anatomy in class bone test

Which of the following is not a major joint category?

Elastic

Which of the following is true regarding the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

It releases Ca2+Ca2+ when a muscle fiber is excited.

Which of the following is not a function of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

Lower blood calcium

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in the healing of a bone fracture?

Hematoma formation → soft callus formation → hard callus formation → bone remodeling

Which of the following is an inorganic component of the bone matrix?

Hydroxyapatite

A growing long bone in a child has only two areas of cartilage at the epiphysis. These two areas are the ___

articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate

Loss of muscle mass from lack of activity is called _____

atrophy

a(n) _________ is a sac of fluid associated with a synovial joint.

bursa

An out of shape middle-aged insurance salesperson accepts a friend's invitation to a pickup basketball game. When attempting a jump shot, they fall to the ground in pain, grasping at their calf. There is an enormous bulge in their leg immediately below the popliteal fossa, and they are unable to plantar flex that foot. Most likely they have injured their _________and the bulge is _____

calcaneal tendon; their triceps surae

TRUE OR FALSE: A vertebra is considered a long bone

false

true or false: Closed reduction is the surgical realignment of the parts of a broken bone.

false

true/false: A skeletal muscle fiber (cell) contains a single nucleus.

false

true/false: Fibrous joints are joints at which two bones are united by hyaline cartilage.

false

true/false: Symphyses are the most common type of fibrous joints

false

true/false: The shoulder is the only multiaxial, ball-and-socket joint in the human body.

false

A bundle of muscle fibers is known as a _____

fascicle

Some joints become synostoses by replacing _________with _____

fibers; bone

Intramembranous ossification produces the ______

flat bones of the skull

The union of the proximal and middle phalanges form _________joints.

hinge

In endochondral ossification, the precursor connective tissue is _________, which is replaced by bone.

hyaline cartilage

During muscle contraction, binding sites for myosin are uncovered by the movement of ____

tropomyosin

The protein that acts as a calcium receptor in skeletal muscle is ______

troponin

true or false: Most blood cells are produced in the red marrow of bones.

true

true/false: A deficiency of acetylcholine receptors leads to muscle paralysis in myasthenia gravis.

true

true/false: An isometric contraction does not change muscle length.

true

true/false: Extensibility refers to the ability of a muscle to stretch.

true

true/false: Hinge joints, such as the tibiofemoral joint, are monoaxial.

true

true/false: Some smooth muscle is autorhythmic.

true

true/false: The elbow has both pivot and hinge joints.

true

true/false: Under normal circumstances, the wrist can be hyperextended, but the elbow cannot.

true

Skeletal muscle is called ______, because it is usually subject to conscious control.

voluntary

In which stage of ossification is an epiphyseal plate present?

5th

Which of the following individuals would have more mitochondria in their skeletal muscle?

A 22-year-old soccer player

What term best describes the relationship between the pronator quadratus and supinator?

Antagonists

Where is dystrophin, the protein that is defective in muscular dystrophy, normally found?

Between the outermost myofilaments and the sarcolemma of a muscle fiber

Calcium plays an essential role in all of the following except ______

DNA synthesis

A monoaxial joint, like the elbow, is capable of which one of the following movements?

Flexion and extension

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a muscle cell?

Plasticity

Which of the following does not put women at risk for hypocalcemia?

Removal of the thyroid gland

Which of the following is not a function of the muscular system?

Secretion

Which muscle(s) can contract without the need for nervous stimulation?

Smooth and cardiac muscle

Which is not a type of synovial joint?

Suture

Which of the following structures prevents knee hyperextension?

The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)

Why does one continue to breathe heavy after rigorous physical activity has stopped?

The body requires more oxygen to restore levels of ATP and creatine phosphate.

Which of the following exemplifies a positive feedback process happening in bone mineral deposition?

The first few crystals that form attract more calcium and phosphate.

Which of the following is the largest and most complex diarthrosis in the body?

The knee

Which of the following is not a factor that determines the range of motion of a joint?

The length of the bone

Which of the following is true concerning isotonic eccentric contraction? -The muscle shortens but tension remains constant. -The muscle lengthens but tension remains constant. -The muscle tenses and shortens. -The muscle tenses but length remains unchanged. -The muscle lengthens and tension declines.

The muscle lengthens but tension remains constant.

The axon terminal releases acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft, which is received by receptors on the motor end plate. Which structure does this describe?

The neuromuscular junction of a skeletal muscle

Which of the following is predominately made up of myosin?

The thick filament

What do sutures, gomphoses, and syndesmoses have in common?

These are all fibrous joints.

Drugs called calcium channel blockers may be used to lower blood pressure by causing arteries to vasodilate. How do you suppose these drugs work?

They prevent calcium from entering smooth muscle, thus allowing the muscle to relax.

What is the purpose of motor nerve varicosities as they relate to smooth muscle?

They release neurotransmitter molecules onto smooth muscle cells.

Which of the following marks the boundaries of a sarcomere?

Z discs

Raising an arm to one side of the body to stop a taxi is an example of _________ of the shoulder.

abduction

Arteriosclerosis is one example of ectopic ossification, which means _____

abnormal calcification of a tissue

If a thyroid tumor secreted an excessive amount of calcitonin, we would expect ____

an elevated level of osteoblast activity

Shortening a muscle while it maintains constant tension is called _____

an isotonic contraction

Synthesized by the combined action of the skin, kidneys, and liver, _________promotes bone resorption but is also necessary for bone deposition.

calcitriol

Bone elongation is a result of _____

cartilage growth

With the elbow and wrist extended, painting a circle on a canvas requires _________ of the shoulder.

circumduction

A fracture in which the bone is broken into three or more pieces is called a _________fracture.

comminuted

The cortex of the long bone's diaphysis is made of ___

compact bone

If one nerve stimulus arrives at a muscle fiber so soon that the fiber does not relax at all from the previous twitch, the most likely result will be __________. This can only be achieved in the laboratory.

complete tetanus

The metacarpophalangeal joints at the base of the fingers are _________joints.

condylar

The transfer of phosphate from CP to ADP is catalyzed by ______

creatine kinase

the thin layer of slightly denser spongy bone that separates an adult's epiphysis from the diaphysis is called the ____

epiphyseal line

the expanded ends of a long bone are called the ____

epiphyses

Osteoporosis is more common in elderly females because of the lack of ____

estrogen

The hardness of bone comes from _________, whereas _________ provide(s) some degree of flexibility.

hydroxyapatite and other minerals; proteins

Showing your palm to someone who is in front of you, as if to tell them "Stop," requires _____

hyperextension of the wrist

Resistance exercise will most likely cause muscle to _____

hypertrophy

If one nerve stimulus arrives at a muscle fiber so soon that the fiber has only partially relaxed from the previous twitch, the most likely result will be _____

incomplete tetanus

The rotator cuff tendons enclose the shoulder joint on all sides except _________, which partly explains the nature of most shoulder dislocations.

inferiorly

Tipping the soles of the feet medially so they face each other requires ________ Tipping them out laterally so they face away from each other requires _________

inversion; eversion

the spaces found within the concentric lamellae are called _________, and they contain __

lacunae; osteocytes

Athletes who train at high altitudes increase their red blood cell count, which increases their oxygen supply during exercise. Increased oxygen supply results in _____

longer aerobic respiration

The center cavity of the diaphysis of a long bone is called the _____

marrow cavity

Wolff's law of bone explains the effect of __________.

mechanical stress on bone remodeling

The fibrocartilage pad between the medial condyle of the femur and the medial condyle of the tibia is called the _____

medial meniscus

Hypocalcemia can cause _____

muscle spasms

Cross bridges form between binding sites on actin myofilaments and ____

myosin heads

Bone protrudes through the skin in a fracture called ___

open facture

Bone-forming cells are called _____

osteoblasts

When _________become enclosed in lacunae, they become cells called ____

osteoblasts; osteocytes

A decline in bone density can lead to ____

osteoporosis

Blood Ca2+Ca2+ deficiency stimulates _________ secretion, which leads to _____

parathyroid hormone; increased osteoclast activityCorrect

A long bone is covered externally with a sheath called the _________, whereas the marrow cavity is lined with the ____

periosteum; endosteum

The proximal radioulnar joint is a ________ joint.

pivot

If you stand on tiptoes to reach something high, you are performing _________ at the ankle.

plantar flexion

The _________ is not part of the tibiofemoral joint.

posterior tibiofibular ligament

As you are lifting a box, someone places extra weight on top of it. For your muscle to continue contracting and lifting the box, the muscle must ______

recruit more muscle fibers

The process of engaging more motor units to increase the strength of a muscle contraction is called _____

recruitment

The process of dissolving bone and returning its minerals to the bloodstream is known as ____

resorption

the result of blood calcium and phosphate levels being too low for normal deposition is a softness of the bones called _________ in children and _________ in adults.

rickets; osteomalacia

The joint between the left and right parietal bones is called the _____

sagittal suture

Patches of fibrocartilage formed in the healing of a fracture are called _________ whereas the bony collar formed around the fracture is called _________

soft callus; hard callus

Spicules and trabeculae are found in ____

spongy bone

The joint between the L2 and L3 vertebrae is a _____

symphysis

To stimulate muscle contraction, acetylcholine is released from the _________into the synaptic cleft.

synaptic vesicles

The epiphysis and diaphysis of a long bone in a child are bound by a ______

synchondrosis

the joint between the first costal cartilage and the sternum is a ________, whereas the other costal cartilages are joined to the sternum by ________ joints.

synchondrosis; synovial

The joint between the diaphyses of the radius and ulna is a ______

syndesmosis

The most movable joints are _________joints.

synovial

Each T tubule is flanked by two _____

terminal cisterns

The absence or inhibition of acetylcholinesterase at a synapse would lead to ____

tetanus

Red bone marrow does not contain _____

yellow bone marrow