anatomy exam review

Epidermal cells are supplied with nutrients from blood vessels in the

dermis

Damaged skin cells are usually shed in sheets because the cells are held together by

desmosomes.

Durable intercellular connections that are abundant between cells in the superficial layers of the skin are called

desmosomes.

Alcohol and fatty acids enter cells via

diffusion

A diagnostic technique that employs a radiopaque dye injected into blood vessels is called a(n)

digital subtractive angiography (DSA).

A mixture of water and a salt would result in breaking down the salt into a mixture of cations and anions. This process is called ________.

dissociation

Exocrine secretions are discharged onto some external or internal body surface through a(n) ________.

duct

A muscle that inserts on the radial tuberosity is most likely involved in

elbow flexion.

A(n) ________ contains atoms with the same atomic number.

element

Approximately 70-80 percent of cancers in the aging population are the result of

environmental factors.

Chemical reactions that occur in the human body are catalyzed by special protein molecules called ________.

enzyme

A layer of collagen fibers that surrounds an entire muscle is called

epimysium.

Chemical reactions that release energy are categorized as ________.

exegonic

________ is a movement that occurs in the anterior-posterior plane and increases the angle between the articulating bones.

extension

A muscle ________ contains a sarcolemma, sarcoplasm, myofilaments, and myofibrils.

fiber

During skin repair, most of the scab consists of an insoluble network of ________, a protein that forms from blood proteins during the clotting response.

fibrin

Connective tissue fibers are formed from protein subunits secreted by ________.

fibroblasts

A burn that destroys only the superficial cells of the epidermis, such as a mild sunburn, is classified as

first-degree

Describe the regional term "antecubitis."

front of the elbow

A joint with flattened or slightly curved articulating surfaces is called a ________ joint.

gliding

A joint that binds each tooth within a bony socket is called a

gomphosis.

During the regeneration process of the skin after an injury, what is the combination of blood clot, fibroblasts, and an extensive capillary network called?

granulation tissue

According to the rules of complementary base pairing, a nucleotide containing the base cytosine would only pair with a nucleotide containing the base

guanine

Hair is formed by the repeated divisions of epithelial stem cells in which structure?

hair matrix

A(n) ________ bond is a covalent bond that stores an unusually large capacity to perform work.

high-energy

A solution that contains a higher solute concentration than the cytoplasm of a cell is called

hypertonic

Crenation occurs when a blood cell is placed in a(n)

hypertonic solution.

plasma membrane

in cells that are required to move fluids or secretions along the cell surface.

Covering, protection, and thermoregulation are functions of which organ system of the human body?

integumentary

Chlorine atoms have seven electrons in the outermost shell. As a result, one would expect chlorine to form ions with a charge of

-1

A bond between a phosphate group and a sugar can be found linking together

2 nucleotides

Choose the correct order of the cell layers, or strata, in a section of thick skin, from the basement membrane toward the free surface (deep to superficial). 1. stratum lucidum 2. stratum basale 3. stratum corneum 4. stratum granulosum 5. stratum spinosum

2, 5, 4, 1, 3

A solution containing more hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions is

Acidic

________ processes move substances across a membrane regardless of concentration gradients.

Active transport

____ are cells that support and protect the neurons.

Neuroglia

Examination of a sample of cells reveals large numbers of mitochondria compared to most other cells. Which of the following is a likely reason for this?

The cells have very high energy requirements.

A mechanism in which two substances move in opposite directions across the cell membrane is called ________.

countertransport

________ cells are specialized for contraction.

muscle

After death, rigor mortis lasts until

myofilaments are broken down.

Compared with the male pelvis, the female pelvis has a

narrower pubic angle.

Coordinating the activities of other organ systems in order to direct immediate responses to stimuli is characteristic of the

nervous system

Cells of neural tissue that support the tissue are called

neuroglia.

All of the elements and compounds that are eaten and used by the body for some function are called

nutrients

Drugs suspended in ________ or ________ can be carried across the plasma membranes of the epidermal cells.

oils; lipid-soluble solvents

Bone-forming cells are called ________.

osteoblasts

Bone cells capable of dissolving the bony matrix are termed

osteoclasts

________ are giant bone cells with 50 or more nuclei.

osteoclasts

A sheath of connective tissue surrounding a bundle of striated muscle fibers is called ________.

perimysium

Bone is to ________ as cartilage is to perichondrium.

periosteum

A joint that permits no movement and is described as an interposition of cartilage plates is called a

synchondrosis.

A fibrous joint in which the bones are held together by a ligamentous connection is a

syndesmosis.

A cardiologist studies the human body mainly with an approach resembling

systemic anatomy.

Amino acids are carried to the ribosomes to be incorporated into polypeptide chains by which molecule?

tRNA

Anticodons are found on which molecule?

tRNA

Connective tissue structures that attach muscles to bone are called

tendons.

As cells are pushed from the deeper portion of the epidermis toward the surface,

they die

A type of intercellular connection in which the outermost lipid portions of two plasma membranes is fused is termed a(n)

tight junction.

A collection of cells that work together designates a(n)

tissue

Collections of specialized cells and cell products that perform a specific function are

tissues.

During active-site exposure, calcium ions bind to which of the following?

troponin

A single stimulus-contraction-relaxation sequence in a muscle fiber is known as a(n) ________.

twitch

Melanin serves to protect cells in the deeper layers of the epidermis from ________.

ultraviolet radiation

DNA contains the nucleotide thymine, but RNA uniquely contains ________, which is complementary to adenine.

uracil

Anterior is to ________ as posterior is to dorsal.

ventral

Epidermal cells synthesize this vitamin when exposed to sunlight.

vitamin D3

A molecule containing two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen in combination is called a(n) ________.

water molecule

Choose the correct statement regarding motor units.

A motor neuron may control two or three muscle fibers of the eye.

During moderate activity, which of the following is true regarding muscle metabolism?

Glucose and fatty acids are catabolized.

_______ release during inflammation causes increased blood vessel permeability.

Histamine

A DNA nucleotide specifically consists of

a deoxyribose sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group.

A movement away from the longitudinal axis of the body in the frontal plane is

abduction

A "benign tumor" refers to

abnormal cells remaining within the epithelium.

A "rug burn," which scrapes the skin, is an example of a(n)

abrasion

A cell must expend energy to accomplish substance movement during ________.

active transport

A process that requires ATP energy to move a substance independently of its concentration gradient is called

active transport

A movement toward the longitudinal axis of the body in the frontal plane is termed

adduction.

A resting muscle generates most of its ATP by

aerobic respiration.

Amino acids contain a central carbon atom adjacent to a(n) ________ group and a(n) ________ group.

amino; carboxyl

During the process of mitosis, chromatids separate during

anaphase.

In other mammals, the ________ glands function as scent glands, providing an important form of communication.

apocrine

An increase in the diameter of growing bone is termed ________ growth.

appositional

Choose the least specialized connective tissue in adults.

areolar tissue

Bones encased within the temporal bone that are involved in sound detection are called

auditory ossicles.

A compound fracture

bone breaks through the skin

________ are compounds that maintain the pH of solutions within given limits.

buffers

Exposure of the skin to ultraviolet light

can slowly increase melanocyte activity.

Choose the correct pairing of macromolecule type to its function.

carbohydrate - major source of energy

Active muscles generate ________.

carbon dioxide and heat

________ is a pigment found in vegetables that can make skin appear orange or yellow.

carotene

An increase in cell numbers occurs through a form of cellular reproduction, which is known as ________.

cell division

Glands that are located in the passageway of the external ear are called ________ glands.

ceruminous

Contractile protein fibers of the heart are considered to belong to which level of organization?

chemical

Epithelial cells that are adapted for moving material across their apical surface usually have ________.

cilia

During transcription, a sequence of three nitrogenous bases along the new mRNA strand represents a(n) ________ that is complementary to the corresponding triplet along the gene.

codon

During which phase is the stimulus frequency so high that the relaxation phase is eliminated?

complete tetanus

Compared with the pectoral girdle, the pelvic girdle is

comprised of more massive bones, which are adapted for weight bearing.

A twisting motion of the foot that turns the sole inward is termed

inversion.

''Anaerobic endurance"

is exemplified by contractions of fast muscle fibers.

Atoms that are of the same element but contain different numbers of neutrons are called

isotopes

A thickened area of scar tissue that is covered by a shiny, smooth epidermal surface is called a(n) ________.

keloid

Calcium ions are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum during the ________ phase of contraction.

latent

A simple cuboidal epithelium would be found

lining kidney tubules.

Cells that release histamine and heparin in response to tissue injury are called

mast cells.

Bones of the skull that articulate with the nasal bones include (the)

maxillary bone.

In albinism, ________ is lacking.

melanin

All of the chemical operations underway in the body refer to

metabolism

During which phase of cell division do the chromatids line up along the equator of the cell?

metaphase

During activities requiring aerobic endurance,

most of the muscle's energy is produced in mitochondria.

Carrier molecules are located within the

plasma membrane

An initial stimulus produces a response that reinforces the stimulus in ________.

positive feedback

A crest on a bone is defined as a(n)

prominent ridge.

A person who is lying on his or her stomach is said to be in the

prone position

Atoms of the same element have the same number of ________ but may have a different number of ________.

protons,nutrients

Choose the directional term to make the following sentence correct. The knee is ________ to the foot.

proximal

A structure that senses change is called a(n) ________.

receptor

Functions of the skin include

regulating body temperature

Choose the distinctive feature of lumbar vertebrae.

relatively massive, stumpy spinous process that projects posteriorly

During which process do DNA strands unwind and DNA polymerase begin attaching complementary DNA nucleotides along each strand?

replication

Before a cell can divide by mitosis, which of the following must occur?

replication of the DNA

Characteristics of most living organisms include the ability to

respond and adapt to their environment.

Merocrine sweat glands

respond primarily to elevated body temperature.

Botulism

results from a bacterial toxin that prevents the release of acetylcholine at the axon terminals.

AB ® A + B is to decomposition as A + B <-> AB is to

reversible

A cut parallel to the long axis of the body would produce a(n) ________ section.

sagittal

A cut passing parallel to the long axis of the body that divides it into unequal left and right halves is known as which type of sectional plane?

sagittal

A fatty acid that contains only single covalent bonds in its carbon chain is said to be

saturated

During regeneration, fibroblasts produce a dense network of collagen fibers known as ________ tissue.

scar

An abnormal lateral curvature of the spine is termed

scoliosis.

A person whose genetic makeup makes him or her a better marathon runner than a sprinter probably has more ________ in his or her leg muscles.

slow fibers

As a skeletal muscle contraction is initiated, acetylcholine binding alters the motor end plate membrane's permeability to

sodium ions.

A class of lipids used as chemical messengers, to signal cells to undergo changes, is called

steroids

A small amount of ultraviolet radiation is beneficial because it ________.

stimulates vitamin D3 synthesis in the epidermis

A person lying face up in the anatomical position is said to be in the ________ position.

supine

Creatine phosphate serves to

supply energy to synthesize ATP.

Acetylcholinesterase is found within the ________.

synaptic cleft