Anatomy Exam #3

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True or False: Individual EPSPs and IPSPs determine whether or not a neuron fires and the rate of firing by stimulating or inhibiting the production of more action potentials.

False

True or False: The fibula is the only weight-bearing bone of the crural region.

False

True or False: Two of the false ribs, the eleventh and twelfth ribs, are called floating ribs because they do not have a posterior attachment to the spine.

False

Oligodendrocytes

Form myelin sheath in CNS

Neurolemmocytes

Form the myelin sheath in the PNS

Coccyx

Four vertebrae comprising the "tailbone"

Phalanges

Fourteen bones present in the digits

Glenoid fossa of scapula

Head of humerus

The negative value of the resting membrane potential means that

there are more negatively charged particles on the inside of the membrane than on the outside.

The primary curves of the vertebral column are the

thoracic and sacral curvatures

An EPSP will cause the postsynaptic membrane

to depolarize.

The pelvic organs are enclosed within the

true pelvis

Ribs that join the sternum directly by costal cartilages are called

true ribs.

An inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

will make it more difficult for the postsynpatic neuron to reach threshold.

Synovial fluid is found

within the synovial cavity.

Correct Order: 1. Extracellular Ca2+ enters terminal and binds to sensor protein in the cytoplasm2. Exocytosis of neurotransmitter into synaptic cleft3. Action potential reaches axon terminal4. Ca2+-protein complex stimulates fusion of the docked synaptic vesicle with the plasma membrane5. Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open

3, 5, 1, 4, 2

True or False: In neurons, protein pumps allow substances to move passively down their concentration gradients.

False

True or False: Neurons are unique in that they do not require glucose or oxygen to function.

False

True or False: One function of the nervous system is to always respond to sensory input.

False

True or False: The appendicular skeleton consists of the parts that support and protect the head, neck, and trunk.

False

True or False: The pelvic inlet is covered with muscles and skin, forming the body region called the perineum

False

True or False: The temporomandibular joint is limited to protraction and retraction due to its articular disc.

False

True or false: The endoneurium wraps around groups of fasicles to form a nerve.

False

Sacrum

Five fused vertebrae

Lumbar vertebrae

Five vertebrae in the low back

Which of the following joints is the least stable?

Glenohumeral (shoulder) joint

Which statement is false regarding the general features of the vertebral column.

It consists of a chain of 30 vertebrae with intervertebral discs of fibrocartilage between most of them.

A meniscus could be found in which joint?

Knee

Which is not a part of all synovial joints?

Labrum

Lumbar vertebrae (associated region)

Largest vertebrae

Tibia and fibula

Lateral epicondyle

Body

Longest part of the sternum

Which is a secondary curvature of the vertebral column that develops as a child begins to stand and walk?

Lumbar

Tibia

Medial epicondyle

If you palpate the medial side of your ankle, what prominent process of the tibia are you feeling?

Medial malleolus

Which glial cell acts as a phagocyte?

Microglial cells

Most common type; innervate muscles and glands

Multiploar neuron

Select all the features that are major landmarks in the os coxae.

Obturator foramen, Arcuate line, Iliac fossa and ala, Iliac crest

Which of the following features is the most proximal feature of the ulna?

Olecranon

Olecranon of ulna

Olecranon fossa of humerus

What type of cells produce the myelin sheath in the central nervous system (CNS)?

Oligodendrocytes

____ are large cells that ensheath many different axons.

Oligodendrocytes

Tibial tuberosity

Patellar ligament attachment site

Check all that are parts of a typical vertebra

Pedicles, Spinous Process, Body, Vertebral foramen

Includes cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and ganglia

Peripheral nervous system

Greater trochanter

Projects laterally at junction of neck/shaft

Astrocytes

Provide structural and metabolic support for neurons.

Which of the following is not a function of the vertebral column?

Provide support for the muscles of the arm

What bones make up the os coxae?

Pubis, Ilium, Ischium

Which fossa on the humerus articulates with the head of the radius?

Radial fossa

Check all that are bones of the pelvic girdle.

Right os coxae, Left os coxae

Cervical vertebrae

Seven vertebrae in the neck

True or False: A depolarizing graded potential can cause an action potential.

True

True or False: A middle phalanx is not present in the thumb.

True

True or False: Axoplasmic flow is an example of slow axonal transport.

True

True or False: During the transmission of an action potential along a myelinated axon, as one neurofibril node is depolarizing, the previous node is repolarizing.

True

True or False: Graded potentials can result from mechanical stimulation or temperature changes.

True

True or False: Graded potentials can result from voltage across the plasma membrane.

True

True or False: If extracellular concentrations of potassium are increased dramatically, a neuron may not be able to repolarize during an action potential.

True

True or False: Increased permeability of the membrane to sodium results in depolarization.

True

True or False: Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) may be caused by the opening of either chemically gated potassium channels or chemically gated chloride channels.

True

True or False: Most ribs have two articulations with the vertebrae, the head articulates with the body and the tubercle articulates with the transverse process

True

True or False: On a typical neuron, the axon is usually longer in length than the dendrites.

True

True or False: Postsynaptic neurons can generate both inhibitory and excitatory postsynaptic potentials simultaneously.

True

True or False: Sodium has a higher concentration outside the cell than within.

True

True or False: Synovial joints have these features: an articular capsule, a joint cavity containing synovial fluid, articular cartilage, ligaments, blood vessels, and nerves.

True

True or False: The deltoid tuberosity is part of the humerus.

True

True or False: The effects produced by one graded potential can be added onto the effects of another graded potential

True

True or False: The entry of sodium ions into the postsynaptic neuron causes depolarization.

True

True or False: The fibula does not bear any weight during walking or standing.

True

True or False: The hallux is the most medial digit of the foot and is referred to as the "great toe."

True

True or False: The leakage of potassium plays a more significant role in the resting membrane potential than the leakage of sodium.

True

True or False: The patella is a sesamoid bone housed within the quadriceps femoris muscle tendon.

True

True or False: The pectoral girdle consists of two scapulae and two clavicles.

True

True or False: The potential change can vary from small to large depending on the stimulus strength or summation

True

True or False: The sternum consists of the manubrium, body, and xiphoid process.

True

True or False: The thoracic cage consists of the thoracic vertebrae, the ribs, and the sternum

True

True or False: The upper limbs are more mobile but less stable as compared to the lower limbs.

True

True or False: he superior seven pairs of ribs are called true ribs because they directly attach to the sternum through their costal cartilages.

True

thoracic vertebrae

Twelve vertebrae that articulate with ribs

One process with two branches; one extending to the CNS, one extending to the periphery

Unipolar neuron

Most neurons in the PNS

Unipolar neurons

If extracellular calcium was absent, which would likely be true?

Vesicles containing neurotransmitter would not merge with the plasma membrane.

The acetabulum is

a depression in the hip bone that receives the head of the femur.

The _______ is a period when a membrane cannot respond to another stimulus (no matter how strong).

absolute refractory period

The femur

s the longest bone in the body, extends from the hip to the knee, has a large, rounded head, articulates with the patella

In the appendicular skeleton, the pectoral girdle is made up of the __________ and the __________.

scapula; clavicle

The ___________ nervous system transmits information from receptors to the CNS, while the ___________ nervous system transmits information from the CNS to the rest of the body.

sensory; motor

The bones of the wrists and ankles are classified as

short bones

The axial skeleton includes the

skull, hyoid bone, thoracic cage, and vertebral column.

Compared to the lower limbs, the upper limbs are _______, which reflects the fact they are not weight bearing and are used to interact with the surrounding environment.

smaller, more mobile

As a result of a neurotransmitter opening up chemically gated sodium channels on the postsynaptic membrane,

sodium ions enter the cell.

If all the sodium leakage channels were removed from the cell membrane of a neuron,

the membrane potential would be about -90 millivolts.

An excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) causes

the postsynaptic neuron's membrane potential to become more positive.

Which is not a type of synovial joint?

Suture

Which part of a neuron contains calcium pumps and channels?

Synaptic bulbs

Which of the following characteristics of action potentials can vary?

The frequency of action potentials

Condyle

Tibial surface articulating with femur

Trochlear notch of ulna

Trochlea of humerus

Pollex

Two phalanges comprising the thumb

A recently depolarized area of a cell membrane cannot generate an action potential because of the

absolute refractory period.

The head of the femur articulates with the

acetabulum

Pain receptors in the skin send signals to the CNS for processing. These pain receptors are an example of ____________ neurons.

afferent

An arthritic joint contains damage to the hyaline cartilage covering the articulating bones. In other words, the ________ has been damaged.

articular cartilage

Consists of the brain and spinal cord

central nervous system

Ependymal cells help produce

cerebrospinal fluid.

When a neurotransmitter binds a protein channel, it opens and lets sodium diffuse down its concentration gradient. This is an example of a

chemically gated sodium channel.

A large, smooth, rounded articulating oval structure is called what?

condyle

Neurons that carry signals from the CNS to skeletal muscle for contraction would be classified as _____________ neurons.

efferent

On a graph of an action potential, the small depolarizations that lead to threshold are from

excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs).

Activation gates in the cell membrane for voltage-gated sodium ion channels open into the

extracellular fluid.

An axon with a large diameter transmits an impulse ____ than an axon with a smaller diameter.

faster

The _______ layer of the synovial joint strengthens the joint to prevent the bones from being pulled apart.

fibrous

The talus, calcaneus, navicular, cuboid, lateral, intermediate, and cuneiform bones are all part of the

foot

Acetabulum of os coxae

head of femur

The elbow performs flexion and extension, and is therefore a _________ joint.

hinge

The knee joint performs primarily flexion and extension, so it is classified as a __________ joint.

hinge

The hip bones include the

ilium, ischium, and pubis.

The true pelvis is ____ to the false pelvis.

inferior

Symphyses can be found in the

intervertebral joints.

Patella

kneecap

An excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

may result from positively charged ions entering the postsynaptic neuron.

The vagus nerve contains afferent and efferent neurons; therefore it is an example of a(n) __________ nerve.

mixed

Depolarization is initiated by a stimulus that makes the membrane potential

more positive.

Manubrium

most superior part of the sternum

The most common type of neuron contains many dendrites and a single axon. Structurally, this is classified as a(n) ______________ neuron.

multipolar

Many dendrites and a single axon

multipolar neuron

The ligament that attaches the patella to the tibia is the

patellar ligament.

The ____ is the border between the true and false pelvis.

pelvic inlet

Neurolemmocytes produce myelin in the _____ nervous system.

peripheral

Myelin sheaths mainly consist of which part of the glial cells that form them?

plasma membrane

When sodium enters the neuron via chemically gated sodium channels, the membrane will depolarize. Therefore, the membrane potential will become more

positive

Ependymal Cells

produce cerebrospinal fluid

The three borders of the scapula are called the

superior, medial, and lateral borders.

Satellite Cells

surround neuron cell bodies in PNS

A typical synapse in the CNS consists of a presynaptic neuron and a postsynaptic neuron, separated by a narrow space called the

synaptic cleft.

An articulation in which bones are joined by hyaline cartilage is called a

synchondrosis.

The joint capsule has an inner layer called the

synovial membrane.

Microglia

Act as phagocytes, eating damaged cells and bacteria, act as the brains immune system

_____ synovial joints are diarthroses.

All

Which part of a synovial joint may be reinforced by ligaments and tendons?

Articular capsule

Clavicular notches

Articulate with the clavicles

Proximal Phalanx

Articulates with metacarpal

Which glial cell is starlike in shape and helps form the blood-brain barrier?

Astrocytes

Drag each label into the proper position in order to identify the type of skeletal category.

Axial: skull, sacrum, mandible, bones associated with protection of internal organs, ribs Appendicular: Clavicle, os coxae, bones associated with arms and legs, bones associated with locomotion

One dendrite and one axon

Bipolar neuron

Special senses

Bipolar neurons

Distal Phalanx

Bones in the tip of the fingers

Epicondyle

Bump on condyle of femur

Which of the following structures is a part of the humerus that articulates with the head of the radius?

Capitulum

Head of radius

Capitulum of humerus

Which is a secondary curvature of the vertebral column that develops as a result of a child being able to hold up its head without support?

Cervical

Cervical vertebrae (associated region)

Contain transverse foramina

Coronoid fossa of ulna

Coronoid fossa of humerus

Thoracic vertebrae (associated region)

Costal facets articulate with ribs

Place the following structures in the order that an electrical impulse would travel beginning with the postsynaptic membrane.

Dendrites, soma, axon hillock, neurofibril node, synaptic knobs

Fovea capitis

Depression in head of femur

Lateral malleolus

Distal end of fibula at ankle

Medial malleolus

Distal process of tibia at ankle

Linea aspera

Elevated midline ridge on shaft

True of False: Glial cells help neurons by generating action potentials.

False

True or False: All synovial joints allow movement in multiple planes.

False

True or False: At resting membrane potential, voltage-gated potassium ion channels are open.

False

True or False: Because the scapula is directly connected to the axial skeleton, it cannot move freely across the thorax.

False

True or False: Ganglia are clusters of neuron cell bodies located within the CNS.

False

True or False: Gomphoses are among the most common joints in the body.

False

Xiphoid process

Inferior tip


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