Stimulation of the beta receptors on heart muscle cells results in

increased heart rate and force of contraction

Which of the following would be an example of higher-level control of autonomic function?

increased heart rate when you see a person you fear

Conversion of a short-term memory to a long-term memory is called

memory consolidation.

In which system are the ganglia in or near the target organ?

parasympathetic division of the ANS

The conscious state is maintained by the

reticular activating system

Sympathetic preganglionic fibers are ________ and have ________ axons.

short; myelinated

Ganglionic neurons innervate all of the following except

skeletal muscle

Which of the following is not controlled by the ANS?

skeletal muscle system

The somatic nervous system affects skeletal muscles. Name effectors of the autonomic nervous system.

smooth muscle, glands, cardiac muscle, adipocytes

In general, autonomic tone of peripheral blood vessels increases when

sympathetic stimulation is increased.

An age-related decline in mental function characterized by difficulties with spatial orientation, memory, language, and personality is called

senile dementia

Visceral reflex arcs can bypass CNS neurons in ________ reflexes.

short

Which of the following statements is true? The stimulation of beta-adrenergic receptors can lead to 1. an increase in metabolic activity. 2. contraction of airway smooth muscle. 3. the breakdown of triglycerides within adipocytes.

1 and 3

A doctor places drops in the eyes to dilate the pupils for an examination. The type of drug that is used is a(n) ________ drug. 1. sympathomimetic 2. parasympathomimetic 3. adrenergic activating 4. cholinergic activating

1,3

Blocking ________ receptors in the ________ prevents long-term memory formation.

NMDA; hippocampus

If the receptor on the postsynaptic membrane binds to norepinephrine, the synapse is called

adrenergic

Which of the following statements concerning the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is false?

Preganglionic fibers are relatively short and postganglionic fibers are relatively long.

During ________ sleep, dreaming occurs.

REM

Which of the following is not a true statement regarding the sympathetic division?

The effects are not widespread but very specific and localized.

Most sympathetic effector junctions release norepinephrine but a significant number release acetylcholine instead. Which of these is an example of an organ of the cholinergic type?

a sweat gland

Collateral ganglia contain neurons that innervate tissues and organs in which cavity?

abdominopelvic

Parasympathetic effects are localized and short-lived because

acetylcholine is inactivated at the synapse by acetylcholinesterase.

The inherited brain disorder Huntington's disease is caused by the destruction of basal nuclei that use different neurotransmitters. One neurotransmitter is ________ and the other is ________.

acetylcholine; GABA

An inhaler used to treat airway constriction in asthma or allergy might contain a drug that

activates β2 adrenergic receptors.

Specialized ganglionic sympathetic neurons that release hormones into the bloodstream are found within the

adrenal medullae

The brain waves produced by normal adults while resting with their eyes closed are ________ waves.

alpha

Regarding the sympathetic nervous system, the neurotransmitter ACh is

always excitatory when used in the synapses of the sympathetic nervous system.

A decrease in the autonomic tone of the smooth muscle in a blood vessel would result in

an increase in blood flow through the vessel.

Mechanisms involved in memory formation and storage involve all of the following except

anterograde amnesia.

Muscarinic receptors

are normally activated by acetylcholine

Drugs that block nicotinic receptors would be

autonomic blocking agents

Nerve networks that include both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers that reach the same structure are called

autonomic plexuses.

Preganglionic neurons of the autonomic nervous system are located in

both the brainstem and the lateral gray horns of the spinal cord.

The adrenal medullae secret

both epinephrine and norepinephrine.

Control of the diameter of the respiratory passages depends upon

both parasympathetic and sympathetic levels of stimulation.

Dual innervation refers to an organ receiving

both sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation.

Sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers that innervate the heart pass through the

cardiac plexus

Which of the following is not a parasympathetic ganglion?

celiac

Drugs that have effects similar to those of sympathetic activation are called sympathomimetic drugs. Which of the following would you not expect to observe in a person who has taken a sympathomimetic drug?

decreased blood pressure

Each of the following effects is associated with the action of postganglionic sympathetic fibers except

decreased heart rate

What mental illness is often improved by drugs that block serotonin re-uptake?

depression

The parasympathetic nervous system is especially active during which physiological state?

digestion

Injury to the neurons of a collateral ganglion would affect the function of the

digestive tract

Sympathomimetic drugs might be used to

dilate airways

Parasympathetic functions include all of the following, except

dilation of the airways

Most vital organs receive ________ innervation. That is, they receive input from both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.

dual

Descending branches of the vagus and splanchnic nerves travel through the ________ plexus.

esophageal

Drugs known as beta-blockers may be useful for treating

excessive heart rate

Disorders involving the vagus nerve might cause

food to remain in your stomach longer.

For minor surgical procedures, Valium is typically given to patients to cause anterograde amnesia. This means the patient will temporarily

forget memories from during and immediately after surgery.

Identify the structure labeled "6."

ganglionic neuron

Preganglionic fibers leave the CNS and then synapse on

ganglionic neurons

Alzheimer's disease is characterized by all of the following except that it

has a clear genetic basis

Changes in the central nervous system that accompany aging include all of the following except

increased memory storage

Parasympathetic stimulation

increases gastric motility

Splanchnic nerves

innervate the viscera or internal organs

Nicotine poisoning differs from muscarine poisoning in that

it causes skeletal muscle convulsions.

Preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system are located in the

lateral gray horns of segments T1 to L2 of the spinal cord.

As the result of an accident, the white rami communicantes of spinal nerves T1 and T2 on the left side of Brad's body are severed. What organ(s) would you expect to be affected by this injury?

left pupil and heart

Based on stimulation studies, the "headquarters" of the reticular activating system appears to be based in the

midbrain

The majority of norepinephrine released by varicosities only briefly affects the target tissue because it is quickly reused or broken down by

monoamine oxidase.

Which of the following is a sympathetic neurotransmitter used for vasodilation?

nitric oxide

What neurotransmitter is released from most varicosities in the sympathetic division?

norepinephrine

The regulation of awake-asleep cycles appears to involve an interplay between brain stem nuclei that use different neurotransmitters. The one that favors alertness is ________ and the other promoting deep sleep is ________.

norepinephrine; serotonin

Nicotinic receptors

open chemically-gated sodium ion channels

Which is not a sympathetic ganglion?

otic

The ________ division of the autonomic nervous system is said to function during "rest and digest."

parasympathetic

Intramural ganglia in the digestive, urinary, and reproductive organs are innervated by the ________ nerves.

pelvic

Preganglionic fibers from the sacral segments of the spinal cord form the ________ nerve(s).

pelvic

Identify the structure labeled "4."

postganglionic fibers of sympathetic nerve

A visceral motor neuron whose cell body is within the CNS is called a(n)________ neuron.

preganglionic

Identify the structure labeled "1."

preganglionic neuron

Autonomic disorders would not cause

problems related to skeletal muscle function

Which of the following visceral reflexes is not coordinated by the medulla oblongata?

pupillary relfex

Identify the structure labeled "2."

spinal nerve

Parasympathetic preganglionic fibers leave the CNS in all of the following locations except

spinal segments T1-L2.

Preganglionic fibers that innervate the collateral ganglia form the

splanchnic nerves.

Hallucinogenic drugs, such as LSD, function by

stimulating serotonin receptors

Sympathetic postganglion fibers that innervate the small intestines originate from the

superior mesenteric ganglion.

The ________ nervous system stimulates the arrector pili muscles and gives you "goosebumps."

sympathetic

A pedestrian narrowly avoids being hit by an oncoming car. He notices that it takes a little while for his heart rate and respiratory rate to return to normal. This is likely because

sympathetic activation of the adrenal medulla has released epinephrine and norepinephrine into the bloodstream.

Postganglionic fibers that innervate targets in the body wall or thoracic cavity originate on neurons within

sympathetic chain ganglia.

Which of the following is correctly matched?

sympathetic: short preganglionic and long postganglionic fibers

Drugs that stimulate alpha receptors, causing constriction of peripheral vessels, are

sympathomimetic.

Parasympathetic ganglia that are near the eyes and salivary glands are called ________ ganglia.

terminal

Long-term memories that are with you for a lifetime are called ________ memories.

tertiary

Which of the following is not true regarding visceral reflex arcs?

they are monosynaptic

Sympathetic nerves contain postganglionic fibers that innervate organs in which cavity?

thoracic

In the sympathetic nervous system, where are the preganglionic neurons located?

thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord

The sympathetic division of the ANS is also known as which of the following?

thoracolumbar division

The statement "It controls the diameter of the pupil" is

true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems.

The statement "Preganglionic axon terminals release acetylcholine" is

true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems.

The statement "It initiates contraction of urinary bladder smooth muscle" is

true only for the parasympathetic nervous system.

The statement "Its postganglionic axons always use acetylcholine as the neurotransmitter" is

true only for the parasympathetic nervous system.

Postganglionic axons usually are

unmyelinated

Parasympathetic blocking agents can be useful in treating

urinary incontinence

Almost 75 percent of all parasympathetic outflow travels along the ________ nerve(s).

vagus

Sympathetic axon terminals form a branching network of swollen segments called

varicosities.

Mary accidentally ate poisonous mushrooms that contain muscarine. You would expect to observe all of the following symptoms except

very fast heart rate

________ reflexes perform the simplest functions of the autonomic nervous system.

visceral