anatomy II ch 24

Which of the following is an accessory organ of the digestive tract?

Liver

Which of the following is NOT a function of the small intestine?

Mastication of food

What is the purpose of segmental contractions of the small intestine?

Mixing of intestinal contents

Which layer of the digestive tract is in direct contact with ingested food?

Mucosa

Which of the following is correctly matched?

Muscularis - responsible for peristalsis

Which of the following represents a mismatch in stomach wall structure?

Muscularis - two layers; both circular

Which part of the pharynx is NOT involved with food transport?

Nasopharynx

George has to have his gallbladder removed. His friend told him he can no longer eat fats because he will no longer produce bile. Is this an accurate description of George's future diet?

No; the gallbladder only stores the bile that is produced by the liver.

What are the two major neurotransmitters of the enteric nervous system?

Norepinephrine and acetylcholine

What muscle forms the lips?

Orbicularis oris muscle

What is the function of interstitial cells of the myenteric plexus?

Pacemaker cells that promote rhythmic contractions of the smooth muscle

Which of the following structures has both endocrine and exocrine tissue?

Pancreas

Which of the following statements applies to the ileocecal sphincter?

Peristaltic contractions reaching this sphincter cause it to relax.

Which of the following events occurs because of the low pH of the stomach?

Proper environment for functioning of pepsin

Which of the following pairs describing structures of teeth is mismatched?

Pulp cavity - cementum

Which of the following regions of the stomach is correctly matched with its description?

Pylorus - the most inferior portion of the stomach

Which of the following is not associated with the large absorptive surface of the small intestine?

Rugae

Which of the following is NOT a necessary function of the tongue?

Speech

Which of the following organs is part of the digestive tract?

Stomach

Which of the following is a function of the hepatocytes?

Synthesize bile

Where does the majority of nutrient absorption occur?

The jejunum and duodenum

Why doesn't the stomach digest itself?

The stomach wall is protected by large amounts of mucus.

How does the muscularis layer of the esophagus differ from the rest of the digestive tract?

The superior part is skeletal muscle.

Which of the following enzymes is found in inactive form in pancreatic juice?

Trypsin

Which of the following enzymes is mismatched with its substrate?

Trypsin - nucleic acids

Which of the following is the correct order for the phases of deglutition?

Voluntary, pharyngeal, esophageal

Diffusion and active transport are likely to be important in

absorption of food.

Enterokinase __________.

activates trypsinogen

The pancreatic islets __________.

are endocrine glands

Chylomicrons

are synthesized in intestinal epithelial cells.

Contact digestion takes place in/at the __________.

brush border of the small intestine

The gallbladder contracts in response to the hormone __________.

cholecystokinin (CCK)

The muscularis layer in the wall of the digestive tract is

composed of a layer of circular smooth muscle fibers and a layer of longitudinal smooth muscle fibers.

The enterogastric reflex can be triggered by

distention of the duodenal wall.

Bile

emulsifies fats in the small intestine.

Intrinsic factor

facilitates the absorption of vitamin B12.

Inflammation of the gums is called __________.

gingivitis

A large amount of adipose tissue accumulates in the __________.

greater omentum

The anal canal

has an internal sphincter composed of smooth muscle.

The oral cavity

has boundaries that include the lips, palate, and cheeks.

The esophagus

has upper and lower sphincters to regulate movement of food.

The hepatic sinusoids

have phagocytic cells in their lining.

Bile would flow directly from the

hepatic ducts into the common hepatic duct.

A blockage in the colon where the ascending colon turns to become the transverse colon would occur at the __________.

hepatic flexure

Emulsification

increases surface area for lipid digestion.

Duodenal gland secretion prevents

irritation of the duodenal mucosa by acidic chyme and digestive enzymes.

The intestinal phase of gastric secretion

is controlled by the entrance of acidic chyme into the duodenum.

The defecation reflex

is stimulated by distention of the rectum.

The gastric phase of gastric secretion

leads to the greatest volume of gastric secretion.

Bile is produced by cells of the __________.

liver

The __________ synthesizes bile acids by metabolizing __________.

liver

Strong peristaltic contractions in the large intestine are called __________.

mass movements

Small droplets of digested lipids surrounded by bile salts are called __________.

micelles

Saliva

moistens food and begins starch digestion in the mouth.

The pyloric pump

moves chyme through a partially closed pyloric opening.

Beginning at the lumen, the sequence of layers of the digestive tract wall is

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa.

The major types of enteric neurons include all of the following, except

neurons that suppress epithelial secretions.

The abdominal cavity is lined with __________.

parietal peritoneum

The enzyme(s) called __________ break(s) down the substrate called __________.

peptidases; proteins

Bile secretion is

performed continuously by the liver.

The __________ helps hold a tooth in its socket.

periodontal ligament

LDLs are taken into a cell by the process of __________.

receptor mediated endocytosis

Abdominal organs that lie against the body wall and have no mesenteries are said to be __________.

retroperitoneal

A mixing contraction in the small intestine is called __________.

segmental contraction

In order to remove a tumor in the muscular tunic of the stomach, a surgeon must cut through the __________

serosa

Cholecystokinin is produced by endocrine cells of the __________.

small intestine

The chemical digestion of the disaccharides occurs in the __________.

small intestine

The enteric plexus is composed of the __________ and the __________

submucosal plexus; myenteric plexus

The longitudinal layer of smooth muscle in the large intestinal wall forms three bands called the __________.

teniae coli

Parasympathetic nerves extend to the digestive tract through the __________ nerve.

vagus

How much saliva is generally produced each day?

1 - 1½ L

A man had a gunshot wound in his abdomen. The bullet passed through his anterior body and lodged inside the transverse colon. Which layers did the bullet pass through to arrive at the location? (1) Parietal peritoneum(2) Visceral peritoneum

1, 2, 2, 2

Arrange the following events involving lipids in the correct order. (1) Absorption of lipids(2) Emulsification(3) Micelle formation(4) Digestion of lipids

2, 4, 3, 1

Arrange the following in proper sequence as they occur first in the body. (1) Digestion(2) Elimination(3) Ingestion(4) Absorption

3, 1, 4, 2

Arrange the ducts in the order that bile would pass through them when moving from the bile canaliculi to the small intestine without being stored in the gallbladder. (1) Common bile duct(2) Common hepatic duct(3) Cystic duct(4) Left and right hepatic ducts

4, 2, 1

Which of the following are effects of aging on the digestive system?

All of the choices are correct. Blood supply decreases More likely to develop ulcerations and cancers Enamel on teeth becomes thinner

What is found in an intestinal villus?

Blood capillaries and a lacteal

What is the function of enteric sensory neurons?

Both "Detect changes in chemical composition of digestive tract contents" and "Detect stretch of the digestive tract wall" are correct.

The enteric plexus

Both "Helps control movement and secretions of the digestive tract" and "Contains parasympathetic neurons" are correct

Which of the following is NOT a muscle of mastication?

Buccinator

Which of the following is NOT part of a portal triad?

Central vein

A gallstone has completely blocked flow of bile into the small intestine. Where is the stone most likely lodged?

Common bile duct

What connects the gallbladder to the common bile duct?

Cystic duct

Celiac disease causes degeneration of the villi of the small intestine. What is a likely effect of this degeneration?

Decrease in absorption due to reduced surface area

A swollen uvula might interfere with which of the following?

Deglutition and breathing

Sammy is a 67-year-old man that has the following digestive issues: GERD, peptic ulcers, and diarrhea. Which of the following is least likely to be a consequence of Sammy's age?

Diarrhea

Which of the following is a function of the digestive system?

Elimination of undigested food

Nancy has several dental caries on the visible surface of one of her molars. The caries have eroded through to the pulp cavity. Which of the following accurately lists the layers affected by the caries?

Enamel, dentin

What prevents the bolus from entering the larynx during deglutition?

Epiglottis

Which of the following is NOT an accessory organ of the digestive tract?

Esophagus

Which of the following attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall?

Falciform ligament

If gases are released as digestion of food begins in the stomach, where is it most likely to accumulate?

Fundus

Where does bile enter the duodenum?

Hepatopancreatic ampulla

Which disease is caused by the absence of enteric neurons in the distal large intestine?

Hirschsprung disease

Which portion of the small intestine is most distal from the pylorus of the stomach?

Ileum

Which of the following statements regarding swallowing is true?

In the pharyngeal phase, food is moved through the pharynx.

Which of the following statements concerning proteins is true?

Intestinal epithelial cells absorb more dipeptides and tripeptides than single amino acids.

If the thoracic duct were tied off, which of the following classes of nutrients would not enter the circulatory system at their normal rate?

Lipids

Which of the following organs is retroperitoneal?

All of the choices are correct. Pancreas Ascending colon Duodenum Descending colon

Which digestive activity is NOT correctly matched to its location?

Killing microorganisms with lysozyme - stomach

Which is the correct order of the regions of the digestive tract from superior to inferior?

Oral cavity, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

Fatty acids and certain lipids in the duodenum initiate the release of __________

cholecystokinin (CCK)

Fatty acids and certain lipids in the duodenum initiate the release of __________.

cholecystokinin (CCK)

Blockage of the ileocecal valve would prevent

chyme from entering the large intestine.

Trypsin can activate

chymotrypsinogen.

The mucosa of the colon

contains many mucus-secreting goblet cells.

Enzymes secreted by the small intestine include __________.

disaccharidases

A cell needs a receptor in order to absorb LDLs. A disease that interferes with the functioning of these LDL receptors would

increase serum cholesterol levels.

The enterogastric reflex serves to __________.

inhibit gastric motility when there is chyme in the small intestine

In comparison to a low-density lipoprotein (LDL), a high density lipoprotein (HDL) contains __________.

less lipid

An organ is described as follows: cords of cells radiating outward from a central vein with sinusoids between the cords of cells. The organ having this histological structure is the __________.

liver

The tongue

plays a major role in swallowing.