Anatomy Final
Sweat glands (eccrine): sweat type
"true" sweta
Properties of muscle tissues
- Contractibility - Excitability - Extensibility - Elasticity
Periosteum
- Covers external bone surface - Not present where articular cartilage is present - 2 layers: superficial layer = dense irregular CT; Deep layer = osteogenic (full of osteoblasts) - Sharpey's fibers attach to bone tissue
Endosteum
- Covers internal bone surfaces - Is an osteogenic (full of osteoblasts)
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
- ER of a muscle fiber - Houses and stores calcium - Receives signal from t tubule and releases calcium
General type of tissue associated with epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis
- Epidermis: keratinized stratified squamous epithelium - Dermis: mostly CT - Hypodermis: adipose loose CT proper
What are the structural classifications of joints?
- Fibrous joints - cartilaginous joints - synovial joints
Components of a synovial joint
- Synovial cavity - Always diarthrotic
Movements that occur at synovial joints
- gliding - Flexion - Extension - Abduction - Adduction - Circumduction - Medial rotation - Lateral rotation
Special features of epithelium (4)
- high cellularity - specialized contacts polarity (apical surface, basal surface) - nervous innervation - regeneration
Describe the fiber types found in CT: elastic fibers
- intermediate diameter, branches form networks - function: recoil
Sebaceous glands: sebum fxn (4)
- keeps hair/skin soft - Protects epidermis from cracking - Collects dirt - Impedes water loss across the skin
Describe the fiber types found in CT: collagen fibers
- largest diameter, rope like, strongest - function: tensile strength
Describe the fiber types found in CT: reticular fibers
- smallest diameter, cluster into networks - function: support
Define "tissue"
A group of cells of similar structure that perform a common function (cells + extracellular matrix)
Hierarchy of structural organization in the body
Atoms → molecule → cells → tissues → organs → organ system → organismal level
Sweat glands (appocrine): location
Axillary, anal, genital areas ONLY
What are Periosteum and endosteum?
Bone membranes
What organs make up the skeletal system?
Bones, cartilages, and joints
What is a tendon?
CT attachment of a skeletal muscle to a bone's periosteum (Muscle to Bone)
What are the smallest living units in our bodies?
Cells
Types of membrane junctions and their functional differences: gap junctions
Cuppling between cells -> Electrical cuppling: ion movement through channel -> Metabolic cuppling: allows cells that don't have access to blood to get it from other cell
Type of cells hair and nails are made of
Dead keratinocytes full of hard keratin
Sebaceous glands: action on hair follicle
Duct dumps into a hair follicle
Sweat glands (eccrine): where it opens
Duct opens directly onto skin's surface
Sweat glands (appocrine): where it opens
Ducts open to hair follicle
4 basic tissue types
Epithelial tissue Connective tissue Muscle tissue Nervous tissue
What is the general arrangement of all types of CT? (Hint: how is CT diff from epithelium or muscle?)
Few cells, a lot of extracellular matrix
Why is skin considered an organ?
It is made up of different types of tissues
Classification of bones
Long bones Short bones Flat bones Irregular bones
Is the hypodermis part of skin?
NO (it is not part of the skin/integumentary system)
Types of cells present in nervous tissue
Neurons Neuroglia (glial cells)
Define "extracellular matrix"
Nonliving material between the cells in tissue composed of sugars, proteins, and fibers
3 main structural components of ANY cell
Nucleus, cytoplasm, plasma membrane
Sweat glands (eccrine): location
Palms, soles, forehead
Types and differences between muscle tissues
Skeletal muscle →body Cardiac muscle → blood Smooth muscle → lots of stuff (makes up walls of hollow organs)
What are the functional classifications of joints?
Synarthroses Amphiarthrosis Diarthroses
What is an articulation?
a joint
Compact bone: location
bone diaphysis
Spongy bone: location
bone epiphysis
cartilaginous joints
bones held together by cartilage
Fibrous joints
bones held together by dense collagen fibers
Synovial joints
bones held together by ligaments
Epiphyseal line
bony structure at adulthood when no more bone growth can take place
Epiphyseal plate
cartilage plate that is slowly taken over by bone
Flagella
cell mobility (not extensions of the cytoplasm)
General functions of the major organelles: cytoskeleton microtubules
cell shape, help form cilia and flagella
Where is endosteum located?
central canals of osteons, covering all spongy bone trabeculae
What is the most abundant and diverse type of tissue?
connective tissue
General structure of the plasma membrane - fluid mosaic model
contents : 2 layers of phospholipids, integral/peripheral/glco(transmembrane) proteins, glycolipids, cholesterol -> Phospholipids: amphipathic, dynamic arrangement -> Cholesterol: found in lipid tails (hydrophobic) -> Glycolipids: in extracellular fluid (cellular adhesion and recognition)
tissue types and their one-word functions: nervous tissue
control
tissue types and their one-word functions: epithelial tissue
covering
Which parts of the integumentary system are vascularized?
dermis and hypodermis
General functions of the major organelles: lysosome
digestion
Define origin
direct attachment
Know all the layers of the skin
epidermis, dermis, hypodermis,
Sebaceous glands: location
everywhere except palmar and plantar regions
Types of membrane junctions and their functional differences: tight junctions
forms liquid barrier (prevents molecules from passing through intracellular space) -> transmembrane proteins
General functions of the major organelles: Centrosome and centrioles
forms microtubules, aids in cellular division
Diarthroses
freely movable joints
General functions of the major organelles: Golgi apparatus
further enhances proteins
General functions of the major organelles: cytoskeleton microfilaments
help make pseudopods, motor skills, form microvilli
What type of cartilage is articular cartilage composed of?
hyaline
Synarthroses
immovable joints (skull)
Compact bone: collagen arrangment
in lamellae
Define insertion
indirect attachement
Spongy bone: blood vessels run...
inside each osteon
Compact bone: contains...
interstitial and circumferential lamellae, sharpy's fibers, osteons, periosteum, osteocytes in lacunae within lamellae, canaliculli, vessels inside of central canal of each osteon
What type of control do smooth muscles have?
involuntary
Types of membrane junctions and their functional differences: desmosomes
keeps cells attached
General functions of the major organelles: mitochondria
makes ATP (powerhouse)
General functions of the major organelles: smooth ER
making or breaking down fats and calcium for storage
Sweat glands (appocrine): sweat type
milky sweat
General function of all muscle tissues
movement
tissue types and their one-word functions: muscle tissue
movement
Cilia
moves things along cells surface
CT components of a skeletal muscle (epi, peri, endo) (From smallest to largest units)
myofibril -> muscle fiber/cell -> endomysium -> fascicle -> perimysium -> muscle (multiple fasicles) -> epimysium
Compact bone: blood vessels run...
outside/through trabeculae
Sarcolemma
plasma membrane of the muscle fiber
General functions of the major organelles: ribosomes
protein synthesis
General functions of the major organelles: rough ER
protein synthesis
Be able to name all types of epithelium based on descriptions: One layer of columnar cells (looks like multiple)
pseudostratified columnar
What is found in the spaces of spongy bones?
red bone marrow
General functions of the major organelles: peroxisomes
remove toxic wastes using special enzymes
Myofibrils
segment of a muscle fiber (specialized contractile organelles)
T-tubules
send signal to sarcoplasmic reticulum to release calcium (made of sarcolemma)
Be able to name all types of epithelium based on descriptions: One layer of columnar cells
simple columnar
Be able to name all types of epithelium based on descriptions: One layer of square cells
simple cuboidal
Be able to name all types of epithelium based on descriptions: One layer of flat cells
simple squamous
Amphiarthrosis
slightly movable joints
Be able to name all types of epithelium based on descriptions: Multiple layers of columnar cells
stratified columnar
Be able to name all types of epithelium based on descriptions: Multiple layers of square cells
stratified cuboidal
Be able to name all types of epithelium based on descriptions: Multiple layers of flat cells
stratified squamous
General functions of the major organelles: cytoskeleton intermediate filaments
strength of cell, help stick to other cells
tissue types and their one-word functions: connective tissue
support
General functions of the major organelles: general cytoskeleton
supports cells shape & produces movements
microvilli
to enhance surface area (forces plasma membrane up)
Spongy bone: contains...
trabeculae, osteocytes, osteoblasts, endosteum
What type of control do skeletal muscles have?
voluntary and involuntary
Gross anatomy of a long bone: metaphysis
where diaphysis meets epiphysis (growth plate/epiphyseal line)