Anatomy Lab Quiz 1

Name 3 types of connective tissue and give examples of each

- Connective tissue proper (tendons, ligaments) - Supporting (bones, cartilage) - Fluid (blood, lymph)

Pacinian corpuscle

- Deep in dermis and hypodermis - Sensation of deep pressure

Meissner corpuscle

- Dermal papillae - Sensation of fine, delicate touch

4 glial cells you know

- Ependymal - Astrocytes: produce glucose - Microglial cells - Oligodendrocytes - Schwann cells: produces myelin; involved in MS with breakdown of myelin sheath - Support neurons, produce myelin and CSF

Free nerve endings

- Epidermal/dermal junction - General pain sensation

Merkel cell

- Epidermal/dermal junction - Sensation of fine delicate touch

Name 3 major regions of the skin

- Epidermis (waterproof barrier) - Dermis (tough connective tissue, hair follicles, sweat glands) - Hypodermis/subcutaneous (fat and connective tissue)

4 types of tissues

- Epithelial: covers, protects, secretes, absorbs, filters (lining of digestive tract organs an other hollow organs, skin surface) - Connective: supports, protects, binds other tissues together (bones, tendons, fat and soft padding tissue) - Muscle: produces movement (attached to bones (skeletal), heart (cardiac), walls of hollow organs (smooth)) - Nervous: controls, internal communication (brain, spinal cord, nerves)

Be able to identify fibroblast with chondrocyte arranged in rows

- Fibrocartilage: chondrocytes are linear with a bundle of collagen fibers - Intervertebral discs, knee joints, pubic symphysis (places where there are a lot of compressive forces)

Sensory receptors in the dermis

- Free nerve ending, pacinian (lamellated) corpuscle, merkel (tactile) cell, meissner (tactile) cell

One location of simple columnar epithelium non ciliated and its function

- Function in secretion and/pr absoprtion - Lines the digestive tract including stomach, small intestine, large intestine, uterus

What is the effect of increase in magnification on depth and field of view of an object using compound microscope?

- Increasing magnification decreases field of view and depth of field (smaller portion of specimen will be in focus)

What are the phases of cell division

- Interphase - Prophase - Metaphase - Anaphase - Telophase

Name the 9 abdominopelvic regions and the organs present in them.

- Left hypochondriac region: spleen, part of left left kidney, left lung? - Right hypochondriac region: liver, part of R kidney, right lung? - Umbilical region: small and large intestines - Left lumbar region: majority of kidney - Right lumbar region: majority of kidney - Right iliac region: nothing? - Left iliac region: nada? - Hypogastric region: urinary bladder - Epigastric region: some of the stomach

Be able to identify elastic connective tissue and its location

- Located in the walls of large arteries such as the aorta and some ligaments - bacon with squiggly black lines if you eat a lot of bacon you stretch out and get fat = elastic

Nail body

- Main portion of the nail

What is the function of peroxisomes

- Membrane enclosed sacs that contain catalase and other oxidative enzymes - Enzymes break down lipids and toxic substances by first covering them in hydrogen peroxide and then breaking down the hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen

5 leukocyte cells you know

- Monocyte (bean nucleus) - Eosinophil (earphones, parasitic infection) - Basophil (big fat earphones) - Lymphocyte (1 round nucleus, viral infection) - Neutrophil (3-5 lobes, bacterial infection)

Hyaline cartilage major distinguishing feature (hint: prominent lacunae and ____)

- No fibers are visible in the extracellular matrix (purple slide with white circles)

Difference between stratified squamous epithelium keratinized vs. non-keratinized

- Non keratinized surfaces must be kept moist by bodily secretions to prevent them from drying out (corneal epithelium, esophagus) - Keratinized surfaces are protection from abrasion by keratin and kept hydrated and protected from dehydration by glycolipids produced in stratum granulosum. Found in palm of hand and sole of foot

Be able to identify bone slide

- Osteocytes in lacunae rather than chondrocytes in cartilage

One location of simple cuboidal epithelium and its function

- Ovaries, renal tubules, thyroid, kidney, glands - Function in secretion and/or absorption

Mitochondria

- Powerhouse of the cell; site of cellular respiration: the metabolic pathway that utilized oxygen in the breakdown of food molecules to produce ATP

Various stages of mitosis under the microscope or lab models

- REVIEW

Name 4 quadrants in the abdominal cavity and organs present in each of the quadrants

- RUQ: liver, gall bladder, R lung, R kidney, pancreas -LUQ: L kidney, L lung, heart, stomach, spleen - RLQ: Urinary bladder, small intestine - LLQ: Urinary bladder, small intestine

Ribosome

- Sites of protein synthesis - May be bound to the ER (fixed) or found within cytoplasm (free)

Skeletal vs cardiac muscle

- Skeletal muscle: found in voluntary muscles that move the skeleton and facial skin; striated tissue, multiple nuclei peripherally located, extremely long - Cardiac: found in heart, performs contractile work of heart, responsible for pumping action; branched, uninucleate cells, striations, intercalated discs - Smooth: found in walls of soft viscera such as blood vessels, stomach, urinary bladder, intestines, and uterus; creates movement, moves blood; spindle shaped, no striations, cigar shaped nucleus centrally located

Hyponychium

- Skin underneath the free border of the nail

List the function of smooth ER and rough ER

- Smooth ER: Site of lipid synthesis and detoxification of drugs and alcohol - Rough ER: Synthesizes proteins destined for the cell membrane for lysosomes or for secretion

Name one organ that may rupture in a front end sudden deceleration auto-accident when the driver is wearing a seat belt. Name the quadrant where this organ is found.

- Spleen, LUQ

Be able to identify reticular connective tissue

- Spleen, liver, lymph nodes - White background, veiny black lines, tomato vines

Golgi apparatus

- Stack of flattened membranes that receive proteins from the rough ER and then modify, package, and sort them for delivery to other organelles or to the plasma membrane of the cell

Describe the correct order of how to use the microscope to observe an object fixed to a slide

- Start on lowest magnification and mechanical stage in lowest position - Then place slide & turn on illuminator, adjust light control so it's in the middle/low end of range - Then position slide so it's over the opening of the stage where light comes through - Use coarse adjustment knob, slowly move stage up until specimen comes into view, then use find adjustment knob to bring specimen into focus - Next play with adjustments of iris diaphragm and light control to see how it affects the clarity and contrast of your image

Nucleolus

- Synthesizes rRNA and assembles ribosomes in the nucleus

Difference between cytokinesis and telophase

- Telophase is when the nuclear envelop reforms as two new nuclear envelopes around the separated sister chromatids - Cytokinesis is the actual cell division when the elongated cell finally pinched into two brand new cells by a ring of proteins called actin and myosin

Eponychium

- The fold of skin at the root of the nail that folds over the body of the nail; cuticle

The epidermis of the skin stratum lucidum is only found in what type of skin

- Thick skin i.e., palm of hand and sole of foot

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium is found in what part of the body?

- Trachea and upper respiratory tract

Transitional epithelium is found in the lining of the lumen of ___

- Urinary bladder, ureters, urethra

One location where you will find ciliated columnar epitheliium

- Uterus, fallopian tubes, respiratory tract - Moves mucus and other substances via cilia, target of infection

Sebaceous gland

- Wherever hair follicles are found, esp. scalp - Produce sebum, oily substance that lubricates the skin surface to keep it from drying out, and inhibits the growth of bacteria

Lunula

- White curved area at the base of the nail

3 major parts of nervous tissue

- brain, spinal cord, neurons? - Or neurons and glial cells? - Cell body, axon, dendrites

Stratified cuboidal epithelium is found in the lumen ___

- of sweat gland duct

Be able to identify adipose tissue slide

- white round circles - Subcutaneous skin, surrounds organs such as kidneys

List the four stages of mitosis and describe the event in each stage

4 Stages (is interphase not one of them?): - Interphase: cell is preparing for division, replicating proteins, organelles, and DNA (creates two copies of each strand/chromosome), cell increases in size, majority of cell's lifespan is spent in interphase - Prophase: duplicated chromosomes condense, miotic spindle forms on edges of the dividing cell made up of proteins called microtubules that gradually lengthen during this phase, drives the division of the cell by elongating it - Metaphase: pairs of condensed chromosomes line up along the equator of the elongated cell - Anaphase: pairs of chromosomes (sister chromatids) are drawn to opposite poles of the elongated cell, microtubules get shorter allowing cell to separate - Telophase: nuclear envelope reforms as two new nuclear envelopes around the separated sister chromatids - Cytokinesis: elongated cell is finally pinched into two brand new cells by a ring of proteins called actin and myosin; cytoplasm (fluid) is equally divided between two new daughter cells

Define magnification of a microscope

Adjusting the objective lens to increase magnification, allowing for a decreased diameter of field, increasing diameter of object

Perineum

Area between anus and scrotum/vulva

Occipital

Back of head

2 types of fluid connective tissue

Blood & lymph

Sural

Calf/back of leg

Mental

Chin

What separates the abdominal cavity from the thoracic cavity?

Diaphragm

Define field of view

Everything visible when looking through the eyepieces

Coronal Plane

Front and back (anterior & posterior)

Inguinal

Groin

Define depth of view

How much of the total thickness of the specimen is in focus

Urinary bladder is located in what region?

Hypogastric region

Sagittal plane

Left and Right (cuts down middle of face)

Crural

Leg/shin

Mediasternum (Mediastinum? he spelled it this way on the review questions..)

Middle of chest/sternum. A membranous partition between two body cavities or two parts of an organ, especially that between the lungs.

Cervical

Neck

Which lens makes the primary image?

Objective lenses

Calculate total magnification

Ocular x objective (ex: 10x for ocular & 4x for objective = 40x size of object)

The heart is covered by ___ sac

Pericardial

The lung is covered by ____ sac

Pleural

What is mitosis?

Process by which cells reproduce; results in formation of two identical daughter cells from one original parent cells; technically nuclear division

Oblique Plane

Runs at an angle to any of the three main planes of the body (coronal, transverse, and sagittal)

The image we see through the ocular lens is called ___

Secondary image

The cranial cavity contains...

The brain

Describe the dermis in relation to the epidermis

The dermis is deep compared to the epidermis

Describe the position of the gall bladder in relation to the liver

The gall bladder is inferior & posterior to the liver

Describe the pancreas in relation to the liver. (Hint - use lateral/medial)

The pancreas is medial to the liver

Transverse Plane

Top and bottom (Superior & inferior)

Carpal

Wrist

Brachial

arm

Binge drinking may cause pancreatitis. What is the name of the region where the pancreas is located?

epigastric & L hypochondriac region

Antebrachial

forearm

Calcaneal

heel

Using the previous answer, what kind of tissue is this?

skeletal muscle tissue

What is the difference between apocrine and eccrine sweat gland (Hint: secretion and location)

- Apocrine: located in axilla, areola of breast, pubic/anal regions; produce slightly oily sweat that may have pheromone-like properties - Eccrine: Most of the surface of the body, produce the thin watery sweat that cools the body

Parts of the microscope

- Arm (connects head to base) - Base - Condenser (focuses light) - Coarse adjustment knob - Diopter adjustment ring (changes focus of eyepiece if you have one eye that's better than the other) - Eyepieces - Find adjustment knob - Head (where eyepieces come out of) - Substage lamp - Iris diaphragm (part of condenser that can be closed/opened to adjust amount of light) - Light control (knob that alters amount of voltage going through substage lamp) - Mechanical stage (holds the slide) - Mechanical stage controls - Nosepiece (where objective lenses come out of) - Objective lenses - Ocular lenses (located in eyepieces, generally magnify 10x normal size) - Power switch - Working distance (distance between mechanical stage and tip of objective lens)

Arrector pili muscle

- Attaches to base of hair follicle - When smooth muscles contract, they pull at the base of the hair follicle, this causes hair to stand up straight rather than lie flat - goose bumps

2 locations in body where you can see simple squamous epithelium

- Capillaries - Outer layer of skin - Provides a thin barrier for diffusion

Example of avascular connective tissue

- Cartilage - Epithelial layer of skin