anatomy chapter 7 skeletal system

which statements characterize concentric lamellae of osteons

- they contain collagen fibers -they are rings of bone tissue -their numbers vary among osteons

which statements describe an osteon

-It runs parallel to the diaphysis of a long bone -It is microscopic -it is also called a haversian system -it contains a central canal

which statements correctly describe the effects of aging on the skeletal system

-ability to produce the organic portion of bone matrix decreases -tensile strength of bone decreases

which are true of rickets

-caused by vitamin D deficiency -occurs during childhood -patients have bowed legs

which statements characterize the effects of exercise on bones

-exercises increases the production of the hormone calcitonin -exercise promotes bone remodeling -regular weight bearing exercise can increase total bone mass

calcium is required for

-initiation of muscle contraction -stimulation of the heart -blood clotting

long bones include

-the thigh bone -the bones of the toes -the bone of the palm -the bones of the fingers

what is the correct order of interstitial growth of cartilage

1. Chondrocyte in lacuna undergoes mitosis 2. Two cells occupy one lacuna 3. Two cells in one lacuna begin to produce new matrix

place the zones of an epiphyseal plate in their correct order. start with the zone closest to the epiphysis

1. Zone of resting cartilage 2. Zone of proliferating cartilage 3. Zone of hypertrophic cartilage 4. Zone of calcified cartilage 5. Zone of ossification

what is the order of fracture repair

1. fracture hematoma 2. fibrocartilaginous callus 3. bony callus 4. bone is remodeled

what are the steps of endochondral ossification in the correct order?

1. hyaline cartilage model develops; 2. periosteal bone collar forms; 3. primary ossification center appears; 4. secondary ossification center appears; 5. epiphyseal plates become epiphyseal lines

what is the correct order of appositional growth of cartilage

1. stem cells in the perichondrium undergo mitosis 2. committed cells become chondroblasts 3. new matrix is produced at the periphery of the cartilage

Bone growth in length is called ________ growth, and bone growth in diameter is called ________ growth.

Bone growth in length is called interstitial growth, and bone growth in diameter is called appositional growth.

true or false: bone has a poor supply of blood vessels

FALSE

which statements characterize endosteum

It contains osteoblasts; It lines medullary cavities; It is active during bone repair; It contains osteoclasts

which statements characterize the functions of cartilage

It covers the end of long bones. It provides a model for the formation of bones.

which statements characterize articular cartilage

It functions to reduce friction in joints. It covers an epiphysis. It is composed of hyaline cartilage.

which statements characterize periosteum

It helps to heal bone fractures; It functions to anchor blood vessels to the surface of bones; It covers the outer surface of the diaphysis of a long bone; It is composed of dense irregular connective tissue

which statements characterize lamellar bone

It is also called secondary bone; It becomes the compact bone of flat bones; It becomes the spongy bone of flat bones

which statements characterize woven (lamellar) bone

It is replaced by lamellar bone; It is formed during intramembranous ossification; It is not well organized

which statements characterize bone remodeling

It occurs at the periosteal and endosteal surfaces of a bone; It helps maintain calcium and phosphate levels in body fluids; It can be stimulated by stress on a bone

Which statements characterize canaliculi?

They extend from lacunae to lacunae; Nutrients pass through them; They contain osteocyte cytoplasmic extensions

which statements characterize osteocytes

They reside in lacunae. They maintain bone matrix.

what is a avulsion fracture

a avulsion fracture is a complete severing of body part

what is a bone fracture

a bone fracture is an abnormal break in a bone

what is a comminuted fracture

a comminuted fracture is when a bone is splintered into several small pieces between the main parts

what is a complete fracture

a complete fracture is when the bone is broken into two or more pieces

what is a compression fracture

a compression fracture is when a bone is squashed as in a vertebra during a fall

what is a linear fracture

a linear fracture is when the bone is fractured parallel to the long axis

What is a transverse fracture?

a transverse fracture is a fracture at right angles to the long axis of the bone

what is a oblique fracture

an oblique fracture is a diagonal fracture at an angle between linear and transverse

growth along the periphery of cartilage is called

appositional growth

growth along the periphery of cartilage is called _______ growth

appositional growth

what connective tissues contains osteoblasts and osteocytes

bone connective tissues contain osteoblasts and osteocytes

bone is a type of BLANK tissue

bone is a type of CONNECTIVE tissue

bone remodeling begins during

bone remodeling begins during EMBRYOLOGIC DEVELOPMENT

bones of the skeleton function as a system of BLANK that are pulled when skeletal muscles contract

bones of the skeleton function as a system of LEVERS

in bone fracture repair a fibrocartilaginous callus is replaced with a(n)

bony callus

calcitonin is produced by

calcitonin is produced by parafollicular cells in the thyroid gland

chondrocytes occupy small spaces called

chondrocytes occupy small spaces called lacunae

a fracture at the distal end of the radius is a

colles fracture

An osteon is the basic functional and structural microscopic unit of ?

compact bone

compact bone makes up what percent of bone mass

compact bone is makes up 80% of bone mass

the elongated cylindrical shaft of a long bone is called its

diaphysis

how does cartilage receive its nutrients

diffusion through the matrix

the type of ossification that begins with the formation of a hyaline cartilage model is

endochondral ossification

what are the bones of the upper and lower limbs are produced through

endochondral ossification

what is the expanded end of a long bone called

epiphysis

which hormones promote epiphyseal plate growth and closure

estrogen and testosterone are hormones that help promote epiphyseal plate growth and closure

rings of bone directly internal to the periosteum of a bone are called

external circumferential lamellae

flat bones have surfaces composed of ___________ bone with internally placed ____________ bone

flat bones have surfaces composed of COMPACT bone with internally placed SPONGY bone

what is a blood clot within a bone fracture called

fracture hematoma

Bones provide structural support for the body by serving as a ______ for the entire body

framework

what is a greenstick fracture

greenstick is a partial fracture; convex side of the bone breaks and the other side is bent

during bone development, the liver releases somatomedin in response to ______ hormone

growth hormone

which hormones stimulates the liver to produce somatomedin, which ultimately results in bone elongation?

growth hormone

does high levels of cortisol increase or decrease bone loss

increase bone loss

the function of parathyroid hormone

increases blood calcium levels

growth from within the internal regions of cartilage is called

interstitial growth

based on shape, bones that have elaborate, complex shapes are classified as?

irregular bones

which statements are true of hyaline cartilage

it contains chondroblasts it is avascular

which statements characterize the microscopic arrangement of spongy bone

it contains lacunae and canaliculi; it contains no osteons; it contains parallel lamellae

what are ligaments and tendons made of

ligaments and tendons are made of dense regular connective tissue

based on shape, the most common type of bone is ?

long bone

what bones are formed endochondral ossification

lower limb bones vertebrae upper limb bones

what organs are protected by bones

lungs brain reproductive organs heart

what bones are produced through intramembranous ossification

mandible flat bones of the skull maxilla

The region of a mature bone between the diaphysis and epiphysis is?

metaphysis

what are the functions of the bone

mineral storage protection support blood cell formation (hemopoiesis)

another name for the calcification of bone is

mineralization

what is the process of bone formation called

ossification

osteitis deformans is also called what

osteitis deformans is also called paget disease

osteitis deformans is caused by

osteitis deformans is caused by increased osteoblast and osteoclast activity

what are large phagocytic cells found in the bone called

osteoclasts are large phagocytic cells found in the bone

when osteoclasts become entrapped in the matrix they produce, they become cells called?

osteocytes

Osteoporosis is a disease of

osteoporosis is a disease of DECREASED BONE MASS

a ______ fracture occurs in bone that has been weakened by disease

pathologic fracture

Osteoprogenitor cells are located in

periosteum and endosteum

what mineral is stored within bone, is a component of ATP and phospholipids

phosphate

a fracture at the distal end of the fibula and malleolus of the tibia is specifically called a ______ fracture

pott fracture

serotonin is a BLANK

serotonin is a -hormone and neurotransmitter

severe anemia can trigger the conversion of BLANK bone marrow into BLANK bone marrow

severe anemia can trigger the conversion of yellow bone marrow into red bone marrow

based on shape, bones that have a length about equal to their width are classified as ______ bones

short bones

the broken bone does not penetrate the skin in a

simple fracture

which are examples of short bones

some bones of the foot AND bones of the wrist

cancellous or trabecular bone is also called?

spongy bone

osteoprogenitor cells are

stem cells produce a cell that becomes an osteoBLAST

a fracture which is a thin break caused by recent increased physical activity in which the bone experiences repetitive loads is called a

stress fracture

the region of cartilage between the diaphysis and an epiphysis of a long bone during endochondral ossification is called?

the Epiphyseal plate

which structure replaces the epiphyseal plate

the epiphyseal line replaces the epiphyseal plate

the secondary ossification centers form in the BLANK of long bones

the epiphyses of long bones

the cylindrical space within the diaphysis of a long bone is called?

the medullary cavity

The region in the diaphysis of a long bone where bone replaces cartilage through endochondral ossification is called?

the primary ossification center; it is the first major center of bone formation.

what is the process of blood cell production called

the process of blood cell production is called hemopoiesis

which statements characterize central canals of osteons

they contain blood vessels they contain nerves they are cylindrical channel

which statements characterize osteoclasts

they have ruffled borders they are phagocytic

true or false : bone growth begins during embryologic development

true

true or false: by age 25, most epiphyseal plates have ossified and lengthwise bone growth has stopped

true

vertebrae is an example of what bone

vertebrae is an example of an irregular bone