Anatomy Exam #1

12) An allosteric modulator binds to A. A region of the enzyme other than the active site. B. The active site. C. The substrate. D. The product. E. The surrounding tissue.

A

16) The availability of _____ determines if pyruvate continues into the citric acid cycle. A. Oxygen B. Carbon Dioxide C. Glucose D. ATP E. NADPH

A

19) The number of mitochondria in a skeletal muscle cells is _____ adipose (fat) cells A. Greater than B. Less than C. Equal to D. Depends on muscle type

A

25) What are the three main components of connective tissue? A. Ground substance, fibers, and cells B. Alveoli, fibrous capsule, and secretory cells C. Collagen, elastin, and reticular fibers D. Fibroblasts, chondroblasts, and osteoblasts

A

27) Since blood and cartilage are both connective tissues, why can't doctors repair a torn meniscus by simply replacing it with blood? A. Because the fibers of blood are soluble, unlike cartilage B. Because blood is not vascularized, and cartilage is C. Because blood has inorganic calcium salts making it too rigid, unlike cartilage D. Because the cells of blood cannot defend the body against infections as effectively as cartilage.

A

30) In addition to protection (physical and chemical), the skin serves other functions. Which of the following is another vital function of the skin? A.It makes vitamin D which is important for calcium metabolism. B. It aids in the transport of materials throughout the body. C. The cells of the epidermis store glucose as glycogen for energy D. It absorbs vitamin C so that the skin will not be subject to diseases

A

36) The decrease in which of the following cells occurs with aging, thereby reducing the sensitivity of the immune system? A. Langerhans cells B. Merkel cells C. Melanocytes D. Keratinocytes E. Tactile corpuscles

A

42) Blocking the Haversian canal would result in A. Diminished vascularization of the osteon B. Decreased hematopoiesis C. Increased conversion of red to yellow bone marrow D. Increased osteogenic activity

A

47) Pierre Turgeon, a former professional hockey player for the Buffalo Sabres, had to sit out a portion of the 1990-91 season because he had suffered a fracture to several of his metacarpals. The x-rays showed fractures that went through the entire metacarpal, but retained their normal position. The doctors put his hand in a cast. Luckily he did not require stitches or surgery. Which term best describes Pierre's fracture? A. Non-displaced and complete B. Displaced and incomplete C. Non-displaced and compound D. Simple and complete

A

6) Cells regulate their level of activity by regulating the amount of proteins present in the cell at any given time, so an up regulation of enzymes would be expected to A. Increase the level of productivity of chemical reactions that rely on them B. Decrease the level of productivity of chemical reactions that rely on them C. Increase the rate of reactions catalyzed by the enzymes D. Decrease the rate of reactions catalyzed by the enzymes E. Both decrease the level of productivity of chemical reactions that rely on them and decrease the rate of reactions catalyzed by the enzymes

A

7) When an enzyme reaches its saturation point, A. The amount of substrate for the enzyme to act upon is very high. B. The amount of substrate for the enzyme to act upon is very low. C. The amount of product produced continues to increase. D. The amount of product produced by the enzyme decreases. E. The amount of substrate for the enzyme to act upon is very low and the amount of product produced by the enzyme decreases.

A

17) The lumen of a hollow organ such as the stomach is considered to be part of the ____ environment. A. Internal B. External C. Isotonic D. Homeostatic

B

26) The reason intervertebral discs exhibit a large amount of tensile strength, which allows them to absorb shock, is because they possess A. Hydroxyapatite crystals B. Collagen fibers C. Osteoid D. Elastic fibers

B

29) What is the first threat to life from a massive third-degree burn? A. Infection B. Catastrophic fluid loss C. Unbearable pain D. Loss of immune function

B

3) Oxytocin is a hormone that is released in response to cervical dilation. It in turn causes more uterine contractions that will further dilate the cervix. What type of feedback loop does oxytocin trigger? A. Negative feedback B. Positive Feedback C. Local Control D. Nociceptive feedback

B

31) A splinter penetrated into the skin of the sole of the foot, almost to the papillary region of the dermis. Which layer of the epidermis would be the final layer injured? A. Granulosum B. Basale C. Lucidum D. Spinosum

B

32) The following statements about skin color are true except: A. Skin color is based on the type and amount of melanin present in the skin B. People that live closer to the poles tend to have darker skin color C. Melanin helps protect the skin against UV damage D. Skin color is also affected by carotene and hemoglobin

B

41) The osteon A. Is a structure unique to spongy bones B. Is composed of multiple lamellae that provide stability and resist torsion stress C. Serves as the primary ossification center for endochondral ossification D. Contains multiple osteoclasts which monitor and maintain the bone matrix

B

43) When there is too little calcium in blood, which cells begin resorption of bone to release calcium? A. Osteocytes B. Osteoclasts C. Osteoblasts D. Osteogenic cells

B

45) Due to _______ people who use a particular hand significantly more than its counterpart (lefties or righties), have thicker bones in the used hand. A. Hormonal controls B. Response to mechanical stress C. Epiphyseal plate closure D. Intramembranous Ossification

B

46) For intramembranous ossification to take place, which of the following is necessary? A. A bone collar forms around the cartilage model. B. An ossification center forms in the fibrous connective tissue. C. The cartilage matrix begins to deteriorate D. A medullary cavity forms

B

5) One of the functional characteristics of life is excitability or responsiveness. This refers to A. Indigestible food residues stimulating the excretory system B. Sensing changes in the environment and then reacting or responding to them C. The nervous system causing all living things to sometimes experience anger D. The necessity for all organisms to reproduce

B

8) The alpha-helix and pleated sheet are examples of the _____ structure of a protein. These proteins have _____ roles in the body A. Primary, functional B. Secondary, structural C. Tertiary, functional D. Quaternary, structural and functional E. Pentanary, functional

B

14) The reactions of glycolysis occur in the cell's _____; the reactions of the citric acid cycle occur in the _____. A. Cytoplasm, cytoplasm B. Mitochondria, mitochondria C. Cytoplasm, mitochondria D. Mitochondria, cytoplasm

C

18) If a cell lacked lysosomes, it would not be able to A. Synthesize lipids B. Produce enzymes C. Digest cellular wastes and bacteria D. Destroy H2O2 E. Transport water-soluble molecules.

C

2) Homeostasis is the ability of the body to A. Prevent the external environment from changing B. Prevent the internal environment from changing C. Quickly restore changed conditions to normal D. Ignore external stimuli to remain in a state of rest E. Prevent excessive blood loss

C

21) Dissapearance of which type of junction most likely contributes to the metastasis of cancer cells throughout the body? A. Gap B. Tight C. Anchoring D. Connection

C

22) Epithelial cells that are adapted for membrane transport of materials, such as ions and nutrients, usually have _____ on their apical surface. A. Mitochondria B. Cilia or flagella C. Microvilli D. Junctional complexes E. Vesicles

C

28) The distinguishing characteristic of connective tissue is A. That it is arranged in sheets of tissue that lie on body surfaces B. Always dividing, constantly being replaced throughout the body C. The presence of extensive extracellular matrix containing widely scattered cells. D. The collagen fibers that offer support E. All of these characteristics help make connective tissue unique

C

33) The integument is separated from the deep fascia around the other organs by (the) ____. A. Epidermis B. Dermis C. Hypodermis D. Cutaneous membrane E. None of the answers are correct

C

34) A hypodermic needle would penetrate the skin in which order? A. Papillary layer of dermis, reticular layer of dermis, epidermis B. Epidermis, reticular layer of dermis, papillary layer of dermis C. Epidermis, papillary layer of dermis, reticular layer of dermis D. Reticular layer of dermis, papillary layer of dermis, epidermis E. None of the answers are correct

C

38) Age induced weakening of muscles and reduction in bone strength are compounded by the skins diminished production of ______, which is required for effective calcium uptake. A. Sebum B. Vitamin B12 C. Vitamin D D. Vitamin A E. Vitamin B1

C

39) The structure of bone tissue suits the function. Which of the following bone tissues is adapted to support weight and withstand tension stress? A. Spongy bone B. Irregular bone C. Compact bone D. Trabecular bone

C

4) A structure that is composed of two or more tissue types that work together to perform specific functions for the body is an ____ A. Complex tissue B. Organ System C. Organ D. Organism

C

44) The following statements are correct about spongy bone, except A. Spongy bone lacks osteons B. Bone marrow is found throughout the trabeculae C. Trabeculae are covered in periosteum D. Spongy bone is found throughout the diaphysis of long bones and between layers of compact bone of flat, short, and irregular bones.

C

9) Protein specificity is A. The activation of a specific protein that is needed to perform a particular function. B. The degree to which a protein is attracted to a ligand. C. The ability of a protein to bind a certain ligand or a group of related ligands. D. The degree to which a protein-ligand complex initiates a response. E. The degree to which a protein is attracted to a ligand and the ability of a protein to bind a certain ligand or a group of related ligands.

C

The following is a list of several levels of organization that make up the human body. 1. Tissue 2. Cell 3. Organ 4. Molecule 5. Organism 6. Organ System The correct order from smallest to largest is A. 2,4,1,3,6,5 B. 4,2,1,6,3,5 C. 4,2,1,3,6,5 D. 4,2,3,1,6,5 E. 6,4,5,2,3,1

C

10) Each of the following is a function of proteins except one. Identify the exception. A. Support and structure B. Transport C. Catalyst D. Storage of genetic information E. Carrying of messages

D

13) End-product inhibition describes the process whereby A. Decreasing amounts of substrate reduce activity of the enzyme B. Decreasing amounts of product reduce activity of the enzyme C. Increasing amounts of substrate reduce activity of the enzyme D. Increasing amounts of product reduce activity of the enzyme. E. Increasing amounts of product reduce activity of all enzymes in the vicinity.

D

20) The esophagus is a tube that carries food from the mouth to the stomach. It does not secrete any enzymes or absorb any nutrients, but it does need to stand up to significant friction and stress. The type of epithelium most likely lining the esophagus would be: A. Cuboidal epithelium B. Simple squamous epithelium C. Simple columnar epithelium D. Stratified squamous epithelium E. Transitional epithelium

D

37) In older individuals, wrinkling of the skin occurs because of ______. A. Thinning of the dermis B. A decrease of elastic fiber network size C. Weakening of the integument D. All of the answers are correct E. None of the answers are correct

D

40) which of the following is not a function of the skeletal system? A. Support B. Storage of minerals C. Hematopoiesis D. Communication

D

48) The tissue(s) that is/are considered excitable because of the ability to generate electrical signals is/are called A. Muscle tissue B. Neural tissue C. Epithelial tissue D. Muscle tissue and neural tissue E. Muscle tissue, neural tissue, and epithelial tissue

D

49) WHich of the following lists the four major stages of bone repair in the correct chronological order? A. Bony callus forms->fibrocartilaginous callus forms->hematoma forms->bone remodeling occurs B. Fibrocartilaginous callus forms->bony callus forms->hematoma forms->bone remodeling occurs C. Hematoma forms->bony callus forms->fibrocartilaginous callus forms->bone remodeling occurs D. Hematoma forms->fibrocartilaginous callus forms->bony callus forms-> bone remodeling occurs

D

50) Which of the following clinical terms refers to a group of diseases in which bone resorption outpaces bone deposit? A. Paget's disease B. Osteomalacia C. Rickets D. Osteoporosis

D

11) Which of the following is NOT a function of membrane proteins? A. Bind to ligands B. Regulate the passage of ions C. Act as transport molecules for various solutes D. Anchor or stabilize the cell membrane E. Produce energy

E

15) Which can serve as substrates for ATP production? A. Glucose only B. Amino acids only C. Fatty acids only D. Glucose and fatty acids only E. Glucose, amino acids and fatty acids

E

23) Which type of tissue below has minimal extracellular matrix? A. Epithelial only B. Connective only C. Neural only D. Muscle only E. Epithelial, neural, and muscle

E

24) Functions of connective tissue include A. Establishing a structural framework for the body B. Transporting fluids and dissolved materials C. Providing protection for delicate organs (ex: condoms for the penis) D. Storing energy reserves E. All of the answers are correct

E

35) Skin color is due to ____. A. Hemoglobin B. Melanin C. Carotene D. Two of the three options E. All of the answers are correct

E