Anatomy Final Exam

Threshold stimulus is the...

Minimum strength of stimulation required to contract a motor unit

Rotating the forearms so that the palms are facing upward is an example of...

Supination

Creatine phosphate...

Supplies a phosphate group/energy for the synthesis of ATP from ADP

Endomysium is a delicate network of loose connective tissue that...

Surrounds each muscle fiber

An increase in body temperature causes

Sweating

The type of joint between the two pubic bones (R&L) is...

Symphysis

What type of joint is located in the elbow at the radioulnar joint (proximal end of these 2 bones)?

Synovial

The 7 ankle bones are called______?

Tarsals

The lateral fissure separates the ______ from other lobes of the cerebrum

Temporal lobe

Eccentric contractions occur when...

Tension in a muscle is maintained/produced while the muscle increases in length

Which type of skin cancer is the most deadly?

Melanoma

What is the correct sequence of events for smooth muscle contraction? 1. Cross-bridge forms 2. Myosin-kinase used ATP to "re-cock" myosin head 3. Myosin-phosphatase cleaves the phosphate off myosin 4. Cross-bridge is broken/released 5. Myofilaments slide (power-stroke)

2, 1, 5, 3, 4

List the following structures in order from largest to smallest (1) Muscle fibers (2) Myofilament (3) Myofibril (4) Muscle fasciculus

4, 1, 3, 2

Arrange the following steps of muscle fiber contraction in the correct sequence 1. The muscle impulse reaches the sarcoplasmic reticulum and calcium is released 2. Thin filaments are pulled over the thick filaments 3. Calcium floods the sarcoplasm and binds to troponin molecules 4. The impulse arrives at the synapse and then travels through the transverse tubules 5. The muscle fiber shortens and contracts 6. Myosin heads bind to exposed active sites on actin, forming cross-bridges

4, 1, 3, 6, 2, 5

When someone picks up a hot horseshoe and drops it almost immediately, what sequence of cells and/or parts are activated (conduct an action potential) in a normal reflex response? 1) Motor neuron 2) Cell bodies in dorsal root ganglion 3) Muscle fibers 4) Sensory neuron

4, 2, 1, 3

In order for muscle relaxation to occur... Calcium ions must detach from troponin Calcium ions must be transported back to cisternae The active sites on actin must be covered All of these None of these

All of these

Arrange the events of synaptic transmission in correct sequence. 1) Sodium ions diffuse into the cell and cause a local potential 2) Neurotransmitter binds with receptor on postsynaptic cell 3) Neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft 4) Membrane permeability to sodium ions on post synaptic cell increases 5) Action potential causes release of neurotransmitter

5, 3, 2, 4, 1

What percentage of a person's skin would be involved if they had burned from the waist up?

63%

The region of the sarcomere that contains both actin and myosin myofilaments is called the...

A band

If a surgeon accidently removed the parathyroid glands, the absence of PTH would cause...

A decrease in blood calcium levels

An isometric contraction is described as...

A muscle produces an increasing tension as the length remains constant

Which of the following activities would stimulate the reticular formation?

A sudden, loud noise

The best example of a contraction that involves only one or two motor units in a muscle is...

A twitch

The "socket" or "cup" on the pelvis that articulates with the head of the femur is the_____

Acetabulum

If a local potential (change) occurs, and the threshold voltage is crossed this results in a/an...

Action potential

Each voltage-gated Na+ ion channel has two voltage-sensitive gates: an activation gate and an inactivation gate. Which of the following describes the gate conditions during repolarization?

Activation gates are closed; inactivation gates are open

The type of movement where a limb is moved towards the sagittal plane is called_____

Adduction

During long periods of exercise, energy in muscles comes from ATP primarily (-90%) derived from...

Aerobic respiration

Which type of respiration produces the most ATP molecules per glucose molecules?

Aerobic respiration

Eccrine sweat glands

Aid in cooling the body

Which items/substances in Ace Ventura's rhino disguise had the most heat (not necessarily temperature)?

Air*

Damage to which portion of a hair follicle will most affect hair growth? All of the choices are correct Dermal root sheath Hair shaft Hair bulb

All of the choices are correct

A blockage of the cerebral aqueduct would likely result in which of the following? Excess fluid in the 3rd ventricle Excess fluid in the R/L ventricles Hydrocephaly All of these None of these

All of these

An action potential results when which of the following occur? Occurs when the local potential reaches threshold level Occurs when the local potential depolarizes to the point sodium activation gates open Occurs when charges across the cell membrane actually flip-flop (reverse polarity) All of these None of these

All of these

Gap junctions are functional electrical synapses found in which of the following? Smooth muscle Cardiac muscle Muscular layer of hollow organs All of these None of these

All of these

If a patient entered the ER with a fractured femur and the diaphysis was protruding from the skin... which of the following would be correct? Complete fracture Compound fracture Open fracture All of these None of these

All of these

The condition of complete tetant could be achieved by... Stimuli frequency at the rate where relaxation doesn't occur Chemical compounds that bind with acetylcholinesterase In ability to pump Ca ions into cisternae All of these None of these

All of these

The membranous soft spots of a newborn's skull Allow brain growth Are called fontanels Eventually ossify All of these None of these

All of these

The oculomotor nerves... Are involved in eye movement Regulate shape of lens (accomodation) Control size of the pupil All of these None of these

All of these

The primary somatic motor cortex... Is located in the frontal lobe Is in the precentral gyrus Connects to motor neurons All of these None of these

All of these

The second vertebra is.... Part of a pivot joint C2 The axis All of these None of these

All of these

Which of the following are responsible for helping attach/anchor the epidermis? Dermal Papillae Hemidesmosomes Desmosomes All of these None of these

All of these

Which of the following describes the material found within the joint cavity of a synovial joint? Is a fluid produced by the synovial membrane Consists of water, ions, nutrients, and proteoglycans Called synovial fluid All of these None of these

All of these

Which of the following hormones is necessary for normal bone growth? Growth hormone Thyroid hormone Sex hormone All of these None of these

All of these

Which of the following is TRUE of osseous trabeculae? Align parallel to stress lines Found in cancellous bone Composed of lamellar bone All of these None of these

All of these

Which of the following is a difference between the male and female pelvis? The female hips are broader The female pelvis canal is wider The female sub-pubic arch is wider All of these None of these

All of these

Which of the following is a function of the skeleton? Produces blood cells Provides sites for muscle attachment Protects internal organs All of these None of these

All of these

Which of the following is a way that skeletal muscles are organized/categorized? Extent of insertion (ex. convergent) Shape Orientation of the fasiculi All of these None of these

All of these

Which of the following is part of the axial skeleton? Sternum Ribs Sacrum All of these None of these

All of these

Which of the following is true about myoglobin's function in muscle tissue? Acts as a reservoir for oxygen Facilitates maximal ATP production Is aerobic in nature All of these None of these

All of these

Which of the following is true of the nervous system? Monitors internal & external stimuli Interprets or or assesses information Transmits information via action potentials Maintains homeostasis All of these choices are correct

All of these

Which of the following is true regarding the musculature of turkeys? They have muscles primarily composed of single (different) types of muscle fibers They have well developed pectoralis muscles since they are such heavy birds They have pectoralis muscles that are not very vascular and nor have a lot of myoglobin All of these None of these

All of these

Which of the following is/are a function(s) of the cerebellum? Control skeletal muscles to maintain balance Help in the maintenance of muscle tone Control of posture locomotion and fine motor coordination All of these None of these

All of these

Which of the following is/are responsible for minimizing water loss across the epidermis? Lipids from lamellar bodies Sebum Tight junction All of these None of these

All of these

Which of the following pairs are correctly matched? Anterior horn- motor neuron cell bodies (sending efferent signals) Posterior horn- association neuron cell bodies (receiving afferent signals) Dorsal root ganglia- swollen area on dorsal root (contains afferent cell bodies) All of these are correctly matched None of these are correctly matched

All of these

Which of the following statements about the midbrain is true? Contains substantia nigra Neuromelanin occurs here Loss of neurons here is related to Parkinson's disease All of these None of these

All of these

Which of the following statements concerning synchondroses is/are true? They have a lot of movement because cartilage is so flexible They are formed by fibrocartilage connecting adjacent bones Ribs are attached to sternum via this type of point (although can become converted to synovial) All of these None of these

All of these

Which of the following statements is true? ATP is converted to ADP and this "energizes" or "cocks" the myosin head The connection of a myosin head to an actin binding site results in the formation of the cross-bridge ATP is needed to facilitate the release of myosin from actin All of these None of these

All of these

Which of the following statements regarding bone remodeling is/are true? Happens before bones have completed growth As fractures heal After changes to stress on bones All of these None of these

All of these

Which of the following statements regarding the sliding filament model is true? The sarcomere shortens The I band shortens Actin and myosin do not shorten during contraction All of these None of these

All of these

Which of the following will help cool the body? Conductive heat transfer to the body Convection of warm air across the skin's surface Radiating infra-red rays from the skin All of these None of these

All of these

Technically which of the following is/are not part of the skin? Hypodermis Deep fascia Skeletal Muscle All of these are part.... All of these are not a part....

All of these are not a part...

Which of the following statements is true regarding ventricles of the brain? They form prior to the fontanels (soft spots) of the skull fusing They have choroid plexuses within their function They are filled with fluid that originally came from blood plasma All of these are true None of these are true

All of these are true

Which of the following statements is true? The limbic system includes portions of the brainstem and cerebrum, and causes base emotions/drives A function of the cerebellum is to provide a comparator function for muscle movements Each cerebral hemisphere has specific abilities (categorical vs. intuitive etc.) All of these are true None of these are true

All of these are true

Which of the following statements regarding burns are TRUE? The number of melanocytes is essentially equal in people of any skin color Glands in the skin are multicellular Calculating burn area (%) for children requires a different allocation of percentages for certain (ex. head) All of these are true None of these are true

All of these are true

Which of the following events will lead towards hypopolarization?

An increase in K+ ions in the extracellular fluid

Which type of respiration occurs in the cytoplasm or sarcoplasm, as opposed to within the mitochondria?

Anaerobic respiration

The addition of new bone on top of existing bone to increase bone thickness is called

Appositional growth

The medullary cavity contains? Periosteum Endosteum Yellow marrow A & C B & C

B & C

A victim of an automobile accident goes into shock, which results in decreased blood flow. The victim's skin will

Become pale

Which of the following muscles would be considered an antagonist to the rectus femoris (an extensor)?

Biceps femoris (flexor)

The blow darts in Ace Ventura's arm (they went limp) were dipped in Curare that...

Blocks acetylcholine receptors

During intramembranous ossification... Bone develops within sheets of fibrous connective tissue Osteoclasts deposit bone matrix Lamellar bone is replaced by woven bone All of these None of these

Bone develops within sheets of fibrous connective tissue

Which type of muscle tissue is mono-nucleated? Smooth muscle Cardiac muscle Skeletal muscle Both cardiac and smooth muscle Both skeletal and cardiac muscle

Both cardiac and smooth muscle

If a person exercises by doing push-ups everyday, they would strengthen or enlarge which of the following muscles groups? Flexors Extensors Both groups None of these

Both groups

White matter is composed of...

Bundles of myelinated axons

Synaptic vesicles in the neuromuscular junction release their contents when/after...

Ca ions bind with the vesicles

Excessive blood Ca2+ levels stimulates______ secretion, which leads to______

Calcitonin; increased osteoblast activity

Maintaining voltage-gated sodium channels with closed activation gates during resting potential is sensitive to changes in the extracellular concentration of which of the following?

Calcium ions

Which of the following events occurs during the relaxation phase of a muscle twitch"

Calcium is pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Which of the following combinations of substances/nutrients that are stored in bone is/are correct?

Calcium, fat, and phosphate

A yellow pigment derived from plants that can impart a yellow color to the skin is _____.

Carotene

Which of the following describes how calcium has affect smooth muscle contractions?

Cause troponin to change shape and expose active/binding sites

Which of the following statements regarding finger prints is false?

Caused by ridges of dermal papillae

In neurons, protein synthesis and many (most) other essential cell maintenance functions occur in...

Cell bodies or soma

Which of the following types of vertebrae have transverse vertebral foramina?

Cervical

During endochondral ossification which of the following occurs?

Chondrocytes die to make space for osteoprogenitor cells

The flexion of the lower leg at the knee represents...

Class III lever system

Which of the following prevents the skin from overstretching and gives it strength (the "anchor rope" fibers)?

Collagen Fiber

Muscle myofibrils...

Consist of myosin and actin myofilaments

The epidermis

Contains no blood vessels

What was the primary type of heat transfer that caused Ace Ventura's rhino disguise to heat up?

Convection

The sensory (afferent) division of the peripheral nervous system...

Conveys action potentials ot the CNS

What is the large C-shaped mass of white matter that consists of nerve fibers that connect the two cerebral hemispheres?

Corpus callosum

The fact that the right side of the brain controls the left side of the body is explained by the...

Decussation of the pyramids/axons in the medulla

The type of muscle fatigue known as "synaptic fatigue" is the result of...

Depleted levels of acetylcholine

Blood vessels in the ____ provides a hair with its sole source of nutrition

Dermal papilla

A cutaneous injection (like a TB test) delivers medication/solution into the

Dermis

Stretch marks may develop on the abdomen of pregnant women because of stretching and rupture of the _____

Dermis

The integumentary system has many functions, one of which is

Detection of heat and touch

Receptor molecules

Determine whether a neurotransmitter will be excitatory or inhibitory

The 'middle' or shaft of a long bone is the...

Diaphysis

Where is the enteric nervous system located?

Digestive tract

When a neuron branches and forms synapses with one or more association/interneurons, and also continues on to the brain, this is an example of a(n) ______

Divergent

most house dust allergies are actually an immune response to which of the following?

Dust mite feces

Antagonist muscle pairs/groups, are often situated such that...

Each muscle generates a force in opposition to the other

The joint between the atlas and the occipital bone is an example of a ____ joint.

Ellipsoid

Contrary to the pigments of a tattoo, Sharpie marker on a baby sister's skin is limited to...

Epidermis

Most of long bones getting "longer" occurs by growth at or via....?

Epiphyseal plate

Which term is synonymous with the cuticle of the nail?

Eponychium

Which of the following will help cool the body?

Evaporation of sweat from the skin's surface

Which of the following statements regarding healing that occurs after skin is damaged is/are true?

Exaggerated meiosis occurs in the area

Oxygen debt in muscles may develop because of...

Excessive use of the glycogen-lactic acid systems

When acetylcholine binds with nicotinic receptors, the response is ______

Excitatory

A local hyperpolarization (but not exceeding threshold) occurring on a dendrite or cell body (near a synapse) is called a(an)

Excitatory postsynaptic potential

The capacity of a muscle cell to lengthen is known as...

Extensibility

What type of synovial joint movement will move a limb towards (return to) the coronal plane?

Extension

The top of Dr. Cossel's head is "truly" bald in the sense that there is absolutely no hair growing there.

False

Which of the following is true?

Fast twitch fibers have fewer mitochondria than slow twitch fibers

Which of the following statements about the suture joints of the skull is/are true?

Fibers (collagen etc.) span the gap from one bone to the adjacent bone

What are the intervertebral discs that function as "shock-absorbers" composed of?

Fibrocartilage

A slight sunburn is an example of a _____ burn.

First-degree

When you slowly sat down into the chair you are sitting in, what movement occurred in your hip and knee joints to lower your body?

Flexion

Bursae are...

Fluid-filled sacs

What is a common function of the various tubercles found on bones?

For muscle attachment

A_____is a rounded opening through a bone

Foramen

A _____ is a flattened or shallow depression on the surface of a bone

Fossa

Mr. Deed's "wicked-bad frostbite" could cause the black coloration of his foot because of.....

Gangrene

The proper sequence of events in bone repair is...

Hematoma formation, callus formation, callus ossification, remodeling of bone

Which of the following pairs of terms/definitions etc. is false or mismatched?

Hip joint - fibrocartilage meniscus

Which of the following structures may be damaged if a person is unable to form new memories?

Hippocampus

What type of tissue covers the ends of bones that are parts of synovial joints?

Hyaline cartilage

______provide(s) hardness to bones, whereas_____provide(s) some degree of flexibility

Hydroxyapatite and other minerals; proteins

Which part of the brain is in overall control of the ANS?

Hypothalamus

Which of the following statements concerning types of muscle contractions is true?

In isotonic contractions, the amount of tension produced is constant during the contraction

A drug that interferes with the active transport of calcium ions from the sarcoplasm back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum would result in...

Inability for relaxation

A child ingested an organophosphate poison used to kill insects. Soon the child's muscles began spastic contractions. What occurred at the synaptic cleft?

Increased accumulation of acetylcholine in the synapse

Which of the following is NOT an effect of parasympathetic action?

Increased tear production

Intense exercise (high weight, fewer reps) that results in a great deal of anaerobic activity...

Increases muscular strength and mass

The biceps femoris muscle extends from the pelvis and the femur, and attaches to the fibula and tibia. When this muscles contracts, the leg is flexed at the knee. The end of the muscle that connects to the tibia and fibula is the...?

Insertion

A fasciculus...

Is a bundle of muscle fibers

During the absolute refractory period, the cell...

Is incapable of responding to further stimulation

Red marrow

Is located in medullary cavity of the diaphysis

Baldness

Is more common in men than in women

The central cortex...

Is the gray matter on the cerebrum's surface

Which of the following statements is/are false regarding thin skin?

It lacks hair follicles

Which durable protein is found in the nails, hair, and epidermis?

Keratin

As skin cells move toward the surface of the body, they produce a protein that reduces water loss. This process is called _____

Keratinization

An exaggerated posterior or dorsal curvature of the vertebral column (typically thoracic) is called?

Kyphosis

Rigor mortis affects skeletal muscles a few hours after death, due to...

Lack of ATP to break cross-bridges

A waste product of anaerobic respiration in muscle cells is...

Lactic acid

Delicate unpigmented hairs that cover the fetus in early development are called

Lanugo

The activity of apocrine sweat glands, and subsequent bacterial metabolism

Leads to body odor

The mechanical function of bones and muscles can be thought of as devices called

Levers

The spinal cord...

Links the PNS to the brain

One type of experimental contraceptive device is a skin patch that contains a chemical absorbed through the skin. Which of the following substances might be the type of chemical involved?

Lipid-soluble substances

A change in resting membrane potential confined to a small area is called a(n)...

Local potential

Which of the following skin changes is usually associated with aging?

Loss of subcutaneous tissue contributes to sagging of the skin

What structure in the knee would most likely be damaged by a severe lateral blow to the knee?

Medial collateral ligament (MCL)

The hollow space within the diaphysis of a long bone is known as the _____ cavity

Medullary

The central sulcus separates the...

Motor cortex and sensory cortex

Muscle insertions at a greater distance from the fulcrum results in...

Much more force generated than muscles nearer the fulcrum

The morphology or shape of the motor neurons responsible for making a fist is...

Mulipolar

Identify the statement concerning general functional characteristics of muscles that is true

Muscle tissue shortens forcefully but lengthens passively

Binding sites on the surface of thin myofilaments allow the formation of cross-bridges with molecules of...

Myosin

A toenail that chronically becomes ingrown may be removed by a physician. What portion must be removed to ensure it will not grow back?

Nail matrix

Nail cells are produced by the

Nail matrix

Which of the following is a bone of the skull, but NOT a bone of the cranium?

Nasal

Which of the following is true about the formation of the nervous system?

Neural folds fuse to form neural tube

Which of the following statements regarding neuroglia (glial cells) is true?

Neuroglia conducts phagocytosis in CNS

At which location is a chemical substance transmitted from the presynaptic terminal of an axon to the postsynaptic membrane (motor end-plate) of a muscle fiber?

Neuromuscular junctions

Gaps or interruptions in the myelin sheath are called...

Nodes of Ranvier

At a neuromuscular junction... ATP are released Troponin and tropomyosin exchange places Actin and myosin filaments slide past one another Intercalated discs are synthesized None of these

None of these

Cytoplasmic projection between adjacent osteocytes occur in small spaces within compact bone called... The central canal Lamellae Vertebral foramen All of these None of these

None of these

Depolarization of the nerve cell membrane occurs when there is a rapid influx (inflow) of... Chloride ions Proteins Potassium ions All of these None of these

None of these

Leather is mostly made of the __________ layer of the dermis, which is very tough due to the high concentration of ____________ fibers. Areolar; collagen Papillary; keratin Basale; adipose Reticular; keratin None of these

None of these

Most sensory input that ascends through the spinal cord and brainstem, projects to the _____ and then possibly onto the cerebrum Cerebellum Corpus callosum Hypothalamus Pituitary gland None of these

None of these

Shrugging the shoulders is an example of... Pronation Abduction Extension Flexion None of these

None of these

The active sites to which myosin heads attach are found on the... Troponin Tropomyosin Z disks All of these None of these

None of these

The enzyme acetylcholinesterase causes acetylcholine to... Bind to actin Be secreted from the motor end plate Form cross-bridges All of these None of these

None of these

Thin myofilaments are... Also known as myosin Molecules with "heads" that bind to active sites Molecules with rod-like (golf club handle) portions All of these None of these

None of these

What protein is the most abundant type found in the nails, hair, and epidermis? Carotene Elastin Actin Melanin None of these

None of these

What type of skin gland are primarily responsible for secreting earwax? Apocrine sweat gland Mucous gland Eccrine/merocrine sweat gland Mammary gland None of these

None of these

Which of the following is TRUE of smooth muscle contraction? Is directly regulated by motor neurons Can be regulated by hormones or neurons Depends primarily on voltage-gated channels All of these None of these

None of these

Which of the following is TRUE of the shoulder joint? It is a syndesmosis joint Known as the femuro-tibial joint Can do opposition All of these None of these

None of these

Which of the following is part of the appendicular skeleton? Inferior nasal conchae Ribs Vomer All of these None of these

None of these

Which of the following is true about bone growth? Can occur interstitially Begins as lamellar Matrix is deposited by osteoclasts All of these None of these

None of these

Which of the following is true about woven bone? Is formed during the initial steps of producing "mature" bone Is responsible for creating lamellae Is the primary component of nearly all mature osteons All of these None of these

None of these

Which of the following is true regarding spina bifida? Spina bifida occulta is obvious because of an outpocketing of meninges and spinal cord Spina bifida cystica may go undiagnosed because there are usually few external symptoms Spina bifida can develop after a child is born All of these are true None of these are true

None of these

Which of the following is/are a fibrous joint(s)? Between jaw and teeth Between the two parietal bones Between the radius and ulna All of these None of these

None of these

Which of the following joints is found in the pedal/tarsal region? Proximal radioulnar Humeroradial Proximal tibiofemoral All of these None of these

None of these

Which of the following statements about the dermis is/are TRUE? It does not contain abundant connective tissue It functions primarily as padding and insulation It is divided into three distinct layers It does not contain many blood vessels None of these

None of these

Which of the following statements regarding scars of/on/in the skin is true? There is usually less dense extracellular matrix (fewer collagen fibers etc.) They often start out white and change to reddish or purplish with age The scar tissue usually has more abundant glands than normal skin All of these None of these

None of these

Which of the following statements regarding the establishment of resting membrane potentials is true? Na+/K+ exchange pumps contribute by moving both Na+ and K+ out of the cell The extracellular positive charge is largely due to interstitial proteins It depends on all the Na+ and K+ channels being gated All of these None of these

None of these

Whole skeletal muscles can respond in a graded (variable) fashion to stimuli by varying... The force of contraction generated by each motor unit The force of contraction of individual muscle fibers The amplitude of the stimulus Thresholds None of these

None of these

Which of the following statements about eye movements is true? Since both eyes move in a coordinated fashion, identical sets of cranial nerves are firing simultaneously The trochlear nerve innervates all the oblique muscles All 6 muscles are innervated by the oculomotor nerve All of these are true None of these are true

None of these are true

Hypertrophy of skeletal muscles from weight lifting is caused primarily by an increase in the...

Number of myofibrils

What structure forms the "point" of the elbow?

Olecranon process of the ulna

Which of the following is true?

Optimal (medium) actin and myosin overlap will produce maximal contraction

What type of cells secrete/form the matrix of bone?

Osteoblasts

Which of the following are the bone-eating (resorbing) cells?

Osteoclasts

Which one of the following bone cells would have the greatest number of lysosomes?

Osteoclasts

What are the cells found within the lacunae of bones called?

Osteocytes

When a person undergoes laser hair removal...which component of the hair follicle is destroyed to ensure the hair does not grow back?

Papilla & matrix

The dermal layer closest to the epidermis is the ____

Papillary layer

Another name for the bones of the toes is

Phalanges

The innermost (deepest) layer of the meninges is the...

Pia mater

Which two portions of the brain are involved in controlling respiration via autonomic reflexes?

Pons, medulla oblongata

When the myosin head flexes into a bend, pulling the actin filament along with it, this is called the...

Power stroke

The sequence of events that produces growth as the epiphyseal plate is?

Proliferation, hypertrophy, calcification, cell death, ossification, and remodeling

The contraction of the arrector pili

Pulls the follicle into a more perpendicular position in relation to the skin surface

Which of the following reflexes primarily involves the relaxation of antagonistic muscle(s) when stepping on a painful stimulus (goathead, tack etc.)?

Reciprocal innervation (pt. 2)

Which of the following would be the hair type resulting from the presence of trichosiderin and flattened hair shafts?

Red, curly hair

A sarcomere is the...

Repeating, structural and functional unit of the skeletal muscle cell

Which of the following best describes the collection of nuclei that are involved with communicating with the cerebrum to maintain alertness and consciousness?

Reticular activating system

The most fibrous layer of the dermis is the _____.

Reticular layer

Vitamin C is essential for normal collagen synthesis. If a child suffered from a vitamin C deficiency, which layer of the skin would be most affected?

Reticular layer of dermis

Which of the following ribs are attached in some manner (either directly or indirectly) anteriorly to the sternum?

Ribs 1-10

Striae indicate a predominance (more than random) of collagen fibers....

Running parallel to tension lines

Sally has just heard a strange noise in her basement. Which of the following is an example of normal autonomic nervous system function during this type of situation?

Sally's heart rate increases preparing for possible activity

Schwann cells differ from oligodendrocytes in which of the following ways (which of these is true)?

Schwann cells form a myelin sheath around a portion of only one axon, while oligodendrocytes can surround portions of several axons

Which of the following statements concerning sebaceous glands is false?

Sebaceous glands are an example of apocrine glands

Which of the following is true about memory? Sensory memory lasts several minutes (until it can be processed in the cerebellum) Procedural memory is primarily what you are using for this exam The midbrain is involved with storing spatial memory All of these are true None of these are true

Sensory memory lasts several minutes (until it can be processed in the cerebellum)

Because of its role as part of the Limbic system, which sense is particularly capable of emotionally charged memories?

Smell

Which type of muscle tissue has spindle-shaped or banana-shaped cells?

Smooth muscle

Which of the following is true?

Smooth muscle is found in the walls of hollow organs

Depolarization of the muscle fiber cell membrane (sarcolemma) is necessary to initiate an action potential (electric signal), and occurs when there is a rapid influx (inflow) of...

Sodium ions

Which of the following would be classified as an irregular bone?

Sphenoid bone

The sarcoplasmic reticulum...

Stores calcium ions

The layer of the epidermis in which there is the greatest amount of mitotic activity is the ______.

Stratum basale

Which of the following represents the correct order of layers of the epidermis from the deepest to the most superficial?

Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum

In which layer of the epidermis are granules of keratohyalin formed and visible microscopically?

Stratum granulosum

The portion of the nail that is still alive and undergoing small amounts of mitosis is/are...

Subcutaneous tissue

What type of skin gland secretes sweat?

Sudoriferous gland

If the charge difference across the plasma membrane increases...

The change is called hyperpolarization

Which of the following is true regarding cerebrospinal fluid reabsorption?

The fluid returns in blood plasma

When comparing smooth and skeletal muscle cells, which of the following statements is true?

The myofilaments in smooth muscle do not form sarcomeres

Suppose both excitatory and inhibitory neurons synapse with a single postsynaptic neuron. What determines if an action potential is initiated in the postsynaptic neuron?

The number of EPSPs in relation to the number is IPSPs

In some cells, an after-potential (hyper-polarization) occurs because...

The potassium ions continue to leave the cell after depolarization is finished

Which of the following statements applies to the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?

The receptor molecules of the ANS may be muscarinic, nicotinic, or adrenergic

When repolarization of a neuron is complete...

The resting potential is restored

Which of the following statements concerning the subcutaneous layer is false?

The subcutaneous layer is composed of dense connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers

The plasma membrane of a neuron is more permeable to potassium ions because...

There are more leak ion channels (non-gated channels) for K+ than Na+

What happens to cells when they move from the epidermis to the surface of the skin?

They die

Eskimos/Inuits wear a great deal of clothing and have limited exposure to U.V. light, but do not suffer from vitamin D deficiency. A possible explanation is,

They get enough vitamin D in their diet of fish and marine mammals.

Which type of burn appears white or black with no immediate pain?

Third-degree

Transverse (T) tubules...

Transmit electrical charge into the cell's interior

The motor (efferent) division of the peripheral nervous system...

Transmits impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscle

Which bone(s) articulate with the scaphoid bone?

Trapezium

Dentists anesthetize branches of which of the following to stop pain impulses from a drilling on teeth of both the upper and lower jaw?

Trigeminal nerve

Which of the following statements is true?

Tropomyosin molecules are moved to expose active or binding sites on myosin filaments

Which of the following statements concerning hair structure is true?

Undamaged hair follicles can help regenerate damaged epithelium

The sacroiliac joint is between the

Vertebrae and coxae

Which of the following cranial nerves is/are purely sensory?

Vestibulocochlear

Which of the following functions is NOT associated with the skin?

Vitamin C production

Which vitamin begins its synthesis in the skin when exposed to ultraviolet light?

Vitamin D

Which of the following statements concerning vitamin D is false?

Vitamin D causes the kidneys to excrete calcium

Channels that open or close in response to changes in the electrical charge or voltage across the plasma membrane are called...

Voltage-gated ion channels

Which of the following brain regions is associated with the motor ability of speaking (producing sounds/words)?

Wernicke's area

The most distal part of the sternum is the...

Xiphoid process