anatomy exam 3

Astrocytes

blood brain barrier

Which type of respiration produces ATP molecules?

both aerobic and anaerobic

The plexus that travels through the axillary region is the

brachial

This plexus is formed by the ventral rami of nerves C4 to T2. It innervates the upper limb and some muscles of the neck and shoulder.

brachial

The central nervous system or CNS of vertebrate animals consists of

brain and spinal cord

The burning sensation that you feel in your muscles when you are lifting weights is presumably caused by

buildup of lactic acid

A threshold stimulus applied to an excitable membrane is one that is just sufficient to

cause net inward movement of positive charge through the membrane

The plexuses that lie on either side of the neck are the _____ plexuses.

cervical

There are two types of synapses, based on mode of communication. What are they?

chemical / electrical

Which is NOT true of myelin?

It covers all parts of the neuron, including the axon, cell body, and dendrites

The spinal cord ends at about which vertebra?

L1

Which ions are important for establishing the resting potential in neurons?

Na

Which of the following is NOT part of the thin filaments of striated muscle?

connectin

In comparison to skeletal muscle, smooth muscle

contracts and relaxes more slowly

The glial cell that helps to form cerebrospinal fluid is the

ependymal

Anesthetics and anti-inflammatory drugs are introduced into this space in the vertebral column.

epideural

During contraction, does the actual length of actin and myosin molecules change?

no

A neuron innervating your extrinsic eye muscles would be considered part of the

PNS

Action potential transmission in the PNS is decreased if which cells are damaged?

Schwann cells

The glial cell that helps to form the myelin sheath in the CNS is the

Schwann cells

A neuron innervating your bicep muscle would be considered part of the

peripheral nervous system

Microglia

phagocytic cells that ingest and break down waste products and pathogens in the CNS

From deep to superficial, the meninges occur in the order

pia, arachnoid, dura

Which of the following disease of the central nervous system can be prevented by a vaccine?

poliomyelitis

The adaptive significance of the crossed extensor reflex when a person steps on a tack is to

prevent the person from falling down

ependymal cells

produce cerebrospinal fluid

A rapid, automatic, involuntary reaction of muscles or glands to a particular stimulus is a(an)

reflex

A neurotransmitter, such as Glycine, attaches to a receptor and causes hyperpolarization. This neurotransmitter would most likely cause a(n)

resting potential

The amount of force produced by a muscle is proportional to all of the following factors except one. Identify the exception.

resting sarcomere length

The distance from one Z disc to the next is called the ____ and it ____ during contraction.

sarcomere / shortens

The largest and longest nerve in the body is the _________ nerve.

sciatic

Which of the following is NOT a feature of skeletal muscle?

secretion

The peripheral nervous system includes the

sensory nerves and motor nerves

Posture is maintained mainly by _____ fibers.

slow oxidative (SO)

The type of muscle fibers that have only a single nucleus, both thick and thin filaments, but no Z discs, are

smooth

___ nerve fibers are those that innervate the skin and skeletal muscles.

somatic

This is a congenital defect resulting from the failure of one or more vertebrae to form a complete vertebral arch for enclosure of the spinal cord.

spina bifida

An action potential does not re-stimulate the adjacent membrane that was previously depolarized because

stimulation is inhibited by the myelin sheath.

Acetylcholine can be found in

synaptic knobs/vesicles, neuromuscular junction, bound to muscle receptors

All of these contribute to the cessation of the signal in a synaptic transmission except

synaptic vesicles secrete neurotransmitter by exocytosis

The biceps brachii is connected to the scapula by collagenous fibers of the epimysium called a ______.

tendon

The absence or inhibition of AChE (acetylcholinesterase) at a synapse would lead to which of the following?

tetanus

Due to overlap of dermatomes, a total loss of sensation requires anesthesia of ___ successive spinal nerves?

3

Which of the following is not found in the thin filaments of striated muscle?

ATPase

Rising intracellular levels of which ion are necessary for neurotransmitter release from a neuron?

Ca++

What is the correct order for the parts of the spinal cord, from superior to inferior?

Cervical - thoracic - lumbar - sacral - coccygeal

The epineurium

Dense connective tissue that surrounds entire nerve including fascicles and blood vessels.

Oligodendrocytes

Form myelin sheath in CNS

Schwann cells

Type of glia in the PNS, Supporting cells of the peripheral nervous system responsible for the formation of myelin.

Which are possible functions of skeletal muscles? a: Maintenance of posture b: Both highly coordinated and localized simple movements c: Temperature regulation d: Support of certain body organs e: Restricting the movement of material through certain body tracts

a, b, c, d, e

Which is a correct listing of the hierarchy of a skeletal muscle's components, beginning with the smallest? a: Myofibrils b: Muscle fiber c: Fascicle d: Skeletal muscle

a, c, b, d

Which are considered specific functions of the spinal cord? a: conductivity b: extensibility c: locomotion d: emotion e: reflexes

a, c, e

Cholinergic fibers use ____ as the neurotransmitter.

acetylcholine

The light bands in skeletal muscle are composed of ______ and the dark bands are composed of _____.

actin / myosin

The striations observed in skeletal and cardiac muscles are produced by

alternating a bands and I bands

In contrast to skeletal muscle, smooth muscle has all of the following properties except

an extensive sarcoplasmic reticulum

In which type of respiration does lactic acid build up in muscle fibers?

anaerobic

A molecule that can be quickly used to produce ATP is

creatine phosphate

In a neuron, __________ receive signals from sensory receptors.

dendrites

The effect of increasing the flow of Na+ ions into a neuron at rest (-70 mV initially) would be termed

depolarization

The cutaneous sensory distribution of a spinal nerve can be mapped as a

dermatome

The cell bodies of sensory neurons are located in the

dorsal root ganglion

The thickest of the meninges is the

dura mater

An action potential carried in one nerve fiber cannot stimulate adjacent nerve fibers carried in the same nerve because of the connective tissue that covers individual nerve fibers. This covering is the

endoneurium

___ keep(s) nerve fibers insulated from one another.

endoneurium

Regeneration of axons occurs more readily in the CNS than in the PNS.

false

You would expect a body-builder to have more ____ muscle fiber than a long-distance marathon runner.

fast glycolytic

Which of the following describes an appearance of red muscular tissue emerging directly from bone rather than being separated from it by an obvious tendon?

fleshy attachment

Which of the following is an effector?

glands

The meninges surrounding the CNS include all of the following except:

gray mater

Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) are associated with

hyperpolarization

Which of the following would NOT contribute to muscular fatigue in the muscle fiber?

increased levels of serotonin

Several genetic disorders including Tay Sach's disease strip the myelin sheath from nerve cells. The myelin sheath serves to _________ the axon.

insulate

A reflex arc in which both the receptor and effector organs of the reflex are on the same side of the spinal cord is

ipselateral

When a muscle develops increased tension but does not change in length, it is said to exhibit

isometric contraction

The tapered, conical inferior end of the spinal cord is called the conus

medullaris

An individual is experiencing a high fever, stiff neck, drowsiness, and intense headaches. A spinal tap showed bacteria and white blood cells in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). This individual most likely has

meningitis

The neurons that stimulate muscle contraction are called _____ neurons.

motor

If the ventral root of a spinal nerve were cut, the regions innervated by that spinal nerve would experience complete loss of

movement

Which of the following is NOT primarily associated with skeletal muscle?

moving contents through the digestive system

Spatial summation occurs when __________.

multiple local potentials occur at different places on the same cell at the same time

the brachial plexus supplies nerves that function to contract which of the following?

muscles of arm and forearm

A _________ is a single muscle cell.

myofiber

A given neurotransmitter can produce either excitatory or inhibitory effects on postsynaptic neurons depending on the specific receptor type it binds.

true

There are _____ enlargements of the spinal cord where nerves supplying the extremities enter and leave.

two

____ division carries signals to the smooth muscle in the large intestine.

visceral motor

Which of these processes occurs during the relaxation of skeletal muscle?

z discs move further apart