Anatomy Exam 1- Lecture 1

Smooth muscle

non-striated, uninucleate, small spindle cells, forms tunica media (inside/middle layer of an artery or vein) Under INVOLUNTARY control (controlled by the Autonomic Nervous System) Functions include vessel contraction, GI peristalsis, pupil constriction, ureter peristalsis

articular cartilage

on surface of bones in synovial joints, covers the surfaces of bones where they come together to form joints

Regional Anatomy

organized by body areas/regions (thorax, abdomen, upper extremities) Way WE will study based on body regions cooperative body regions, much more realistic

Systemic anatomy

organized by the organ systems (nervous, cardiovascular, pulmonary) Unrealistic- body systems don't function in a vacuum- they all function together and are related

Compact bone

outer layer of bone is this, dense arrangement of bone matrix, prevents compression and bending bones have varying level of this depending on the bone it is

Surface Anatomy

parts that are visible or palpable from the surface (very important in physical exams) Ex. Snuff box- where you can palpate scaphoid bone- common area for fractures- know to order an xray of wrist and look at that area to confirm

Midsaggital

plane that cuts the body into left and right laterally (If through the exact center)

Parasaggital

plane that cuts the body into left and right laterally (if cut anywhere other than the center)

Sarcolemma

plasma membrane of a muscle fiber

Fenestrated capillaries

pores in epithelial lining allowing for easier absorption - intestines must have more permeability in intestines for quick absorption of nutrients, ions

basal cells (of epidermis)

produce new cells that harden and flatten as they are pushed to the surface by cells forming underneath them. At bottom of epidermis, and down in parts of dermis have these- they divide all day long to create new skin cells (deeper burns that damage these need skin grafts to fix because new skin cells cannot be created)

Red marrow function

produces blood cells, thick, bloodlike material found in flat bones and the ends of long bones; location of red blood cell formation- produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

Yellow marrow function

produces/stores fat and produces cartilage

Bursa

Fluid filled sac in synovial joints, cushion between bone and tendon or bone and muscle

keratin importance

Helps to form the rigidity of the skin and help create the barrier protection, keratinized cells are full of this protein

One way valve (function)

To prevent blood from flowing backwards in areas of low blood pressure- especially in the lower legs- keeps blood flowing in peripheral tissues (pressure decreases the further from the heart we are)

inversion (of foot)

Turning the sole of the foot inward

Associated lymph tissue (MALT, BALT, GALT)

contain immune cells

Dorsiflexion

bending of the foot or the toes upward

Appendicular skeleton

bones of the appendages- arms, legs, pectoral and pelvic girdle

Long bones

bones of the arms and legs, tubular structures- Humerus, phalanges, femur

Axial Skeleton

bones of the head, neck, and trunk

Irregular bones

bones that do not fit any other shape- zygomatic bone, scapula, vertebrae, sacrum

Small arteries and arterioles

bring blood into capillary beds

Atherosclerosis

buildup of fat and plaques in arteries that leads to narrowing and reduced blood flow Happens in patients with high cholesterol- cholesterol builds up and causes an inflammatory reaction that happens Causes blood flow to become more irregular/more turbulent Finally, thrombosis formation can occur.... causing MI, Stroke, Gangrene due to lack of blood circulation in that tissue causing tissue cell death (problem arrises when clot gets to smaller vessels- fine in bigger vessels but it'll eventually get to a vessel so small it blocks it- then none of the tissues downstream get blood flow any longer).

lymphoma

cancer of the lymph nodes- nodes are a common site of metastasis due to permeability of lymphatic capillaries (stay in the lymph nodes and divide), affected nodes and upstream nodes are usually removed

Veins

carries blood TOWARDS the heart

Osteoclasts

cells that break down bone

Osteoblasts

cells that produce bones

Circumduction

circular movement of a limb at the far end

apopneurosis

collagen forms a flat sheet -forms a covering -connective tissue -ex. over the abdomen; covers muscles here

Short bones

cuboidal, bones of the wrist and ankles

2nd Degree Burn

damage that extends through the epidermis and into the dermis, causing blisters to form; scarring may occur- more pain, basal cells still present and reproduce, healing process longer

3rd Degree Burn

damage to the entire epidermis and dermis, and possibly some underlying tissue- REQUIRES grafting because no basal cells remain

lymphoid system

defends against infection and disease; returns tissue fluid to the bloodstream spleen, thymus, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, tonsils

Plane

imaginary flat surface passing through the body

Lymphangitis

inflammation of lymph vessels secondary to infection or cancer metastasis to the lymphatic system

Osteoarthritis

inflammation of the bones and joints- and irreversible degeneration of articular cartilage Most common in joints that hold body weight and very active joints

Lymphadenitis

inflammation of the lymph nodes, typically due to an infection - usually, exposure to a pathogen occurs, resulting in swelling

Skeletal muscle (location)

located throughout the body

prone

lying face down

supine

lying on the back

Flexion

movement that decreases the angle of a joint

Extension

movement that increases the angle of a joint

Supination

movement that turns the palm up

Pronation

turning the palm downward

eversion (of foot)

turning the sole of the foot outward

Skeletal muscle

striated, multinucleated, large fibers, connected to bones, ligaments, fascia, and/or organs Under VOLUNTARY control Functions to move bones and other structures, support the body, and maintain warmth (shivering)

Cardiac muscle

striated, uninucleate, smaller branched cells, forms myocardium Under INVOLUNTARY control (controlled by the Autonomic NS) Propel blood throughout the body

red marrow location

spongy bone

Subcutaneous tissue (superficial fascia)

-Loose connective tissue & stored fat (where fat is stored in skin) -common sight for drug delivery- ex. insulin is injected into this fatty layer -Sweat glands -Superficial blood vessels & cutaneous nerves

Medium muscular arteries

-Walls are mostly smooth muscle -- Thick tunica media -Ability to vasoconstrict (decrease diameter), regulates blood flow *i.e. brachial or femoral artery

Skeletal muscle organization

-epimysium surrounds entire muscle -perimysium surrounds fascicles (bundles) -endomysium surrounds muscle fibers (each cell) Sarcolemma- fine transparent tubular sheath which envelops the fibers of skeletal muscles. Myofibril- a basic rod-like organelle of a muscle cell. These muscles are composed of long, tubular cells known as muscle fibers, and these cells contain many chains of myofibrils

Continuous, Fenestrated, Sinusoid

3 types of capillaries

Lymph

A clear fluid made up mostly of white blood cells that flow through the body, comes from interstitial fluid- gets drained into lymphatic vessels

Osteoporosis

A condition in which the body's bones become weak and break easily- brittle, a reduction of bone mass Bone tissue becomes less and less Females more likely to get due to drop in sex hormones as they age (menopause)

Deep fascia

A layer of strong, dense connective tissue deep to the subcutaneous layer, and above the skeletal muscle A ton of collagen packed in very organized layers

Tendon

A tight bundle/band of COLLAGEN that connects a skeletal muscle to an element of the skeleton

Plantarflexion

Ankle movement pointing the foot downward

Dorsal

Another word for posterior- meaning towards the back

9%

Anterior Abdomen

9%

Anterior thorax

Tension lines

Appear as folds in the skin during movement ex. forehead lines Alert to orientation of collagen fibers- tell us direction collagen in our skin is going Incisions parallel to these will gape less, disrupt fewer collagen fibers, and will heal better with less scarring- cut along/with forehead line wound will not pull open as much- heal with only a fine scar, if cut across rows of fibers wound will gape, and heal in a broad, thick scar

4.5% each (9% total)

Arms

Lymph Nodes

Bean-shaped filters that cluster along the lymphatic vessels of the body. They function as a cleanser/filter of lymph as wells as a site of T and B cell activation Clustered in groin and underarm

Venous systemic circuit

Carries DEOXYGENATED blood from the BODY back to the HEART

Venous pulmonary circuit

Carries OXYGENATED blood from the LUNGS to the HEART

Proximal

Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Perimysium

Connective tissue surrounding a fascicle

Endomysium

Connective tissue surrounding a muscle fiber

Transverse plane

Cuts through body horizontally, dividing it into superior and inferior (top and bottom)

1st Degree Burn

Damage to only the superficial epidermis: some pain, basal cells able to reproduce and then heal burn quickly

9%

Each anterior leg

9%

Each posterior leg

1% (remaining percent)

Genital/Groin

9%

Head

Retinacula (flexor retinaculum)

Hold tendons in place; allows for slide and glide Connective tissue bands called ___ prevent flexor tendons of the forearm and leg from rising like bowstrings important in crushing injuries- cut this to allow tissue to heal and swell with an open wound

red, yellow

How does bone marrow change as you age? Born with ___________ , changes to _____________ as we age

Spongy bone

In the center of bone, open arrangement of bone matrix in trabeculae (rod-like projections in center of open spaces), in the center of all bones EXCEPT those with a medullary (marrow) cavity, Open spaces contains red bone marrow- where blood cells are produced- red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

Yellow marrow location

In the center, medullary cavity of bone

Epidermis, basal cells, dermis, subcutaneous fat (superficial fascia), deep fascia

Layers of the skin (superficial to deep)

capillaries

Microscopic vessel through which exchanges take place between the blood and cells of the body, thin endothelial tubes connecting arteries and veins, Arranged in networks "capillary beds" Location of exchange between blood and Interstitial fluid

Percent of body burned (not degree of burn)

Most important indicator of patient outcome in burns

Abduction

Movement away from the midline of the body

Adduction (adding it back to body)

Movement into the midline of the body

Orbicularis muscles

Muscles of facial expression include ring shaped ones around the eyes & lips circular muscles

Continuous capillaries

No gaps/holes between endothelial cells. Less permeable to large molecules than other capillary types. E.g., muscle, nervous tissue. No pores, not permeable - specialized in the brain and thymus Most common

Pulmonary circuit (artery carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs to become oxygenated through pulmonary artery)

One exception in Arteries

Epidermis

Outer layer of skin

9%

Posterior Abdomen

9%

Posterior Thorax

Cartilage location and function

Present in areas requiring flexibility, and on articular surface of bones in synovial joints Infants contain a lot more cartilage than adults (turns to bone as they age)

Arterial pulmonary circuit

Process of carrying deoxygenated blood from the HEART to the LUNGS

Arterial systemic circuit (most arteries)

Process of carrying oxygenated blood from the HEART to the BODY

Integumentary system functions

Protects body from abrasion, pathogen entry, chemical entry UV protection (via melanin production- protects from UV radiation) - produced by melanocytes Containment of tissues and water- water resistant due to keratin content (prevents dehydration)- big concern with burn victims Temperature regulation - Via blood flow to the surface, sweat glands, and fat deposits- insulate us Sensation via superficial nerves and receptors/nerve endings in skin - Via superficial nerves and receptors/nerve endings - have epidermal cells that produce Vitamin D production- and vitamin D is necessary for Calcium Ca2+ absorption

Extensions of deep fascia

Serve a lot of different functions- Form: Investing fascia (invest or surround individual muscles or neurovascular bundles) Intermuscular septa (divide muscles into different compartments or groups) Subserous fascia (between muscular walls and serous membranes) Form retinacula to hold tendons in place during joint movements Ex. flexor retinaculum (stabilizes tendons of hand/wrist) Form Bursa in joints

Integumentary system

The hair, skin, nails, exocrine glands (sweat, oil producing glands) are part of the _____ system.

erector pili muscle

The muscle which causes the hair to stand up when it contracts, goosebumps

Skeletal, Smooth, Cardiac

The three types of muscle in the body

Sinusoid capillaries

These vessels are very wide and porous- most permeable. They are found in bone marrow, the spleen, the liver and the maternal side of circulation within the placenta. Have actual gaps between endothelial cells

digastric muscle

This muscle depresses the mandible. When one opens their mouth they are depressing the mandible. means two bellies Example- Omohyoid muscle 2 bellies; inferior and superior connect the should to the hyoid

large (elastic), medium (muscular), small (arteries and arterioles)

Three kinds of arteries

Rule of 9's

Used to calculate the percentage of body surface burned- estimate what percentage of body was effected by the burns. For children and babies, head accounts for larger percentage and the legs are less MORE IMPORTANT INDICATOR OF PATIENT OUTCOMES INFECTION huge concern, PAIN, DEHYDRATION (FLUIDS running continuously), b/c of tissue damage SHOCK occurs= drop in blood pressure

Large veins, medium veins, venules (large to small)

What are the 3 kinds of veins?

Lymph nodes, spleen, Associated lymphoid tissues (MALT, BALT, GALT)

What are the lymph organs?

Bilateral

What do you call something that occurs/is located in a pair on each side (of body)

Contralateral

What do you call something that occurs/located on the opposite side of the body from another structure

Ipsilateral

What do you call something that occurs/located on the same side (of body)

Affected nodes and nodes upstream removed

What happens when metastasis of lymph nodes occurs?

Varicose veins (due to blood pooling)

What happens when one way valves in the legs fail? Abnormally swollen veins Veins lose elasticity and dilate- stretch out and valves stop working Venous valves are incompetent allowing more pooling of blood

Ventral

What is another term for anterior? meaning towards the front (example, the kneecap is located on the anterior or blank side of the leg)

Away from the Heart (oxygenated blood)

What kind of blood and what direction do ARTERIES carry blood?

Frontal/Coronal plane

What plane cuts the body into anterior and posterior? front and back

Sagittal plane

What plane divides body into left and right medially?

Anatomical position

What position do we describe anatomical features/directions from?

Weight bearing joints, active joints

Where in the body is osteoarthritis most prevalent?

Permeability of lymphatic capillaries (Cancer cells can break off, enter the lymph, be carried to a lymph node, become stuck within the node, and continue to replicate- therefore metastasizing to the lymph nodes)

Why are lymph nodes a common site for cancer metastasis?

Females, sex hormones

___________ most at risk of developing osteoporosis- because of decrease in ___________, after menopause. These maintain bone density

Accessory Bones

develop when additional ossification centers appear and form extra bones- Ex. Os Trigonum: accessory bone to the talus Commonly in feet Usually problematic- when they grow too big and cause pain (then remove)- most people don't know they have

Large Elastic Arteries

elasticity of these arteries allows for expansion during pressure change when blood flows through need to be able to stretch (Aorta)

Distal

farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Spleen

filters blood and produces white blood cells

Flat bones

flat, rounded bones that offer protection- sternum, frontal bone in skull

Sesamoid bones (a sesame seed shape)

round bones found near joints (e.g. the patella) develop inside tendons variable in number and location, develop in conjunction w tendons and tendon pulls over bone- gives attachment muscle more strength as it pulls an tendon slides over the bone

Dermis

second layer of skin, holding blood vessels, nerve endings, sweat glands, and hair follicles

trabeculae

supporting bundles of bony fibers in cancellous (spongy) bone

Smooth muscle (location)

surround hollow organs and blood vessels

Epimycium

surrounds whole muscle

lymphedema

swelling due to an abnormal accumulation of lymph fluid within the tissues, lymph drainage is blocked from a limb, buildup of interstitial fluid, Ex. after removal of cancerous axillary nodes, this of the ARM may occur (normally fluid from the arm drains from lymph node in armpit back into the blood- when they are removed can't do it anymore and arm swelling/pain occurs)

Lymphedema

swelling due to an abnormal accumulation of lymph fluid within the tissues- lymph drainage is blocked from the limb causing a buildup of interstitial fluid - Ex. after removal of cancerous axillary nodes, this of the arm may occur

costal cartilage

the cartilages that connect the sternum and the ends of the ribs

Anatomical position (describe)

used to describe all features/directions, even if the patient is not actually in this position. This is for clarity and to avoid ambiguity when talking about a wound position, etc no matter is patient is on side, back, etc. The patient is standing erect with arms at their side, palms facing out, lower limbs straight and close together, feet parallel and toes directed anteriorly Use the PATIENT's Left and Right Ex. would 1 in. inferior to the patient's right nipple

Clinical Anatomy

uses all of these forms to emphasize clinical application and the practice of medicine parts very important to practice of medicine Ex. axis bone fracture (type I, II, III) Not just what type, asking what happens when we fracture this vertebra, what we call these fractures, what type of accident causes each type, danger of this fracture, how to treat?

Cardiac muscle (location)

walls of the heart