Anatomy Exam #3
True or False: Individual EPSPs and IPSPs determine whether or not a neuron fires and the rate of firing by stimulating or inhibiting the production of more action potentials.
False
True or False: The fibula is the only weight-bearing bone of the crural region.
False
True or False: Two of the false ribs, the eleventh and twelfth ribs, are called floating ribs because they do not have a posterior attachment to the spine.
False
Oligodendrocytes
Form myelin sheath in CNS
Neurolemmocytes
Form the myelin sheath in the PNS
Coccyx
Four vertebrae comprising the "tailbone"
Phalanges
Fourteen bones present in the digits
Glenoid fossa of scapula
Head of humerus
The negative value of the resting membrane potential means that
there are more negatively charged particles on the inside of the membrane than on the outside.
The primary curves of the vertebral column are the
thoracic and sacral curvatures
An EPSP will cause the postsynaptic membrane
to depolarize.
The pelvic organs are enclosed within the
true pelvis
Ribs that join the sternum directly by costal cartilages are called
true ribs.
An inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)
will make it more difficult for the postsynpatic neuron to reach threshold.
Synovial fluid is found
within the synovial cavity.
Correct Order: 1. Extracellular Ca2+ enters terminal and binds to sensor protein in the cytoplasm2. Exocytosis of neurotransmitter into synaptic cleft3. Action potential reaches axon terminal4. Ca2+-protein complex stimulates fusion of the docked synaptic vesicle with the plasma membrane5. Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open
3, 5, 1, 4, 2
True or False: In neurons, protein pumps allow substances to move passively down their concentration gradients.
False
True or False: Neurons are unique in that they do not require glucose or oxygen to function.
False
True or False: One function of the nervous system is to always respond to sensory input.
False
True or False: The appendicular skeleton consists of the parts that support and protect the head, neck, and trunk.
False
True or False: The pelvic inlet is covered with muscles and skin, forming the body region called the perineum
False
True or False: The temporomandibular joint is limited to protraction and retraction due to its articular disc.
False
True or false: The endoneurium wraps around groups of fasicles to form a nerve.
False
Sacrum
Five fused vertebrae
Lumbar vertebrae
Five vertebrae in the low back
Which of the following joints is the least stable?
Glenohumeral (shoulder) joint
Which statement is false regarding the general features of the vertebral column.
It consists of a chain of 30 vertebrae with intervertebral discs of fibrocartilage between most of them.
A meniscus could be found in which joint?
Knee
Which is not a part of all synovial joints?
Labrum
Lumbar vertebrae (associated region)
Largest vertebrae
Tibia and fibula
Lateral epicondyle
Body
Longest part of the sternum
Which is a secondary curvature of the vertebral column that develops as a child begins to stand and walk?
Lumbar
Tibia
Medial epicondyle
If you palpate the medial side of your ankle, what prominent process of the tibia are you feeling?
Medial malleolus
Which glial cell acts as a phagocyte?
Microglial cells
Most common type; innervate muscles and glands
Multiploar neuron
Select all the features that are major landmarks in the os coxae.
Obturator foramen, Arcuate line, Iliac fossa and ala, Iliac crest
Which of the following features is the most proximal feature of the ulna?
Olecranon
Olecranon of ulna
Olecranon fossa of humerus
What type of cells produce the myelin sheath in the central nervous system (CNS)?
Oligodendrocytes
____ are large cells that ensheath many different axons.
Oligodendrocytes
Tibial tuberosity
Patellar ligament attachment site
Check all that are parts of a typical vertebra
Pedicles, Spinous Process, Body, Vertebral foramen
Includes cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and ganglia
Peripheral nervous system
Greater trochanter
Projects laterally at junction of neck/shaft
Astrocytes
Provide structural and metabolic support for neurons.
Which of the following is not a function of the vertebral column?
Provide support for the muscles of the arm
What bones make up the os coxae?
Pubis, Ilium, Ischium
Which fossa on the humerus articulates with the head of the radius?
Radial fossa
Check all that are bones of the pelvic girdle.
Right os coxae, Left os coxae
Cervical vertebrae
Seven vertebrae in the neck
True or False: A depolarizing graded potential can cause an action potential.
True
True or False: A middle phalanx is not present in the thumb.
True
True or False: Axoplasmic flow is an example of slow axonal transport.
True
True or False: During the transmission of an action potential along a myelinated axon, as one neurofibril node is depolarizing, the previous node is repolarizing.
True
True or False: Graded potentials can result from mechanical stimulation or temperature changes.
True
True or False: Graded potentials can result from voltage across the plasma membrane.
True
True or False: If extracellular concentrations of potassium are increased dramatically, a neuron may not be able to repolarize during an action potential.
True
True or False: Increased permeability of the membrane to sodium results in depolarization.
True
True or False: Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) may be caused by the opening of either chemically gated potassium channels or chemically gated chloride channels.
True
True or False: Most ribs have two articulations with the vertebrae, the head articulates with the body and the tubercle articulates with the transverse process
True
True or False: On a typical neuron, the axon is usually longer in length than the dendrites.
True
True or False: Postsynaptic neurons can generate both inhibitory and excitatory postsynaptic potentials simultaneously.
True
True or False: Sodium has a higher concentration outside the cell than within.
True
True or False: Synovial joints have these features: an articular capsule, a joint cavity containing synovial fluid, articular cartilage, ligaments, blood vessels, and nerves.
True
True or False: The deltoid tuberosity is part of the humerus.
True
True or False: The effects produced by one graded potential can be added onto the effects of another graded potential
True
True or False: The entry of sodium ions into the postsynaptic neuron causes depolarization.
True
True or False: The fibula does not bear any weight during walking or standing.
True
True or False: The hallux is the most medial digit of the foot and is referred to as the "great toe."
True
True or False: The leakage of potassium plays a more significant role in the resting membrane potential than the leakage of sodium.
True
True or False: The patella is a sesamoid bone housed within the quadriceps femoris muscle tendon.
True
True or False: The pectoral girdle consists of two scapulae and two clavicles.
True
True or False: The potential change can vary from small to large depending on the stimulus strength or summation
True
True or False: The sternum consists of the manubrium, body, and xiphoid process.
True
True or False: The thoracic cage consists of the thoracic vertebrae, the ribs, and the sternum
True
True or False: The upper limbs are more mobile but less stable as compared to the lower limbs.
True
True or False: he superior seven pairs of ribs are called true ribs because they directly attach to the sternum through their costal cartilages.
True
thoracic vertebrae
Twelve vertebrae that articulate with ribs
One process with two branches; one extending to the CNS, one extending to the periphery
Unipolar neuron
Most neurons in the PNS
Unipolar neurons
If extracellular calcium was absent, which would likely be true?
Vesicles containing neurotransmitter would not merge with the plasma membrane.
The acetabulum is
a depression in the hip bone that receives the head of the femur.
The _______ is a period when a membrane cannot respond to another stimulus (no matter how strong).
absolute refractory period
The femur
s the longest bone in the body, extends from the hip to the knee, has a large, rounded head, articulates with the patella
In the appendicular skeleton, the pectoral girdle is made up of the __________ and the __________.
scapula; clavicle
The ___________ nervous system transmits information from receptors to the CNS, while the ___________ nervous system transmits information from the CNS to the rest of the body.
sensory; motor
The bones of the wrists and ankles are classified as
short bones
The axial skeleton includes the
skull, hyoid bone, thoracic cage, and vertebral column.
Compared to the lower limbs, the upper limbs are _______, which reflects the fact they are not weight bearing and are used to interact with the surrounding environment.
smaller, more mobile
As a result of a neurotransmitter opening up chemically gated sodium channels on the postsynaptic membrane,
sodium ions enter the cell.
If all the sodium leakage channels were removed from the cell membrane of a neuron,
the membrane potential would be about -90 millivolts.
An excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) causes
the postsynaptic neuron's membrane potential to become more positive.
Which is not a type of synovial joint?
Suture
Which part of a neuron contains calcium pumps and channels?
Synaptic bulbs
Which of the following characteristics of action potentials can vary?
The frequency of action potentials
Condyle
Tibial surface articulating with femur
Trochlear notch of ulna
Trochlea of humerus
Pollex
Two phalanges comprising the thumb
A recently depolarized area of a cell membrane cannot generate an action potential because of the
absolute refractory period.
The head of the femur articulates with the
acetabulum
Pain receptors in the skin send signals to the CNS for processing. These pain receptors are an example of ____________ neurons.
afferent
An arthritic joint contains damage to the hyaline cartilage covering the articulating bones. In other words, the ________ has been damaged.
articular cartilage
Consists of the brain and spinal cord
central nervous system
Ependymal cells help produce
cerebrospinal fluid.
When a neurotransmitter binds a protein channel, it opens and lets sodium diffuse down its concentration gradient. This is an example of a
chemically gated sodium channel.
A large, smooth, rounded articulating oval structure is called what?
condyle
Neurons that carry signals from the CNS to skeletal muscle for contraction would be classified as _____________ neurons.
efferent
On a graph of an action potential, the small depolarizations that lead to threshold are from
excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs).
Activation gates in the cell membrane for voltage-gated sodium ion channels open into the
extracellular fluid.
An axon with a large diameter transmits an impulse ____ than an axon with a smaller diameter.
faster
The _______ layer of the synovial joint strengthens the joint to prevent the bones from being pulled apart.
fibrous
The talus, calcaneus, navicular, cuboid, lateral, intermediate, and cuneiform bones are all part of the
foot
Acetabulum of os coxae
head of femur
The elbow performs flexion and extension, and is therefore a _________ joint.
hinge
The knee joint performs primarily flexion and extension, so it is classified as a __________ joint.
hinge
The hip bones include the
ilium, ischium, and pubis.
The true pelvis is ____ to the false pelvis.
inferior
Symphyses can be found in the
intervertebral joints.
Patella
kneecap
An excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)
may result from positively charged ions entering the postsynaptic neuron.
The vagus nerve contains afferent and efferent neurons; therefore it is an example of a(n) __________ nerve.
mixed
Depolarization is initiated by a stimulus that makes the membrane potential
more positive.
Manubrium
most superior part of the sternum
The most common type of neuron contains many dendrites and a single axon. Structurally, this is classified as a(n) ______________ neuron.
multipolar
Many dendrites and a single axon
multipolar neuron
The ligament that attaches the patella to the tibia is the
patellar ligament.
The ____ is the border between the true and false pelvis.
pelvic inlet
Neurolemmocytes produce myelin in the _____ nervous system.
peripheral
Myelin sheaths mainly consist of which part of the glial cells that form them?
plasma membrane
When sodium enters the neuron via chemically gated sodium channels, the membrane will depolarize. Therefore, the membrane potential will become more
positive
Ependymal Cells
produce cerebrospinal fluid
The three borders of the scapula are called the
superior, medial, and lateral borders.
Satellite Cells
surround neuron cell bodies in PNS
A typical synapse in the CNS consists of a presynaptic neuron and a postsynaptic neuron, separated by a narrow space called the
synaptic cleft.
An articulation in which bones are joined by hyaline cartilage is called a
synchondrosis.
The joint capsule has an inner layer called the
synovial membrane.
Microglia
Act as phagocytes, eating damaged cells and bacteria, act as the brains immune system
_____ synovial joints are diarthroses.
All
Which part of a synovial joint may be reinforced by ligaments and tendons?
Articular capsule
Clavicular notches
Articulate with the clavicles
Proximal Phalanx
Articulates with metacarpal
Which glial cell is starlike in shape and helps form the blood-brain barrier?
Astrocytes
Drag each label into the proper position in order to identify the type of skeletal category.
Axial: skull, sacrum, mandible, bones associated with protection of internal organs, ribs Appendicular: Clavicle, os coxae, bones associated with arms and legs, bones associated with locomotion
One dendrite and one axon
Bipolar neuron
Special senses
Bipolar neurons
Distal Phalanx
Bones in the tip of the fingers
Epicondyle
Bump on condyle of femur
Which of the following structures is a part of the humerus that articulates with the head of the radius?
Capitulum
Head of radius
Capitulum of humerus
Which is a secondary curvature of the vertebral column that develops as a result of a child being able to hold up its head without support?
Cervical
Cervical vertebrae (associated region)
Contain transverse foramina
Coronoid fossa of ulna
Coronoid fossa of humerus
Thoracic vertebrae (associated region)
Costal facets articulate with ribs
Place the following structures in the order that an electrical impulse would travel beginning with the postsynaptic membrane.
Dendrites, soma, axon hillock, neurofibril node, synaptic knobs
Fovea capitis
Depression in head of femur
Lateral malleolus
Distal end of fibula at ankle
Medial malleolus
Distal process of tibia at ankle
Linea aspera
Elevated midline ridge on shaft
True of False: Glial cells help neurons by generating action potentials.
False
True or False: All synovial joints allow movement in multiple planes.
False
True or False: At resting membrane potential, voltage-gated potassium ion channels are open.
False
True or False: Because the scapula is directly connected to the axial skeleton, it cannot move freely across the thorax.
False
True or False: Ganglia are clusters of neuron cell bodies located within the CNS.
False
True or False: Gomphoses are among the most common joints in the body.
False
Xiphoid process
Inferior tip
