Anatomy Exam 2

Where do the costal cartilages of ribs 3-6,7 articulate?

The body of the sternum

What are the two types of myofilaments?

Thick and thin

Describe how the ribs articulate with the thoracic vertebrae

→ The twelve thoracic vertebrae are located in the middle of the vertebral column and each articulates with a pair of ribs. The rib articulates at the superior costal facet and at the transverse costal facet. A tubercle on the rib articulates with the transverse costal facet. The rib is V-shaped - the upper part of the V articulates with the inferior costal facet of the vertebra above.

How many bones are there in the upper arm?

10

What are the bones that form the pelvic girdle?

Coxa, Ilium, Ischium, Pubis

The layers of connective tissue of skeletal muscle - the epimysium, perimysium and endomysium and what part of the muscle these membranes enclose.

Epimysium- membrane surrounding the entire muscle. → Perimysium- Surrounds bundles of muscle fibers called fascicles, divides muscles-- blood vessels and nerves run through fascicles. → Endomysium- within fascicle, separates by individual muscle fibers; surround the individual muscle cells.

Which ligament limits extension at the hip joint?

Iliofemoral

What is the major function of the proximal and distal fibula?

It is an important site of muscle attachment

Distinguish Between Kyphosis, Lordosis, and Scoliosis

Kyphosis: Normal Thoracic curvature become exaggerated posteriorly producing a round back appearance; can cause osteoporosis, chronic contraction of muscles, abnormal vertebral growth Lordosis: May occur during pregnancy, obesity, or weakened muscles of the abdominal wall. Makes butt appear more prominent; swayback Scoliosis: Abnormal curvature of the spine

The 12 thoracic vertebrae can be distinguished by

Large transverse processes and long inferiorly directed spinous processes

What are the names of the structures that act as a shield for the ankle?

Lateral and Medial Malleolus

What are compensation curves?

Lumbar and Cervical curves; permit an upright posture

Where does the 1st costal cartilage articulate?

Manubrium

Pectoralis minor OIA

Origin: Ribs 3-5 Insertion: Coracoid process of the scapula Action: Elevates the ribs, draws the scapula down and medially

Where do the scalene attach to?

Ribs 1 and 2

The smallest contractile unit of skeletal muscle is a

Sarcomere

Describe the relative position of the spinalis group, longissimus group and iliocostalis group.

Spinalis Group has 3 muscles and runs right ALONG the spine Longissimus Group has 3 muscles and located in BETWEEN the Spinalis and Iliocostalis Iliocostalis Group has 3 muscles and is the MOST LATERAL superficial back muscle group

Muscle of Mastication

Temporalis

OIA of Temporalis

Temporalis O: Temporal fossa along Temporal Lines of skull I: Coronoid process of Mandible A:Elevation of the Mandible; retraction of the mandible *Most powerful muscles of the body; able to crush bones, crack hard nuts and fracture teeth*

What is the difference between a tendon and a ligament?

Tendon- Muscle to Bone Ligament- Bone to Bone

The vertebral column consists of:

26 bones

Although the knee joint is only one joint, it resembles

3 separate joints

How many bones are there in the pectoral girdle?

4

How many bones are there in the lower arm?

48

What is apponeurosis?

A broad sheet of collagen fibers of all three layers

What is a slipped disc?

A herniated disc, the interior of the disc can herniate out of place, or even rupture out of the disc structure

Know where the tendon of the biceps brachii attaches to the radius and its action

A tendon of the biceps brachii muscle runs through the shoulder joint. As it passes through the articular capsule it is surrounded by a tubular bursa that is continuous with the joint cavity. The biceps brachii attaches to the radial tuberosity of the radius. Contraction of this muscle produces supination of the forearm and flexion at the elbow.

Which are true?

All below: -The bodies of the vertebrae form symphyseal joints -A symphysis is an articular surface separated by thin layers of fibrous cartilage that makes them amphiarthrotic or slightly moveable -Intervertebral discs and symphyseal joints are not found in the sacrum or coccyx because the vertebrae have fused

Regarding cardiac and skeletal muscle, which statement is most accurate?

Cardiac muscle contains structures known as intercalated discs

Know the number of vertebrae in each region

Cervical region = C1 - C7 Thoracic region = T1 - T12 Lumbar region = L1 - L5 Sacral region = S1 - S5 (5 fused vertebrae) Coccygeal region Eat Breakfast at 7am, Lunch at 12pm, Dinner at 5pm (Cervical has 7, Thoracic has 12, Lumbar has 5)

What is the sequence of the vertebrae from superior to inferior

Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacrum, Coccyx

Distinguish between concentric, isometric, and eccentric contraction.

Concentric: dynamic- when muscle force generation and exceeds resistance--upward phase of bicep curl arm abduction-- concentric action of shoulder muscle Isometric: Tension IS produced but there is NO movement! Static action- no movement yet there is muscle tension-- holding a barbell out in front of you. Muscle force neither overcomes nor is overcome by resistance. Contractile tissue of muscle shortens but elastic connective tissue lengthens During resistance exercises involving the arms or legs, the trunk muscles are activated ISOMETRICALLY to stabilize the trunk. Eccentric: when muscle force is less than resistance-- downward phase of biceps curl-- lengthens active muscle

Advantage of Parallel Muscle

Contraction and relaxation of parallel muscle causes them to increase or decrease in diameter and can shorten up to 30% of their overall length thereby allowing them to move the bone a long distance

Name the structure that connect the true ribs to the sternum

Costal Cartilage

What types of movements can occur across intervertebral joints?

Flexion (bending anteriorly), extension (bending posteriorly), lateral flexion (bending laterally, and rotation

What does the humerus articulates with scapula?

Glenoid Fossa

The fibrocartilaginous structure which deepens the shoulder socket is the:

Glenoid Labrum

What type of movement is found between the superior and inferior articular facets (intervertebral articulations)?

Gliding

six types of synovial joints - gliding, hinge, pivot, ellipsoid, saddle and ball-and-socket joints. Provide examples of where each of these types of joints can be found in the body

Gliding - example is the intervertebral joint Hinge - examples are the knee joint & elbow joint Pivot - example is the atlas Ellipsoid - example is radiocarpal and metacarpophalangeal joints Saddle - example is the first carpometacarpal joint Ball-and-Socket - examples are the shoulder joint & hip joint

What are the major landmarks found at the proximal end of the humerus?

Greater Tubercle, Anatomical Neck, Head

The axis

Has a toothlike process called the dens and is the second cervical vertebra

The first cervical vertebra

Has no body, supports the head, is called the atlas

What part of the rib contains the superior and inferior facets?

Head

What is another name for the calcaneous?

Hell

The largest and strongest articulation at the elbow joint is the...

Humero-ulnar joint

What bones are in the elbow joint?

Humerus, Radius, Ulna

What are adaptations for childbearing?

Inferior angle of 100 degrees of more between the pubic bones, a relatively broad and low pelvis, less curvature of the sacrum and coccyx

What are the naming criteria of skeletal muscle - most important is how you determine the origin and insertion?

*Location- bones directly associated with muscle *Shape- Trapezius (trapezoid)- Alba (white) brevis (short) longus (long), magnus (large) *Fascicle orientation- Rectus= straight, transverse is across and oblique is at angle *Relative position-- superficial- extremus or superficialis. Deeper= internus or profundus Extrinsic muscles are superficial and stabilize or position an organ Muscles inside organs are called intrinsic *Origin & Insertion Origin = STABLE attachment to bone, cartilage, or connective tissue Insertions = MOVEABLE attachment to bone, cartilage, or connective tissue *Number of origins- bicep/tricep *Actions- movement a muscle creates-- flexor vs. extensor

Know the location of each of these ligaments - anterior longitudinal, posterior longitudinal, supraspinous, interspinous and ligamentum flavum

-Anterior Longitudinal Ligament attaches at the atlas (C1) and extends to the sacrum. It connects the anterior surfaces of adjacent vertebral bodies. -Posterior Longitudinal Ligament is within the vertebral canal. It extends along the posterior surfaces of the vertebrae from the axis to the sacrum and plays a role in keeping the discs in place (especially during spinal flexion). -Supraspinous Ligament is a fibrous cord connecting the spinous processes from C7 to the sacrum. Ligamentum Nuchae extends from C7 to the base of the skull and is continuous with the Supraspinous Ligament. -Interspinous Ligament connects adjoining spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae. Ligamentum Flavum connects the laminae of adjacent vertebrae and extends from the axis to the sacrum.

Functions of skeletal muscle:

-Produce movement -Maintain posture -Support soft tissues -Guard entrances and exits -Maintain body temperature -Store nutrient reserves

Briefly describe the following ligaments: -Iliofemoral -Pubofemoral -Ischiofemoral -Transverse Acetabular -Ligamentum Teres

-The iliofemoral, pubofemoral and ischiofemoral ligaments are simply regional thickenings of the capsule. -The transverse acetabular ligament crosses the acetabular notch on the inferior border of the acetabulum. -The ligamentum teres originates along the transverse acetabular ligament and attaches to the fovea capitis.

How to determine if you have a right or left coxal bone

1. Find the rough surface that articulates with the sacrum 2. Hold the bone so this rough surface games forward and is at the top 3. The acetabulum is located laterally 4. The pubis is front and center (this forms the pubic symphysis)

What are the main differences between the male and female pelvis?

1. The female pelvic cavity is wide from side to side and deeper from front to back than the male 2. The angle of the female arch is broader 3. From below the inferior pelvic aperture is wider for the female than for the male

What ribs are embedded in the abdominal wall?

11 and 12

How many bones are there in the appendicular skeleton?

126 bones

Describe the glenohumeral joint and the elbow joint

ticulations: humerus articulates with scapula at the glenoid fossa The glenoid fossa or cavity is quite shallow and this makes the glenohumeral joint very unstable. This joint allows for a wide range of movement but the humerus can easily dislocate. Superficial features: Bicipital Groove: anterior, tendon of the long head of the biceps runs along this groove on each side of groove are tubercles: Lesser and Greater Tubercle since it runs b/w these two tubercles it is also called the Intertubercular Groove Deltoid Tuberosity: rough spot on lateral aspect of shaft of humerus Spiral Groove or Radial Groove: below deltoid tuberosity is a narrow groove that has a spiral shape radial nerve runs through this groove Elbow joint: The two forearm bones (radius and ulna) articulate with the humerus to form the elbow joint The Olecranon Fossa accommodates the Olecranon of the Ulna when the elbow is in full extension The radius articulates with the capitulum Bones: humerus, ulna, radius Radius: rotates while ulna does not Attachments: radial head of the Radius attaches to the capitulum of Humerus Hyperextension: olecranon process of ulna and olecranon fossa (depression on posterior medial surface of distal end) of humerus prevent it

Impulses are being sent along the phrenic nerves to the diaphragm so that

you continue to breathe

Describe the inguinal ligament

Inguinal Ligament: A band running from the Pubic Tubercle to the Anterior Superior Iliac Spine (ASIS).

What muscles are involved in respiration?

Internal obliques, External obliques, Diaphragm

What are the major structures associated with the femur?

Intertrochanter crest

Describe the intervertebral articulations, intervertebral discs and symphyseal joints. Where are these joints located?

Intervertebral Articulations → A Gliding Joint between the superior articular facet of one vertebra and the inferior articular facet of the vertebra directly above it. Intervertebral Discs → Pads of fibrous cartilage that maintain spaces. The discs consist of two structures: a) the annulus fibrosus (the tough outer portion) b) the nucleus pulposus (the inner gel material surrounded by the annulus fibrosus). → The discs act like shock absorbers to cushion the vertebrae as the body moves. Symphyseal Joints → A type of Synovial Joint that serves as an articular surface separated by thin layers of fibrous cartilage that exist between the bodies of the vertebrae.

What is the relevance of the sternoclavicular joint?

It articulates the pectoral to the axial skeleton

Know the four basic patterns of muscles - including the three types of pennate muscles

Parallel Muscles: make up most muscles of body -- run together along long axis of muscles Upon flexion can shorten up to 30% of overall length Ex: Biceps Muscles Convergent Muscles: fibers spread over broad area but they converge at one common attachment site Ex: Pectoralis Muscles Pennate Muscles: "pennate" means feather fascicles are arranged at an angle to tendon contains more muscle fibers & produces more tension than parallel muscle of the same size Unipennate: when fibers are on the same side of the tendon → Ex: Extensor Digitorum Muscle = a forearm muscle that extends the finger joints Bipennate: (MORE COMMON) have fibers on both sides of the tendon → Ex: Rectus Femoris Muscle = a muscle that extends the knee Multipennate: when a tendon branches within pennate muscle → Ex: triangular Deltoid Muscle of the shoulder Circular Muscles: (aka "Sphincter) concentrically arranged around an opening or recess to guard entrances and exits of internal passageways such as the digestive and urinary tracts. When the muscle contracts → diameter of the opening decreases.

Which of the following muscles is not considered a stabilizer of the pectoral girdle

Pectoralis Major

Where is the sternocleidomastoid located?

Neck

How many bones form the pelvic girdle and the lower extremity?

Pelvic girdle: 2 bones Lower limbs: 60 bones

What are the bones that make up the foot?

Phalanges, Longitudinal arch, Hallux

OIA of Transverses Abdominis

O: Cartilages of ribs 6-12, iliac crest, and thoracolumbar fascia I: Linea Alba and Pubis A: Compresses abdomen *Muscle fibers parallel*

OIA of External Abdominal Oblique

O: External and Inferior borders of ribs 5-12 I: Linea Alba and Iliac Crest A: Compresses abdomen, depresses ribs, flexes or bends the spine *Muscle fibers run diagonal downwards*

OIA of external intercostals

O: Inferior border of each rib I: Superior border of more inferior rib A: Elevate ribs

OIA of Rectus Abdominus

O: Inferior part of pubis around symphysis I: Inferior surfaces or costal cartilages (ribs 5-7) and xiphoid process A: Depresses ribs, flexes vertebral column, compresses abdomen *Muscle fibers run straight up and down*

OIA of Trapezius?

O: Occipital bone, ligamentum nunchae, spinous processes of T1-T12 I: Lateral third of the clavicle, acromion and spine of the scapula A: Rotation, retraction, elevation, and depression of the scapula, levitate clavicle; extends neck; stabilizes shoulders

OIA of internal intercostals

O: Superior border of each rib I: Inferior border of the preceding rib A: Depresses ribs

OIA of Internal Abdominal Oblique

O: Thorocolumbar fascia and the iliac crest I: Inferior ribs, xiphoid process and line alba A: Compresses abdomen, depresses ribs, flexes or bends the spine *Muscle fibers run diagonal upwards*

Levator Scapulae OIAS

Origin: Transverse processes of C1-C4 Insertion: Superior part of the medial border of the scapula Action: elevates the scapula medially upward

Serratus Anterior

Origin: Upper 8-9 Ribs Insertion: Medial Border of the scapula-- i.e. scapula sits on top of serratus anterior Action: Protracts scapula: upward rotation of the scapular (glenoid cavity moves superiorly; hold scapula close to the thoracic wall; elevates ribs when scapula is fixed

Provide examples of Parllel, Convergent, Pennate, and circular muscles

Parallel - Biceps Convergent - Pectoralis Pennate - SEE ABOVE for the individual example of each type! Circular - orbicularis oris (mouth)

Where are the greater and lesser sciatic notches located?

Posterior to the coxal structures

Be able to describe the location and attachment of the radial collateral ligament and the ulna collateral ligament.

Radial Collateral Ligament: stabilizes the lateral surface of the elbow joint extends between the Lateral Epicondyle of the Humerus and the Annular Ligament that binds the head of the Radius to the Ulna. → Ulna Collateral Ligament: stabilizes the medial surface of the elbow joint extends from the Medial Epicondyle of the Humerus anteriorly to the Coronoid Process of the Ulna, and posteriorly to the Olecranon Process.

What is the name of the nerve that primarily controls the elbow extensor muscles

Radial Nerve

Describe the rectus sheath

Rectus Sheath: (2 lamina = Anterior Sheath & Posterior Sheath) Made up of the Aponeuroses of the 3 abdominal muscles (External Abdominal Oblique + Internal Abdominal Oblique + Transversus Abdominis) as they converge at the Linea Alba.

Rhomboids (major and minor) OIAS

Rhomboid Major- Origin: spinous processes of T2-T5 Insertion: Medial border of scapula below scapula spine Action: Steadies scapula moves inferior angle backward and upward (both) Minor Origin: Spin processes of C7-T1 Insertion: Medial border of the scapula above scapula spine

What rib is located at the sternal angle

Rib 2

What rib articulates at the junction between the xiphoid process and the body of the sternum?

Rib 7

Where is the deltoid tuberosity located?

Runs along the lateral surface of the humerus

OIA of Scalenes

Scalenes 1) Anterior 2) Middle 3) Posterior O Cervical vertebrae transverse processes of C3-C7 I Superior surfaces of first 2 ribs → Anterior & Middle @ rib #1 → Posterior insert @ rib #2 A Entire muscle: Neck flexion Alone: Neck lateral flexion, Neck rotation, elevates the first and second ribs, assisting in inspiration

Trapezius inserts on the

Scapula spine and clavicle

The abnormal lateral curvature of the spine is called:

Scoliosis

It was determined that a football player tore his coracoclavicular ligament. This is an example of a :

Separated shoulder

The characteristics of cardiac, smooth and skeletal muscle and where you find each muscle tissue .

Skeletal muscle consists of elongated cells up to 12in or 30cm in length & can repair itself after injury. Attach bones of skeleton and move bones; Voluntary muscles; can elongate and contract Cardiac muscle is found in the heart and does NOT rely on nerve activity - only on its pacemaker cells Intercalated disks = connections between Cardiac muscle. Has characteristics of both skeletal and smooth muscle Smooth muscle tissue is located in the walls of the blood vessels and around hollow organs; involuntary muscle

Begin with the scaphoid bone, then moving along the proximal row from lateral to medial and name the carpal bone. Then move to the distal row and name the carpal bones from lateral to medial.

Some- Scaphoid- (boat, peanut) Lovers- Lunate- (luna = moon) Try- Triquetral- (triquetrus = three cornered/triangle/fan) Positions- Pisiform- (pisum = pea) That- Trapezium- (trapezion = four sided/star/cross) They- Trapezoid- (boot/trapezoid shaped) Can't- Capitate- (caput = head/Darth Vardar's helmet) Handle- Hamate- (hamatum = hooked/ham bone/broccoli)

OIA of Sternocleidomastoid

Sternocleidomastoid O: Sternal head on Manubrium of sternum, Clavicular head on sternal end of Clavicle I: Lateral surface of Mastoid Process, & lateral half of superior nuchal line A:-Together: neck flexion, head extension -Alone: Neck lateral flexion, neck rotation, when skull is fixed it assists in inspiration by elevating the sternum and clavicle

What are the names of the bones making up the ankle joint?

Talus, Cuboid, Navicular, Calcaneous, Medial Cuneiform, Intermediate Cuneiform, and Lateral Cuneiform

Briefly explain carpal tunnel syndrome

Tendons become irritated through repetitive motion, such as typing. Causes swelling and inflammation in the sheath. This causes the nerves of the hand to be pinched or compressed which results in pain/ numbness of the fingers

Where is the body of the atlas located?

The atlas doesn't have a body just a vertebral foramen.

What is the insertion for the diaphragm?

The central tendinous sheet

Explain the structure of a tendon and how it interweaves to the bone

The collagen fibers of all three layers converge to form a tendon. Tendons interweave with the periosteum of the bone and form a firm attachment for the muscle to the bone.

Advantage of Convergent Muscle

The stimulation of only one portion of muscle can change the direction of pull

The upper articular surfaces of the atlas articulate with what bone?

They articulate with the occipital condyles above and allow the head to nod

Main disadvantage of Pennate muscle

They pull at an angle and therefore contracting pennate muscles do not move their tendons as far as parallel muscles do

What is are accommodation curves?

Thoracic and sacral curves; appear in late fetal development and accommodate the thoracic and abdominopelvic viscera.

List the bones that form the thorax (rib cage)

Thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12) 12 pairs of ribs (24 total) Sternum

Describe the thoracolumbar fascia

Thoracolumbar Fascia: Also known as Lumbodorsal Fascia This is a membrane that covers the deep muscles of the back of the trunk.

The seven cervical vertebrae can be distinguished by

Transverse foramina and split tip of spinous process

What muscle has its origin on the occipital bone, ligament niche and the spinous processes of the thoracic vertebrae

Trapezius

The muscles of mastication are innovated by

Trigeminal nerves

There is a process on the medial side of the distal end of the humerus. what is this called?

Trochlea

Where does the radial head attach to the humerus?

Trochlea

True or false: Specific regions of trapezius can be made to contract independently

True

Define true ribs. How do they differ from false ribs and floating ribs?

True Ribs False Ribs Floating Ribs Ribs #1-7: are attached to the sternum and are also called the vertebrosternal ribs. Ribs #8-10: do not attach to the sternum - they attach to rib #7. Rib 8 is attached to rib 7, rib 9 is attached to rib 8, and rib 10 is attached to rib 9. The costal cartilages fuse together and merge with the cartilages of rib 7. These are also called vertebrochondral ribs. Ribs #11-12: do not attach at all to the sternum, or other vertebral ribs. They have no connection with the sternum or other vertebral ribs. They attach only to the vertebral column and the muscles of the body wall.

Where does the humerus articulate?

With the scapula at the shoulder joint?

Where are the sarcomeres found?

Within Myofibrils

Where is carpal tunnel syndrome located?

Wrist

What are the features of the patella?

1. A bone with 2 facets for articulating with the femur 2. A sesamoid bone 3. Found in the quadriceps femuris tendon

What is a muscle fascicle?

A bundle of muscle fibers.

Sarcopenia

A form of atrophy due to aging

At what joint does the pelvis articulate with the axial skeleton?

At the sacroiliac joints

You would expect a skeletal muscle with "oblique" in its name to

Be located at a diagonal angle to the longitudinal axis of the body

Why is it difficult to palpate rib #2?

Because it is under the clavicle

Describe the differences between the typical cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae.

Cervical -Location- Neck -Body- small, oval, curved faces -Vertebral Foramen- large Transverse Processes- -Have transverse foramina Functions -Supports skull, stabilize relative positions of brain and spinal cord, allows controlled head movement Thoracic -Location- Chest -Body- Medium, heart- shaped, flat faces, facts for rib articulations -Vertebral Foramen -Smaller -Spinous process- long, slender, not split, points inferiorly, -Transverse process- all but T11 and 12 have facets for rib articulations -Functions- supports weight of head, neck, upper limbs and chest, articulate with ribs to allow changes in volume of thoracic rib cage -LUMBAR -Location- inferior portion of back -Body- massive, oval, flat faces -vertebral foramen- smallest -Spinous process- blunt, broad, points posteriorly -Transverse process- short, no articular facets or transverse foramina -Functions-support weight of head, neck, upper limbs, and trunk

The primary types of vertebrae are

Cervical, Thoracic and Lumbar

The four curvatures of the spine are the:

Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, and Sacral

Disadvantage of convergent muscle

Challenging to train because the fascicles form a superior, middle and inferior line of action that all produce a slightly different arm action

How tendons are formed - be able to describe an aponeurosis. Don't worry about the microstructure - we will be covering that in physiology. Just know the name of the smallest functioning structure.

Collagen fibers of Epimysium, Perimysium, and Endomysium converge together to create broad sheets known as "aponeurosis", which converges with Periosteum of the bone. → A tendon = bands of collagen fibers that form a broad sheet of APONEUROSIS. -Tendons connect muscles to bone (NOT the same as LIGAMENTS WHICH ARE BONE-BONE) -Myofilaments sliding on each other = microscopic basis of muscle function. Repeating myofilaments= Sarcomeres. Sarcomere is the smallest contractile unit of muscle Myofilaments make up Myofibrils make up Muscle Cells make up a fascicle-- many fascicles make up a whole muscle. -fascicle-- bundle of muscle fibers (surrounded by perimysium)

How is the scapula held onto the body?

Entirely by muscles

What type of movements are allowed by the knee joint?

Flexion, Extension, and some Rotation

What is the purpose of the costal cartilages?

Form a series of flexible links between ribs and the sternum

Why is it easy to identify C7 by its spinous process?

It is the longest spinous process of the cervical vertebra; the others are short and stubby. It resembles T1. Also known as vertebral prominence.

Where does the 2nd costal cartilage articulate?

Joint between the manubrium and the body

The superficial spinal extensors include the

Longissimus, Spinalis, Iliocostalis

From the smallest unit of muscle rebuild the whole muscle.

Myofilaments--> Myofibrils-->Muscle Cell-->Fascicle--> Muscle

OIA of diaphragm

O: Xiphoid process cartilages of ribs 4-10 and anterior surfaces of lumbar vertebrae I: Central tendinous sheet A: Contraction expands thoracic cavity, compresses abdomino-pelvic cavity

What is the depression on the posterior medial surface of the distal end of the humerus called?

Olecranon Fossa

What structures prevent hyperextension of the elbow?

Olecranon Process/Olecranon Fossa

Biceps brachii muscles has which of the following types of fascicle arrangements

Parallel

What costal cartilage forms the costal arch?

The lowest four costal cartilages (7-10)

The transversus thoracic is associated with

The posterior part of the sternum

Which is larger the tibia or the fibula?

Tibia

Hypertrophy

What happens when you train a muscle; it will enlarge

Describe the articulation of the rib with the thoracic vertebra

The rib articulates in two spots: At the superior costal facet and at the transverse costal facet

Atrophy

What happens when you stop training a muscle; will get smaller

The primary spinal curves that appear late in fetal development:

Accommodate the thoracic and abdominopelvic viscera

There is a huge fossa on the lateral side of each os coxa in which the head of the femur articulates. This fossa is the________.

Acetabulum

Describe the meaning of agonist, antagonist and synergist. Give examples.

Agonist: A muscle whose contraction is chiefly for producing a particular movement when a muscle is effective in causing joint movement, it is a prime mover or agonist. Ex: Biceps brachii is agonist responsible for flexion at the elbow. Antagonist: A muscle whose action opposes that of a particular agonist Ex: Triceps brachii is biceps' antagonist Synergist: Helps a larger agonist to work efficiently. May provide additional pull near insertion or stabilize point of origin.-- Teres major assists lat pulldown when shoulder is at full flexion

How does the axial and appendicular skeleton differ?

Appendicular skeleton: has an upper and lower division. The upper division includes the pectoral girdle and bones of the upper extremities. The inferior aspect also consists of a girdle (pectoral girdle) and bones of the associated extremities. Axial Skeleton: Consists of the head, thoracic cage and vertebral column.

Describe the atlas and axis. Where does the rotation of the head occur? Where does forward flexion occur?

Atlas = C1 The Atlas has no a body. (need NOBODY if you're on top of the world/vertebral column) Its features: A narrow anterior arch that matches the posterior arch. The two arches of the atlas enclose an unusually large vertebral foramen. Part is occupied by the spinal cord and part by the odontoid process of the axis. The upper articular surfaces of the atlas are shaped like the inside of a cup to match the shape of the occipital condyles. Axis = C2 The Axis has a body and a distinct Odontoid Process (aka Dens). The Odontoid Process: Represents the missing body of the atlas and serves as the pivot around which the head, together with the atlas, rotates. Surrounded in front and on each side by bone and is held on place behind by a strong ligament called the transverse ligament of the axis. Has two small articular surfaces - one behind for the transverse ligament and one in front for the anterior arch of the atlas. → Rotation of the head occurs at the joints between the Atlas and Axis called the Atlanto-Axial Joint. → Forward Flexion/Extension/Lateral Flexion of the head occur at the Atlanto-Occipital Joints.

Describe the location of the following parts of a typical vertebra - body, vertebral foramen, lamina, spinous process, transverse process, articular facets, pedicles.

Body: on the anterior side - can be small (cervical), heart-shaped (thoracic), or large & oval-shaped (lumbar) → Vertebral foramen: the hole at the center - can be large (cervical) or much smaller (thoracic & lumbar) → Lamina: the handles on two sides leading to the spine → Spinous Process: pointy projection - can be short/stubby & bifid (cervical), point inferiorly (thoracic), or broad & point almost straight backwards (lumbar) → Transverse Process: stick out laterally on both sides - can have a hole/foramen in the center (cervical) → Articular Facets: surfaces for vertebrae sitting on top or below → Pedicles: connections on two sides that follow the body of the vertebrae out

What are the deep ligaments?

Deep inside the joint capsule, there are two additional ligaments: Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) - prevents the tibia from moving forward Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL) - prevents it from moving backward → Both ligaments attach to the intercondylar area of the tibia and to the condyles of the femur. The ligament toward the front is the anterior cruciate ligament. The one toward the back is the posterior cruciate ligament. They cross one another as they proceed to their destinations on the femur. (The term cruciate is derived from the Latin word crucialis meaning a cross). The ACL prevents the tibia from moving forward and the PCL prevents it from moving backward. If the ACL tears the knee can move forward too much and the knee can be unstable. The knee tends to give out when pivoting or quickly changing direction.

Describe Multifidus - know its OIA

Describe Multifidus - know its OIA → Multifidus is DEEP to the Spinalis muscles (it is right underneath the Spinalis group). It runs on either side of the spine from C4 through L5 with the lowest attaching to the sacrum. O: Sacrum & Transverse Processes of each vertebra. I: Spinous Processes of the 3rd or 4th more superior vertebrae A: Produces slight extension of the vertebral column and rotates it to the opposite side; Also: Stabilizes the vertebrae (if injured, it can start a cycle of pain). Acting singly, it can cause lateral flexion of the vertebral column (important for maintaining good posture).

Describe the following: xiphoid process, manubrium, sternal angle, articulation of ribs 1 and 2 on the sternum, floating ribs, costal arch, articulation with the clavicles, & jugular notch.

Manubrium: attaches to the body of the sternum by a cartilaginous joint where there is some slight movement. Widest and most superior portion of the sternum. It attaches to the clavicle, to rib #1 and to half of rib #2. → Jugular notch: located between the clavicular articulations, is a shallow indentation on the superior surface of the manubrium; it is also called the suprasternal notch. → Sternal Angle: the small angle joint between the manubrium and the Body of the Sternum. It is called the sternal-manubrial or manubrial-sternal joint. The sternal angle marks rib #2. Rib #1 is difficult to palpate because it is under the clavicle. → Xiphoid Process: the inferior segment of the sternum composed of cartilage early in life and typically converts to bone by age 30 to 40. The xiphoid process attaches only to rib #7 right where the xiphoid process joins the sternum. Projects downwards in the infrasternal angle, where it can easily be palpated. Infrasternal angle is the angle between the two costal arches. → Articulations of Ribs 1 & 2 on the Sternum: The 1st costal cartilage articulates with the Manubrium; the 2nd one articulates with the joint between the Manubrium and the Body The 3rd to the 6th or 7th costal cartilages articulate with the body. → Costal Arch: formed by the lowest four costal cartilages, (7 - 10) joining on to one another in series → Floating Ribs = ribs #11 & #12 → Articulation with the clavicles: the clavicular notches are depressions on the manubrium that serve as articulation points for the clavicles. The body or gladiolus (meaning little sword) is the middle portion of the sternum. It attaches to half of rib 2, and 3 - 7.

The five lumbar vertebrae can be distinguished by

Massive bodies and curved articular surfaces

What major structure makes up the distal end of the tibia?

Medial Malleolus

Main advantage of Pennate Muscle

More muscle fibers than parallel muscle so it can produce more tension

Which is the deepest of the spinal muscles?

Multifidus

What is the difference between the anatomical and surgical neck?

The anatomical neck marks the end of the joint capsule, while the surgical neck is the point where fractures generally occur

How is the acetabulum deepened?

The deep Acetabulum serves as fossa that accommodate the head of the femur. A fibrous cartilage pad extends like a horseshoe to either side of the Acetabular Notch, and the Acetabular Labrum (a projecting rim of fibrous cartilage) increases the depth of the joint cavity.

Which of the statements regarding connective tissue of a skeletal muscle is correct?

The endomysium surrounds the individual muscle cells

When a person fractures the fibula, walking becomes difficult because:

The fibula provides lateral stability to the ankle joint.

Describe the proximal end of the humerus. Where is the surgical neck of the humerus relative to the anatomical neck?

The head of the humerus has a shape of half a sphere. On the anterior aspect is the bicipital groove (also called the intertubercular groove) where the tendon of the long head of the biceps runs. On either side of the bicipital groove are the lesser tubercle and the greater tubercle. Almost half way down on the lateral aspect of the shaft of the humerus is the deltoid tuberosity. Below the deltoid tuberosity is a very narrow groove called the radial groove where the radial nerve runs. The humerus consists of a head, the anatomical neck and the surgical neck. The narrower surgical neck corresponds to the metaphysis of the growing bone. The name reflects the fact that fractures typically occur at this sit

Know the location of the major shoulder ligaments - the glenohumeral, coracohumeral, coracoacromial, coracoclavicular, & acromioclavicul

The joint capsule is made up from the superior, middle, inferior and posterior Glenohumeral Ligaments. Acromioclavicular Ligament: Reinforces the capsule of the acromioclavicular joint and supports the superior surface of the shoulder. The acromioclavicular joint can dislocate. Coracoclavicular Ligaments: There are two of these ligaments that hold the clavicle in position. They are attached to the Coracoid of the Scapula. Damage can occur to these ligaments when falling onto an outstretched hand. In simple dislocations there is only a sprain and the clavicle does not move too much out of place. If both the ligaments holding it in position are completely ruptured then the clavicle moves upwards and backwards.

Describe a typical rib - insertion point of iliocostalis muscle, the shape of the facets on the head, the costal groove, costal cartilage, how the rib articulates with the vertebrae

The rib is thin and flat and curved in the form of a spiral. At the back there are two thickenings - the head and the tubercle - that are separated by the neck. The facet on the inferior portion of the tubercle contacts the transverse process of the thoracic vertebrae. → The curvature of the rib is interrupted by angle that marks the insertion of the iliocostalis muscle group (a back muscle). → This angle of the rib marks the point where the body or shaft begins curving towards the sternum. The outer aspect of the rib is smoothly curved. The inner aspect is marked on the underside by a groove called the costal groove, in which the intercostals vessels and nerves run. → A core feature of the typical rib is that the head contains two facets. A facet is a surface that articulates with another surface. There are two facets on the head of the rib. One on top (the superior) and one on the bottom (the inferior).

What are the superficial ligaments of the knee joint?

The tendon from the muscles responsible for extending the knee passes over the anterior surface of the joint. The patella is embedded in this tendon, and the patella ligament continues to its attachment on the anterior surface of the tibia. On the lateral side, there is a ligament that is continuous with the tendons of the vastus lateralis muscle, the lateral part of the quadriceps. These structures together form the heavy capsular structure called the lateral retinaculum. On the medial side, a ligament extends from the superior half of the patella to the medial femur. This is called the Medial Patellofemoral Ligament (MPFL). The tendon of the vastus medialis muscle, the medial part of the quadriceps combines with these two structures to form the medial retinaculum. Two popliteal ligaments extend between the femur and the heads of the tibia and fibula. These ligaments reinforce the knee joint's posterior surface. The medial collateral ligament (tibial collateral ligament) is on the inner side of the knee. The lateral or fibular collateral ligament is on the outer side. The collateral ligaments provide the knee sideways stability.

Where do all 12 ribs attach?

The vertebral column

Describe the proximal and distal ends of the ulna and radius. Which bone is lateral and which is medial?

Ulna is the larger of the two bones proximally and the radius is larger distally main feature of the proximal end: trochlear notch it articulates with the trochlea of the humerus the proximal end of the ulna has a bony extension- olecranon- where the triceps tendon attaches coronoid process: forms an inferior lip of the trochlear notch ulnar tuberosity: distal to coronoid process, rough area that marks insertion of brachialis tendon radial notch: lateral to the coronoid process, small curved surface where the head of the radius articulates distal end of ulna has a head with a rounded articular surface that articulates with the radius ulnar styloid: pointed tip on distal end Radius rotates and ulna does not proximal radius has a head and neck its curved side articulates partly with the radial notch of the ulna and partly with the ligament that surrounds it the end of the head articulates with the capitulum of the humerus radial tuberosity: distal to the neck, where the biceps tendon inserts broad distal end of radius has two articular surfaces: larger one articulates with proximal row of carpal bones smaller one articulates with ulna radial styloid: on lateral side of radius and helps stabilize the joint To determine if you are looking at a radius or ulna, find the Radial Notch (on the ulna) or Ulnar Notch (on the radius) and remember that the radius lies lateral to the ulna U-shaped proximal head of the Ulna is the biggest hint! "U are closer to ME (MEdial)!" The two bones articulate at the proximal and distal radioulnar joints forearm occurs simultaneously at these joints A strong, flexible interosseous membrane holds the two bones together along most of their length preventing the two bones from moving lengthwise relative to each other

What are the bones of the pectoral girdle? Describe the main features of these bones (based on your practical lab labeling - see the color labeled slides for this information).

→ Bones of the Pectoral (aka Shoulder) Girdle = Clavicle (collar bone) + Scapula (shoulder blade) These connect the upper extremity to the trunk Clavicle = long slender collarbone Scapula = large, flat shoulder blade → The proximal long bone of the upper extremity (humerus) articulates with the scapula at the shoulder joint. The scapula and clavicle articulate with the bones of the thorax at the sterno-clavicular joint. The lateral end of the clavicle articulates with the acromion forming the acromio-clavicular joint. Apart from linkage, the scapula is held onto the body entirely by muscles. It is not capable of a wide range of movement. It is only capable of upward and downward motion, and forward and backward motion around the chest wall. Clavicle → Slightly S-shaped; the medial large joint surface articulates with the sternum. On the lateral end the smaller surface articulates with the scapula. Massive ligaments attach on the underside. → It is easy to identify the right vs. left clavicle: -The flatter side of the clavicle is the lateral end. -The stouter end is the medial end. The stout end articulates with the Manubrium. -The lateral end has to curve forward. It articulates with the Acromion of the scapula. → The superior surface is smooth. There is a groove on the inferior side with two rough parts. Other important landmarks include the costal tuberosity and the conoid tubercle. SCAPULA → Triangular in shape with an Upper border, a Lateral border, and a Medial border. The blade is a little curved to fit the curve of the chest wall. → Contains a smooth concave surface that is called the Glenoid Fossa (the articular surface for the shoulder joint). → Above and below the glenoid fossa are the supraglenoid tubercle and infraglenoid tubercle where two tendons attach. → A prominent bony ridge called the Spine of the scapula is located on the dorsal surface and divides it into the supraspinous fossa and the infraspinous fossa. On its lateral end the spine gives rise to a flat angulated projection called the Acromion. It stands completely clear of the bone. → The clavicle articulates with the scapula at the tip of the acromion. Its other projection is the Coracoid Process.

Where are there no intervertebral discs or symphyseal joints? Why?

→ Intervertebral discs are not found between the 1st and 2nd Cervical vertebrae, between sacral vertebrae in the sacrum, or between coccygeal vertebrae in the coccyx. → An intervertebral disc between the 1st & 2nd Cervical vertebrae would prohibit rotation. → The vertebrae in the sacrum and coccyx are fused to provide a firm attachment for muscles and ligaments.

How do the ribs move during breathing?

→ Movement of the ribs is essential to taking a breath. The ribs rise when taking a breath in and they lower when the model breathes out. Both width & depth of the thoracic cage increase or decrease its volume accordingly as a person inhale or exhale, respectively.

What ribs are the atypical ribs?

→ Rib 1, 2, 11 & 12 are atypical - meaning they are not like the rest. → Ribs 3 -10 are typical with common features. The atypical ribs do not have the crest - they just have one facet.

How do the acromioclavicular and glenohumeral joints work to allow movement of the shoulder joint?

→ Shoulder Joint has the greatest range of motion of all the joints in the body! (2 joints work together) The acromioclavicular (AC) joint is a gliding joint formed between the clavicle and acromion. The AC joint provides the ability to raise the arm above the head. The glenohumeral joint is a ball-and-socket joint permitting the arm to move in a circular rotation, adduction (toward the body) and abduction (away from the body).

Describe the tendinous inscriptions

→ Tendinous Inscriptions/Intersections: These are fibrous bands that cross the Rectus Abdominis muscle. There are 3 of these bands

List and generally describe the location of the 4 rotator cuff muscles and their location on the scapula. Know the location of the tendon on each around the capsule of the shoulder joint.

→ The acronym "SITS" can help you remember the Rotator Cuff muscles: Suprapinatus Infraspinatus Teres Minor Subscapularis

Describe how the pectoral girdle articulate to the axial skeleton? Describe the sterno-clavicular joint and the acromio-clavicular joint.

→ The proximal long bone of the upper extremity (humerus) articulates with the Scapula at the shoulder joint. The scapula and clavicle articulate with the bones of the thorax at the sterno-clavicular joint. The lateral end of the clavicle articulates with the acromion forming the acromio-clavicular joint. Apart from linkage, the scapula is held onto the body entirely by muscles. It is not capable of a wide range of movement. It is only capable of upward and downward motion, and forward and backward motion around the chest wall.