Anatomy final test bank

Which one of the following is the correct sequence of events that follows a threshold potential: 1. the membrane becomes depolarized 2. sodium channels open and sodium ions diffuse inward 3. the membrane becomes repolarized 4. potassium channels open and potassium ions diffuse outward while sodium is actively transported out of the cell 11) ______ A) 2, 1, 4, 3 B) 3, 2, 4, 1 C) 2, 1, 3, 4 D) 4, 1, 3, 2 E) 1, 2, 4, 3

A) 2, 1, 4, 3

145) Regulates body temperature, water balance, and metabolism

A) hypothalamus

136) Contains centers that control heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, swallowing, and vomiting

A) medulla oblongata

74) The progressive degenerative disease that results in dementia associated with a shortage of acetylcholine and structural changes in brain areas involving cognition and memory is called __________.

Alzheimerʹs disease

Sally has a brain injury; she knows what she wants to say but canʹt vocalize the words. The part of her brain that deals with the ability to speak is the: 10) ______ A) central sulcus B) Brocaʹs area C) primary motor area D) longitudinal fissure E) gyrus

Brocaʹs area

White matters refers to myelinated fibers in the: 57) ______ A) SNS B) PNS C) ANS D) CNS E) both ANS and SNS

CNS

Which of the following sensory receptors is a touch receptor: 48) ______ A) Golgi tendon organ B) Pacinian corpuscle C) Meissnerʹs corpuscle D) muscle spindles E) naked nerve endings

Meissnerʹs corpuscle

99) __________ disease results from a degeneration of the dopamine-releasing neurons of the substantia nigra.

Parkinsonʹs

97) Explain how multiple sclerosis affects nerve functioning.

People with multiple sclerosis (MS) experience destruction of their myelin sheaths. As destruction progresses, the electrical current is short-circuited. The person affected with MS may experience visual and speech disturbances and lose muscle control.

86) __________ cells form the myelin sheaths around nerve fibers in the PNS.

Schwann

Which of these cells are not a type of neuroglia found in the CNS: 13) ______ A) Schwann cells B) oligodendrocytes C) ependymal cells D) astrocytes E) microglia

Schwann cells

Which one of the following best describes the waxy-appearing material called myelin: 12) ______ A) a mass of white lipid material that surrounds the dendrites of a neuron B) an outer membrane on a neuroglial cell C) a mass of white lipid material that insulates the axon of a neuron D) a lipid-protein (lipoprotein) cell membrane on the outside of axons E) a mass of white lipid material that surrounds the cell body of a neur

a mass of white lipid material that insulates the axon of a neuron

The substance that is released at axonal endings to propagate a nervous impulse is called: 28) ______ A) an ion B) an action potential C) the sodium-potassium pump D) a neurotransmitter E) nerve glue

a neurotransmitter

The subarachnoid space lies directly between the: 60) ______ A) arachnoid mater and cerebellum B) arachnoid mater and cerebrum C) skull and arachnoid mater D) arachnoid mater and dura mater E) arachnoid mater and pia mater

arachnoid mater and pia mater

A neuron with a cell body located in the CNS whose primary function is connecting other neurons is called a(n): 23) ______ A) efferent neuron B) glial cell C) afferent neuron D) satellite cell E) association neuron

association neuron

68) Cells found in the CNS that cling to neurons and anchor them to blood vessels are called __________.

astrocytes

The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems are subdivisions of the: 4) _______ A) autonomic nervous system B) voluntary nervous system C) somatic nervous system D) central nervous system E) peripheral nervous system

autonomic nervous system

The Schwann cell forms a myelin sheath around the: 54) ______ A) nucleus B) cell body C) axon D) nodes of Ranvier E) dendrites

axon

94) Neurons with two processes, an axon and a dendrite, are structurally classified as __________ neurons.

bipolar

Which of the nerve plexuses serves the shoulder and arm: 38) ______ A) sacral B) cervical C) phrenic D) lumbar E) brachial

brachial

The term central nervous system refers to the: 41) ______ A) spinal cord and spinal nerves B) autonomic and peripheral nervous systems C) brain, spinal cord, and cranial nerves D) brain and cranial nerves E) brain and spinal cord

brain and spinal cord

The midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata are housed in the: 49) ______ A) diencephalon B) brain stem C) pineal gland D) hypothalamus E) cerebellum

brain stem

83) The area in the center of the gray matter of the spinal cord that contains cerebrospinal fluidfluid that continues down the fourth ventricleis called the __________.

central canal

Which of the following is a traumatic brain injury: 35) ______ A) aphasia B) cerebral edema C) cerebrovascular accident (CVA) D) Parkinsonʹs disease E) Alzheimerʹs disease

cerebral edema

93) The brain dysfunction where blood supply to a region (or regions) of the brain is blocked and vital brain tissue dies, as by a blood clot or a ruptured blood vessel, is called __________.

cerebrovascular accident (CVA), commonly called a stroke

Loss of muscle coordination results from damage to the: 25) ______ A) hypothalamus B) cerebrum C) midbrain D) cerebellum E) thalamus

cerebrum

Which one of the following is the correct sequence of nerves that exit the spinal cord, going from superior to inferior: 51) ______ A) cervical spinal nerves, lumbar spinal nerves, thoracic spinal nerves, sacral spinal nerves B) cervical spinal nerves, thoracic spinal nerves, sacral spinal nerves, lumbar spinal nerves C) thoracic spinal nerves, cervical spinal nerves, sacral spinal nerves, lumbar spinal nerves D) thoracic spinal nerves, cervical spinal nerves, lumbar spinal nerves, sacral spinal nerves E) cervical spinal nerves, thoracic spinal nerves, lumbar spinal nerves, sacral spinal nerves

cervical spinal nerves, thoracic spinal nerves, lumbar spinal nerves, sacral spinal nerves

91) Cerebrospinal fluid is formed from blood by the __________.

choroid plexuses

The sciatic nerve is the largest nerve in the body resulting from a combination of which two nerves: 27) ______ A) pudendal and femoral nerves B) pudendal and common peroneal nerves C) pudendal and tibial nerves D) common fibular and tibial nerves E) femoral and tibial nerves

common fibular and tibial nerves

72) A __________ is a type of traumatic brain injury that results in marked tissue destruction.

contusion

69) The large fiber tract that allows communication between the two cerebral hemispheres is called the __________.

corpus callosum

Cerebrospinal fluid circulates through all of the following except: 8) _______ A) corpus callosum B) lateral ventricles C) fourth ventricle D) cerebral aqueduct E) subarachnoid space

corpus callosum

The nerve that contains sensory fibers that are involved in hearing is: 31) ______ A) cranial nerve VIII B) cranial nerve II C) cranial nerve IX D) cranial nerve III E) cranial nerve V

cranial nerve VIII

Which of the following effects is characteristic of the parasympathetic nervous system: 47) ______ A) increases metabolic rate B) stimulates sweat glands to produce perspiration C) decreases heart rate D) decreases urine output E) decreases activity of the digestive system

decreases heart rate

The neuron processes that normally receive incoming stimuli are called: 37) ______ A) Schwann cells B) dendrites C) neurolemmas D) satellite cells E) axons

dendrites

Which one of the following statements about aging is most accurate: 15) ______ A) the brain reaches its maximum weight around the seventh decade of life B) synaptic connections are too fixed to permit a great deal of learning after the age of 35 C) despite some neuronal loss, an unlimited number of neural pathways are available and ready to be developed; therefore, additional learning can occur throughout life D) increased efficiency of the sympathetic nervous system enhances the ability to learn E) learning throughout the adult and aging years is supported primarily by glial proliferation

despite some neuronal loss, an unlimited number of neural pathways are available and ready to be developed; therefore, additional learning can occur throughout life

71) The thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus collectively constitute the __________.

diencephalon (interbrain)

Which one of the following represents the correct sequence from outermost to innermost layers of the meninges: 30) ______ A) dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater B) pia mater, dura mater, arachnoid mater C) arachnoid mater, dura mater, pia mater D) dura mater, pia mater, arachnoid mater E) pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

Muscles and glands are: 56) ______ A) effectors B) part of the central nervous system C) part of the peripheral nervous system D) receptors E) myelinated

effectors

Which one of the following is the correct sequence in connective tissue sheaths, going from outermost to innermost layer: 9) _______ A) perineurium, endoneurium, epineurium B) epineurium, perineurium, endoneurium C) perineurium, epineurium, endoneurium D) epineurium, endoneurium, perineurium E) endoneurium, epineurium, perineurium

epineurium, perineurium, endoneurium

T or F 105) An afferent sensory neuron carries stimuli from the central nervous system to the effector.

f

T or F 108) The glossopharyngeal nerve is the only cranial nerve pair that contains sensory fibers.

f

T or F 110) One of the major functions of the pons is to produce releasing factors that control the function of the anteri or pituitary

f

T or F 114) Sensory neurons carry information away from the CNS.

f

T or F 117) Part of the diencephalon structure is formed by the hypothalamus.

f

T or F 118) Most body organs are innervated by only the sympathetic division of the nervous system.

f

T or F 120) Oligodendrocytes produce myelin sheaths in the PNS.

f

T or F 121) In contrast to the parasympathetic division, the sympathetic division has numerous ganglionic neurons in the gray matter of the spinal cord.

f

T or F 123) There are 31 pairs of cranial nerves and 12 pairs of spinal nerves

f

T or F 124) The all-or-none phenomenon as applied to nerve conduction states that the whole nerve cell must be stimulated for conduction to take place.

f

T or F 125) Saltatory conduction occurs due to the presence of salt (NaCl) around the neuron.

f

T or F 126) Cranial nerve XI is the accessory nerve that controls tongue movement.

f

T or F 129) Difficulty in breathing may reflect damage to respiratory centers located in the cerebellum.

f

89) The perineurium is a coarse connective wrapping that defines the boundary of a fiber bundle called a(n) __________.

fascicle

Bipolar neurons are commonly: 14) ______ A) motor neurons B) found in the eye and nose C) more abundant in adults than in children D) called neuroglia E) found in ganglia

found in the eye and nose

Lobe that contains the primary motor area that enables voluntary control of skeletal muscle movements: 16) ______ A) frontal lobe B) occipital lobe C) parietal lobe D) diencephalon E) temporal lobe

frontal lobe

Collections of nerve cell bodies inside the CNS are called: 52) ______ A) nuclei B) ganglia C) nerves D) tracts E) tracts or ganglia

ganglia

The elevated ridges of tissue on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres are known as __________ while the shallow grooves are termed __________. 17) ______ A) sulci; gyri B) tracts; ganglia C) ganglia; gyri D) gyri; sulci E) receptors; effectors

gyri; sulci

In contrast to the somatic nervous system, the autonomic nervous system: 44) ______ A) stimulates its effector cells B) has centers in the brain and spinal cord C) has both afferent and efferent fibers D) has two motor neurons E) has two afferent neurons

has two motor neurons

66) The cranial nerve responsible for controlling tongue movements is the __________ nerve, number __________.

hypoglossal; XII

82) One of the last areas of the CNS to mature is the __________, which regulates body temperature.

hypothalamus

Control of temperature, endocrine activity, metabolism, and thirst are functions associated with the: 59) ______ A) thalamus B) cerebellum C) hypothalamus D) medulla oblongata E) cerebrum

hypothalamus

The pituitary gland is most closely associated with the: 55) ______ A) hypothalamus B) medulla oblongata C) pineal gland D) midbrain E) thalamus

hypothalamus

Sympathetic nervous system stimulation causes: 43) ______ A) increased blood glucose, decreased GI peristalsis, and increased heart rate and blood pressure B) decreased blood glucose, increased GI peristalsis, and decreased heart rate and blood pressure C) increased blood glucose, increased GI peristalsis, and decreased heart rate and blood pressure D) decreased blood glucose, decreased GI peristalsis, and decreased heart rate and blood pressure E) decreased blood glucose, increased GI peristalsis, and increased heart rate and blood pressur

increased blood glucose, decreased GI peristalsis, and increased heart rate and blood pressure

80) The autonomic nervous system is also referred to as the __________ nervous system sin ce it controls activities of smooth and cardiac muscles and glands.

involuntary

The ability to respond to a stimulus is termed: 46) ______ A) polarized B) depolarized C) irritability D) all-or-none response E) conductivity

irritability

The cerebrospinal fluid: 40) ______ A) enters the four ventricles after filling and circulating through the subarachnoid space B) is secreted by the arachnoid villi C) is identical in composition to whole blood D) is secreted mostly by the ependymal cells lining the brain ventricles E) is continually formed mostly by the choroid plexuses

is continually formed mostly by the choroid plexuses

An action potential: 5) _______ A) involves the outflux of negative ions to depolarize the membrane B) involves the influx of negative ions to depolarize the membrane C) is initiated by potassium ion movements D) involves the outflux of positive ions to depolarize the membrane E) is essential for nerve impulse propagation

is essential for nerve impulse propagation

Which one of the following describes saltatory conduction: 53) ______ A) is faster than conduction on an unmyelinated fiber B) occurs only if nodes of Ranvier are lacking C) occurs only if the myelin sheath is continuous D) is slower than conduction on an unmyelinated fiber E) occurs only in the absence of axon hillocks

is faster than conduction on an unmyelinated fiber

73) The fissure in the brain that separates the two cerebral hemispheres is called the __________.

longitudinal fissure

) Which of the nerves plexuses originates from ventral rami - : 21) ______ A) brachial B) lumbar C) sacral D) spinal E) cervical

lumbar

The vital centers for the control of visceral activities such as heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, swallowing, and vomiting are located in the: 1) _______ A) hypothalamus B) pons C) cerebrum D) midbrain E) medulla oblongata

medulla oblongata

96) The brain and spinal cord are protected and cushioned by three connective tissue membranes that are collectively called __________.

meninges

The blood-brain barrier is effective against the passage of: 3) _______ A) nutrients such as glucose B) metabolic waste such as urea C) water D) anesthetics E) alcohol

metabolic waste such as urea

The three major parts of the brain stem are the: 61) ______ A) basal nuclei, pineal body, and choroid plexus B) dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater C) midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata D) thalamus, epithalamus, and hypothalamus E) cerebrum, cerebellum, and diencephalon

midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

78) The cell bodies of the __________ neurons are always located within the CNS.

motor

85) All motor and association neurons are classified structurally as __________ neurons

multipolar

9) Impulse conduction is fastest in neurons that are: 29) ______ A) sensory B) unmyelinated C) cerebral D) motor E) myelinated

myelinated

64) The gaps between Schwann cells found at regular intervals in peripheral system neurons are called __________.

nodes of Ranvier

79) Cranial nerve III is known as the __________ nerve.

oculomotor

62) Diminished effectiveness of the sympathetic nervous system that can cause a type of low blood pressure during rapid changes in body position (such as when elderly persons stand up quickly after sitting or lying down) is called __________.

orthostatic hypotension

The effects of the sympathetic nervous system are essentially opposite of the: 7) _______ A) motor division B) parasympathetic nervous system C) sensory division D) central nervous system E) autonomic nervous system

parasympathetic nervous system

90) The __________ is a connective tissue wrapping around fasicles of neuron fibers.

perineurium

81) The only major nerve out of the cervical plexus that supplies the diaphragm and muscles of the shoulder and neck is the __________ nerve.

phrenic

75) The hypothalamus regulates the __________ gland.

pituitary

65) When there are fewer positive ions sitting on the inner face of the neuronʹs plasma membrane than there are on the outer face of the tissue fluid that surrounds it, the membrane is said to be __________.

polarized

Immediately after an action potential is propagated, which one of the following ions rapidly diffuses out of the cell into the tissue fluid: 2) _______ A) potassium B) calcium C) sodium D) chloride E) magnesium

potassium

Damage to this nerve results in ʺwristdrop,ʺ the inability to extend the hand at the wrist: 33) ______ A) obturator B) radial C) axillary D) phrenic E) femoral

radial

92) Each spinal nerve divides into a dorsal and a ventral __________.

ramus

Which of the following is the correct sequence in a typical reflex arc: 45) ______ A) receptor, afferent neuron, efferent neuron, integration center, effector B) effector, efferent neuron, integration center, afferent neuron, receptor C) receptor, afferent neuron, integration center, efferent neuron, effector D) effector, afferent neuron, integration center, efferent neuron, receptor E) receptor, efferent neuron, integration center, afferent neuron, effector

receptor, afferent neuron, integration center, efferent neuron, effector

) The diffusion of potassium ions out of a neuron causes it to experience: 32) ______ A) repolarization B) an action potential C) a nerve impulse D) a graded potential E) depolarization

repolarization

The area of the brain stem that plays a role in consciousness and the awake/sleep cycles is the: 22) ______ A) cerebellum B) thalamus C) reticular activating system (RAS) D) pineal gland E) limbic system

reticular activating system (RAS)

Spinal nerves exiting the cord from the level of L4 to S4 form the: 34) ______ A) lumbar plexus B) sacral plexus C) femoral plexus D) obturator plexus E) thoracic plexus

sacral plexus

102) The __________ nerve, the largest nerve in the body, splits into the common fibular and tibial nerves.

sciatic

100) The primary motor area of the brain allows us to consciously control our __________ muscles

skeletal

Which one of these effectors is NOT directly controlled by the autonomic nervous system: 42) ______ A) smooth muscle B) cardiac muscle C) most glands D) skeletal muscle E) abdominal organs

skeletal muscle

The function of the olfactory nerve concerns: 19) ______ A) smell B) chewing C) vision D) eye movement E) hearing

smell

An action potential is caused by an influx of these ions into the cell: 18) ______ A) both potassium and sodium B) potassium C) sodium D) magnesium E) calcium

sodium

63) A type of reflex that stimulates the skeletal muscles is called a __________ reflex.

somatic

76) That part of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) that is voluntary and conducts impulses from the Central Nervous System (CNS) to the skeletal muscles is the __________ nervous system.

somatic

The gray matter of the spinal cord: 50) ______ A) surrounds the white matter of the spinal cord B) surrounds the central canal C) contains myelinated fiber tracts D) always carries sensory information to the brain E) is made up of the dorsal, lateral, and ventral columns

surrounds the central canal

104) Sweat glands that produce perspiration when stimulated are innervated only by the __________ fibers.

sympathetic

98) The __________ division of the ANS activates when we are frightened or stressed.

sympathetic

Preparing the body for the ʺfight-or-flightʺ response during threatening situations is the role of the: 39) ______ A) sympathetic nervous system B) somatic nervous system C) cerebrum D) afferent nervous system E) parasympathetic nervous system

sympathetic nervous system

The gap between two communicating neurons is termed: 20) ______ A) node of Ranvier B) synaptic cleft C) effector D) cell body E) Schwann cell

synaptic cleft

T or F 106) Sympathetic postganglionic fibers release norepinephrine and the preganglionic axon releases acetyocholine.

t

T or F 107) There is no possibility of damaging the spinal cord below the third lumbar vertebra.

t

T or F 109) A polarized neuron has fewer positive ions inside in comparison to the outside of the neuron.

t

T or F 111) Myelination of nerve fibers in the central nervous system is the job of the oligodendrocyte.

t

T or F 112) The musculocutaneous nerve is a major nerve of the brachial plexus.

t

T or F 113) Neurons in adults do not undergo mitosis.

t

T or F 115) The collection of spinal nerves at the inferior end of the spinal cord is called the cauda equina.

t

T or F 116) Cerebrospinal fluid circulates within the ventricles of the brain and also in the subarachnoid space outside the brain.

t

T or F 119) Reflexes are rapid, predictable, and automatic responses to stimuli.

t

T or F 122) Bipolar neurons are rare in adults

t

T or F 127) The nodes of Ranvier are found at regular intervals only on myelinated, peripheral nerve fibers.

t

T or F 128) Cell bodies of sensory neurons are always located in ganglia lying outside the central nervous system.

t

The olfactory area is found within the: 26) ______ A) occipital lobe B) parietal lobe C) frontal lobe D) temporal lobe E) pyramidal tract

temporal lobe

Cell bodies of the sensory neurons of the spinal nerves are located in: 6) _______ A) the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord B) the thalamus C) the hypothalamus D) the ventral root ganglia of the spinal cord E) sympathetic ganglia

the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord

The peripheral nervous system consists of: 36) ______ A) the spinal and cranial nerves B) the brain and spinal cord C) spinal nerves only D) cranial nerves only E) the brain only

the spinal and cranial nerves

Sympathetic division fibers leave the spinal cord in the: 58) ______ A) thoracolumbar region, and the postganglionic fibers secrete acetylcholine B) craniosacral regions, and the postganglionic fibers secrete norepinephrine C) craniosacral region, and the preganglionic fibers secrete norepinephrine D) craniosacral region, and the postganglionic fibers secrete acetylcholine E) thoracolumbar region, and the postganglionic fibers secrete norepinephrine

thoracolumbar region, and the postganglionic fibers secrete norepinephrine

101) Bundles of nerve fibers (neuron processes) running through the CNS are called __________, whereas in the PNS they are called __________.

tracts; nerves

95) The only pair of cranial nerves to extend to the thoracic and abdominal cavities is the __________ nerves.

vagus

70) Myelinated regions of the CNS are referred to as __________ matter.

white