anatomy lecture exam 1

What portion of the human organism consists of the head, neck, and trunk?

Axial portion

What organ system would include the thyroid gland and pancreas?

Endocrine system

How do you access the "My Course Content" established by your instructor so you know what structures to study in APR ?

Enter the custom code (alphanumeric) provided to you by your instructor

Place the following terms, related to the lining of the abdominopelvic cavity, in order from superficial to deep.

abdominal wall parietal peritoneum paritoeal cavity visceral peritoneum stomach

Place the regional terms for the upper extremity in order from proximal to distal.

acromial brachial antebrachial carpal digital

Which of the following study areas are available in APR for most of the body systems?

all of these are true

Place the following terms for body regions in order from superior to inferior.

cephalic cervical pectoral gluteal femoral

Sometimes, a cylindrical organ such as a long bone is sectioned. In this case, a cut across the structure is called a(n) __________; an angular cut is a(n) __________; and a lengthwise cut is a(n) __________.

cross section; oblique section; longitudinal section

The _______ system contains the liver and intestines

digestive

The ______system contains the ovaries and thyroid gland.

endocrine

The term __________ refers to all chemical reactions occurring in the body.

metabolism

What is the term for the combination of chemical reactions in cells that use or release energy?

metabolism

What is the name of the positively charged subatomic particle?

proton

The ______ system contains the bladder and kidneys.

urinary

Within the body, __________ is an excellent solvent; it provides transportation for materials throughout the body.

water

1) Change in position of the body or of a body part; motion of an internal organ. 2) Reaction to a change inside or outside the body 3) Increase in body size without a change in shape 4) Production of new organisms and new cells 5) Taking in oxygen and giving off carbon dioxide 6) Breakdown of food substances into simpler forms that can be absorbed and used 7) Movement of chemicals and cells through the body fluids 8) Removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions

1) Movement 2) Responsiveness 3) Growth 4) Reproduction 5) Respiration 6) Digestion 7) Circulation 8) Excretion

The body responds or compensates for changes in order to help maintain a stable internal environment. Inability to do so could be fatal. Select the correct word to complete the sentences describing homeostasis. 1) When maintaining a stable internal environment, if blood pressure increased from 120 mmHg to 130 mmHg, the homeostatic response would be to_______blood pressure. 2)If the heart rate decreased from 75 beats per minute to 40 beats per minute, the homeostatic response would be to ________ the heart rate. 3) If oxygen levels in the blood decreased from 95 mmHg to 75 mmHg, the homeostatic response would be to ________breathing. 4)If body temperature increased from 98.6°F to 105°F, the homeostatic response would try to ________ temperature. 5)In each of these cases, when a stimulus caused a change in one direction, the homeostatic response caused a change in the _____direction to help maintain a stable internal environment. This homeostatic regulation is called ____ feedback.

1) decrease 2)increase 3)increase 4)decrease 5)opposite, negative

1. The first phase of the cell cycle is _________interphase_______, where the cell is actively growing and duplicating its contents and DNA. 2. After the period of preparedness, _____mitosis______ begins. This time of the cell cycle is broken up into ___4____ stages. 3. In _______prophase______, the chromatin fibers condense, making the individual chromosomes visible under a microscope. Also during this phase, newly formed _____centrioles_____ move to the opposite ends of the cell. 4. In ______metaphase____, the spindles attach to the chromosomes and the chromosomes are moved to the center of the cell. 5. In ___anaphase___, the spindle fibers shorten, splitting the sister chromatids and pulling them towards the centrioles at the opposite ends of the cell. 6. In _____telophase_____, the chromosomes complete the migration to the centrioles and the nuclear envelope reassembles. 7. The last phase of the cell cycle is ____cytokinesis___, when the cytoplasm divides and two identical daughter cells are formed.

1, interphase 2. mitosis , 4 3. prophase, centrioles 4. metaphase 5. anaphase 6. telophase 7. cytokinesis

1. Molecules with _______ bonds between their components will dissociate (fall apart) in water, releasing charged particles called ions. 2. Ionically bound molecules consisting of oppositely charged ions are called _______, and are abundant in tissue and fluids. 3. The release of charged particles when salts dissociate in water results in a solution that can conduct electricity. Thus, these molecules are also called _________ 4. An ionically bound molecule that contains hydrogen ions will dissociate in water, releasing H⁺. This type of molecule is classified as a(n) _______A molecule that releases an ion that binds with H⁺ is classified as a(n)_____

1, ions, dissociate 2. salts 3. electrolytes 4. acid, base

1. Recall from earlier chapters that cells are organized into________which are organized into________which, in turn, are organized into_______ 2. This chapter looks at the largest organ (by weight) in the body, called the_____It is part of the organ system called the________ system. 3. Also part of this system are structures including nails, hair, sweat glands, and oil glands. These structures are referred to as the_______ of the skin

1, tissue , organs . organ system 2. skin, integumentary 3. accessory structures

1. Of the ______trillion cells in the body, there are at least 290 different types. 2. cells vary in ______which is commonly measured in_________ 3. Cells also vary in______from flattened epithelial skin cells to long rod-like muscle cells. 4. The _______ of the cell dictates its function.

1. 30 2. size, micrometters 3. shape 4. shape

1. Which concentration gradient would result in a faster diffusion of oxygen? 2. Which of the following substances might NOT undergo passive diffusion simply because of a concentration gradient?

1. 95% concentration outside; 45% concentration inside 2. ions

1. What does the pH measure? 2. An acid is a compound that releases __________ into a solution. 3. What happens to the pH when an acid is added to a solution? 4. What pH value(s) is/are considered acidic?

1. Amount of hydrogen ion in solution 2. h+ 3. pH will decrease 4. Less than 7.0

Complete the sentences about the functioning of our cells.

1. At the most basic level of organization, __atoms__ bond together to form ___molecules___. The study of these substances and how they interact is known as ___chemistry____. 2. You need an understanding of basic chemistry because the functioning of the body is due to chemical changes (chemical ____reactions_____) occurring within the cells. 3. In addition, chemicals such as ___water___and oxygen are necessary for our cells to function, and therefore for us to survive. 4. Therefore, to understand ___physiology___, you must understand chemistry.

1. Waste product of energy-releasing metabolic reactions 2. Medium for transporting chemical substance 3. Source of electrolytes 4. Important in regulation of body temperature 5. Necessary reactant for energy-releasing metabolic reactions

1. Carbon dioxide 2. water 3. salt. 4. water 5. oxygen

1. Composed of protein and a lipid bilayer 2. Membranous sacs with interior partitions 3. Group of flattened, membranous sacs 4. Particles composed of protein and RNA molecules 5.Nonmembranous structure composed of two rodlike centrioles

1. Cell membrane 2. Mitochondrion 3.Golgi apparatus 4.Ribosome 5.Centrosome

1. Controls passage of materials into and out of the cell 2. Controls passage of materials between nucleus and cytoplasm 3. Site of ribosome synthesis 4. Contains information for synthezing proteins 5. Helps distribute chromosomes to new cells during cell division

1. Cell membrane 2.Nuclear envelope 3.Nucleolus 4. Chromatin 5.Centrosome

1. In what part of the cell cycle does the division of cytoplasm occur? 2. In what part of the cell cycle does the nuclear membrane break down? 3. In what part of the cell cycle do the chromosomes reach the poles of the cell and detach from the mitotic spindles?

1. Cytokinesis 2. Prophase 3. Telophase

Place the following words with the appropriate larger body cavity they are associated with.

1. DORSAL CAVITY cranial cavity vertebral cavity spinal cord meninges 2. Ventral Cavity abdominal cavity diaphragm mediastinum lungs

Place the following cartilage location in the appropriate category with what type of cartilage is found in that location.

1. Elastic Cartilage epiglottis, eustachain tube, external 2, hyaline cartilage thyrid cartilage of the larynx, ends of long bones, tracheal rings, nasal septum 3.fibrocartilage

1. ________ Smaller molecules are forced through porous membranes down a pressure gradient. 2.__________ Carrier molecules transport molecules from regions of low concentration to high concentration. 3.__________ Molecules move from regions of higher concentration to regions of low concentration. 4.___________ Movement of water molecules towards the solution with more impermeant solute. 5._____________ With assistance of a carrier protein, molecules move from regions of high concentration to lower concentration.

1. Filtration 2. Active transport 3. Diffusion 4. Osmosis 5. Facilitated diffusion

1. ______Water molecules leaving blood capillaries due to blood pressure 2. _______ Neurotransmitter release from a cell. 3. ________ Exchange of oxygen between the air in the lungs and the blood. 4. _____ White blood cell engulfing a microbe. 5. ________ Movement of glucose through a cell membrane.

1. Filtration 2.Exocytosis 3.Diffusion 4.Phagocytosis 5.Facilitated diffusion

Place each type of individual type of connective tissue in the appropriate category.

1. Fluid Connective Tissue blood 2. Supporting Connective Tissue hyaline cartilage elastic cartilage fibrocartilage campact bone 3. connective tissue proper

1. Growth of epidermis from edges of burn; may require skin graft 2. Division of stem cells within accessory structures to replace tissue 3. Inflammation, then healing without scarring

1. Full-thickness burn 2. Deep partial-thickness burn 3. Superficial partial-thickness burn

1. Phosphate head 2. Fatty acid tails 3. Membrane proteins 4. Cholesterol 5. Glycoproteins

1. Hydrophilic; outside 2. Hydrophobic; inside 3. Receptors; transporters 4. Maintains rigidity 5. Cell identification

Complete the sentences describing the characteristics of life.

1. In order for an organism to live, it must gain energy through the processes of _digestion_ (process of breaking down) and _respiration_ (process of releasing chemical energy). 2. The energy can be used to fuel the processes of _growth_ (increase in body size) or _movement_ (change in position). 3. All the chemical reactions that occur inside a cell are called _metabolis_ . These chemical reactions obtain, release, and use _energy_.

1. List in the correct order the phases of wound healing. 2. The tissue that fills the gap in the skin during healing is called _____ tissue. 3. What stage results in formation of a blood clot as well as vasodilation of vessels, allowing the leakage of white blood cells into the injured tissue?

1. Inflammation, proliferation, remodeling 2. granulation 3. inflammation

Classify each compound as an inorganic compound or organic compound.

1. Inorganic Compounds water, salt, oxygen, carbon dioxide 2. lipids, protin, glucose, DNA.

1. Parietal pleura 2.Visceral pleura 3.Parietal pericardium 4.Visceral pericardium 5.Parietal peritoneum 6.Visceral peritoneum

1. Lines the thoracic cavity 2.Covers the lungs 3.Lines the pericardial cavity 4.Covers the heart 5.Lines the abdominal cavity 6.Covers the abdominal organs

Determine if each cellular component is bound by a membrane or not. Then drag each label into the appropriate box.

1. Membranous organelles nucleus, mitochondria, lysosomes, peroxisomes, endoplasmic reticulum , golgi apparatus. 2. Non-membranous organelles ribosomes, centrosomes, centrioles microfilament

Place the following descriptions of the cytoskeletal elements with the appropriate structure.

1. Microfilaments tiny rods, composed of the protein acting, provides cellular movement as seen in the muscles cells, forms meshwork or bundles 2. microtubules

1. Release energy from nutrients 2.Production of proteins 3.Digest worn-out cellular parts 4. Important in cellular division

1. Mitochondria 2. Ribosomes 3. Lysosomes 4.Centrosome

Complete the sentences describing the scientific method.

1. Much of the knowledge of the human body is based on the _scientific method_ 2. In this process, the hypothesis is first _tested_ 3. Then the hypothesis is _rejected or accepted_ based on _results of an experiment_

This figure illustrates the steps for negative feedback control using a thermostat as an example. Place the labels in the correct locations.

1. Room temperature falls to 19°C 2. thermostat turn on the furnace 3. furnace 4. releases heat into the room 5. room temp to 20 6.thermostate shuts furnace 7. room cools down

1. _______Simple squamous_____ epithelium can function in diffusion, filtration, secretion and protection based on location. 2. ________Simple cuboidal______ epithelium can function in absorption, secretion and protection. 3. _____Stratified squamous______ epithelium functions in protection of underlying layers. 4. ______Pseudostratified columnar_____ epithelium functions in movement of a secretion (like mucus) across the apical surface of the tissue. 5. _____Transitional epithelium_____ accomdates distension and relaxation with changes in organ volume.

1. Simple squamous 2. Simple cuboidal 3. Stratified squamous 4. Pseudostratified columnar 5. Transitional epithelium

Complete these sentences describing factors that change skin tone or color.

1. Skin can take on a yellow tint due to liver malfunction. This yellowish tone is called jaundice 2. When blood oxygen is low, hemoglobin (the blood pigment) is dark red, and the skin will have a bluish tint. This is called cyanosis

Using the directional terms provided, complete the following sentences.

1. Structures on the opposite side of the body are _contralateral_ to each other. 2. Any structures that are located on both sides of the body are _bilateral_ to each other. 3. Structures on the same side of the body are considered _ipsilateral_ to each other. 4. The left leg is _contralateral_ to the right leg. 5. The pleura cavities are _bilateral._ 6. The right arm is _ipsilateral_ to the right leg. 7. The kidneys are _bilateral_

1. What type of burns result in blistering? 2. What type of burn will likely require skin grafting? 3. What is the "rule of nines" used to estimate?

1. Superficial partial-thickness burns 2. Full-thickness burns 3. The amount of area burned

Complete the following sentences that describe the planes of sectioning.

1. The ___coronal___ plane (or frontal plane) passes parallel to the long axis of the body, dividing it into ___anterior and posterior___ portions. 2. The ___sagittal___ plane passes parallel to the long axis of the body, dividing it into __right and left___ portions. 3. The ___midsagittal___ plane passes through the midline of the body, dividing it into equal ___right and left___ portions. 4. The _transverse__ plane passes perpendicular to the long axis of the body, dividing it into __superior and inferior___ portions. 5. The __oblique__ plane is a slanted plane that passes through the body.

Complete each sentence with the appropriate body region. Then place the completed sentences in order from proximal to distal.

1. The _gluteal region of the foot_ is located on the superior aspect of the foot 2. The _femoral region_ is posterior to the hip region. 3. The _popliteal fossa_ is located on the posterior surface of the knee. 4. The _dorsum of the foot_ is located on the superior aspect of the foot.

Complete the following sentences regarding body regions using the correct directional term.

1. The antebrachial region is _distal_ to the brachial region. 2. The umbilical region is _inferior_ to the pectoral region. 3. The patellar region is _anterior_ to the popliteal region. 4. The nasal region is _medial_ to the buccal region.

Complete the following sentences describing the location of body regions using the correct directional term. anterior inferior lateral medial posterior proximal superior

1. The antecubital region is _anterior_ to the cubital region. 2. The umbilical region is _inferior_ to the pectoral region. 3. The patellar region is _anterior_ to the popliteal region. 4. The nasal region is _medial_ to the buccal region.

Complete the sentences to describe the relationship of body cavities.

1. The human body is divided into the _axia_l portion which includes the head, neck, and torso, and the _appendicular_ portion which includes the limbs. 2. The axial portion contains two major cavities: the _dorsal_ cavity which is completely encased in bone, and the _ventral_ cavity which is closer to the front of the body. 3. The ventral cavity is further divided into the _thoracic_ cavity which contains the heart and lungs, and the _abdominopelvic_ cavity which contains the stomach, bladder, and intestines. 4. The _diaphragm_ separates these two cavities.

Using the labeled picture provided, complete the following sentences regarding the location of structures in the human body.

1. The image shown is a _sagittal_ section through the human body. 2. The structure labeled D is in the _abdominal_ cavity and is _anterior_ to the structure identified by label C. 3. Letter C is pointing to the vertebral column, which is part of the _skeletal_ system and is _inferior_ to the structure labeled A.

Use the words to fill-in the sentences describing anatomical position.

1. The reference position for anatomical description is known as _anatomical position_ 2. An individual would be _standing upright_ with the arms _at the sides_ 3. The palms should be facing _forward_ with the fingers pointing _down_ 4. The feet should be _parallel to each other_ and flat on the floor. 5. The eyes should be directed _forward_

This example shows the regulation of room temperature using a thermostat. Place the following sentences in order to correctly illustrate a homeostatic negative feedback loop.

1. The room temperature rises to 73°. 2. Thermostat in the room detects the change. 3. The heater is turned off and the air conditioner is turned on. 4. The room temperature drops to 71°

1. What is the result of mitosis? 2. What makes up mitotic spindles? 3. During anaphase, the mitotic spindles attached to chromosomes __________ while the unattached mitotic spindles __________, stretching the cell. 4. What phase of mitosis occurs prior to telophase?

1. Two identical daughter cells 2. Microtubules 3. shorten; elongate 4. Anaphase

Fill-in the sentences with the appropriate directional term.

1. _Anterior_is towards the front of the body. 2. _Distal_ is farther from the trunk or origin of a structure. 3. _Medial_ is towards the midline of the body. 4. _Superior_ is upward or towards the head.

Read the report and answer all questions. Dr. Day has completed surgery and requests that you document the location of the incision. Using the following image, answer the questions describing the location of the red incision. 1. The incision is located on the __________ surface on the __________ side of the body. 2. The incision is located in the __________ region of the body. 3. The incision is approximately 4 inches __________ to the antecubital region.

1. anterior. right 2. brachial 3. proximal

Dr. Day has completed surgery and requests that you document the location of the incision. Using the following image, answer the questions about the location of the red incision. %media:2distalpatellar.jpg% 1. The incision is located on the __________ surface on the __________ side of the body. 2. The incision is located in the __________ region of the body. 3. The incision is approximately 3 inches __________ to the patellar region.

1. anterior; right 2. crural 3. distal

1. At the chemical level,______combine to form______which combine to form______ 2. The _____ is the basic unit of structure and function, and contains small structures called _____ that are composed of macromolecules. 3. The body is comprised of eleven different organ systems, formed by the organization of cells into tissues, and tissues into____Each system has a different set of functions that are interdependent. 4. Human cells have a nucleus, a cell membrane, and cytoplasm. However, not all cells are the same. Cells, and therefore organs and organ systems, can have different functions, requiring a difference in the quantity and type of_______ within those cells.

1. atoms, molecules, macromolecules 2. cells, organelles 3. organs 4. organelles

1. Substance that combines with H+ to remove it from solution; increases pH. 2. Substance that releases H+; decreases pH 3. Substance that resists a change in pH. 4. Product (along with water) of a reaction between an acid and a base.

1. base 2. acid 3. buffer 4. salt

1. If the pH of the blood started to drop, the compound _____ will bind excess hydrogen ions to minimize the drop in pH. 2. As the pH of the blood starts to increase, _____ breaks down to release more H+ into solution.

1. bicarbonate ion 2. carbonic acid

1. Metabolic reactions that release energy from nutrient molecules produce this waste molecule. 2. Metabolic reactions that release energy from nutrient molecules need this molecule to work effectively. 3. When this type of compound dissociates, it releases ions. 4. This compound serves as a solvent, a transport medium, and a participant in many chemical reactions.

1. carbon Dioxide 2. oxygen 3. salt 4. water

1. The _______cycle is a series of changes a cell undergoes from the time it forms until it needs to divide. 2. When cell division results in an increase in the overall number of cells, the result is called______When cell division replaces worn-out or damaged cells, it is called_____ 3. Cell division must be controlled or regulated. In other words, only so many cells are needed to form organs such as the______stomach, or brain. 4. If cells divide too often, a________may develop. If this unregulated growth spreads, or metastasizes, in the body, it is called_________

1. cell 2. growth, repair 3. heart 4. tumor, cancer

1. The________ is a complex process with three distinct phases. 2. The first stage is ________ during which the cell grows. 3. This stage is followed by ______ during which the nucleus and DNA of the cell divide into two ________ parts. 4. The final phase is ______ when the cytoplasm divides in two. 5. At the completion of three phases, there are _____ identical daughter cells. 6. The resulting daughter cells can specialize further in a process called ________

1. cell cycle 2. interphase 3. mitosis, equal 4. cytokinesis 5. two 6. differentiation

Atoms can interact with other atoms of the same element, or with atoms of other elements. The type of interaction depends on the type of atoms involved. 1. Atoms can interact with other atoms by forming __________. 2. What component of an atom forms chemical bonds with other atoms? 3. The sharing of electrons between two atoms occurs with ____ bonds.

1. chemical bonds 2. electrons 3. covalent

Select the correct terms to complete the statements about chemical reactions. 1. For a metabolic process leading to growth and repair to occur, molecules need to _______ to form a ______complex product. This is an example of a(n) ______ reaction. 2. When you digest food, molecules need to_______ to form a _____ complex product. This is an example of a(n) ________ reaction. 3. In metabolic processes that involve a(n________or trading places of atoms, the reactants are________compared to the products. 4. A(n) _________ reaction is symbolized with a double arrow.

1. combine , more, systhesis 2. break down, less, decomposition 3. exchange, not different in complexity 4. reversible

1. Water you drink is absorbed into the blood from the digestive tract. An increase in water intake causes a(n) __________ in the plasma osmolarity. 2. An IV solution of 0.45% NaCl is __________ and induces the movement of water __________.

1. decrease 2. hypotonic; into cells

1. Acids produced by metabolism cause a(n) _____ in pH of blood. 2. The presence of ______ in the blood buffers the acids that enter the blood. 3. The normal pH of blood is 7.4. A blood pH below 7.35 is called ____, and above 7.45 is called _____.

1. decrease 2. bicarbonate ions 3. acidosis; alkalosis

1. When the concentration of hydrogen ion in a solution is increased, the pH of the solution will be 2. In a solution with a pH of 7.0, the number of hydrogen ions is _______ to the number of hydroxide ions. 3. A solution with a pH below 7.0 is considered 4. A solution of pH 2.0 is______times more acidic than a solution of pH 3.0

1. decreased. 2. equal to 3. acidic 4. ten

1. Dense connective tissue 2. Stratified squamous epithelium 3. adipose and areolar tissue

1. dermis 2. epidermis 3. Subcutaneous layer

These definitions describe basic chemical terms. Match each definition with the correct term. 1. One of ninety-two distinct substances, each with unique chemical properties 2. Particle consisting of nucleus and orbiting electrons. 3. Particle formed by chemical bonding of two or more atoms. 4. Anything with weight and that takes up space

1. element 2. atom 3. molecule 4. matter

1. Prevents water loss and entry of microorganisms 2. Provides input about environment and environmental conditions 3. Maintenance of body temperature 4. Production of pigment

1. epidermal lyer 2. sensory receptor 3. dermal bloos suppy 4.melanocytes

Atoms with outer electrons shells that are not filled will either gain, lose, or share electrons with other atoms. In order to figure out how a particular atom will interact and with what other atoms it can bond, you need to figure out what must happen to that atom for it to have a full outer shell. 1. If an atom had 7 electrons in its second shell, it would need to __________ electron(s) to become stable. 2. If an atom had 2 electrons in its third shell, it would need to __________ electron(s) to become stable. 3. If an atom had 4 electrons in its second shell, it would need to __________ electron(s) to become stable.

1. gain 1 2. lose 2 3. share 4

1. The __________ determines if glucose moves into or out of the hepatocyte. 2. A reduction in the number of glucose carrier proteins within the plasma membrane __________ the rate of glucose diffusion.

1. glucose concentration gradient between the intracellular and extracellular fluid 2. decrease

Using the labeled picture provided, complete the following sentences regarding the location of structures in the human body.

1. he image shown is a _sagittal_ section through the human body. 2. Label A is pointing to an organ that is part of the _nervous_ system. 3. Label A is pointing to an organ that is _superior_ to the structure labeled B. 4. The most superficial structure labeled in the picture is labeled _B_, and is part of the _integumentary_ system.

1. Simple diffusion is the net movement of particles from an area of____________ 2, Movement of fluids through a selectively permeable membrane caused by hydrostatic pressure is referred to as____ 3. Fluids and small solutes are forced between cells of the blood vessel lining due to______ 4. Because of the inability of red blood cells and proteins to pass through the blood capillary wall, they exert a small amount of________ 5. This pressure results in the movement of water towards the area with a higher solute concentration, a process known as__________

1. high concentration to an area of low concentration 2. filtration 3. hydrostatic (blood) pressure 4. osmotic pressure 5. osmosis

1. As a part of maintaining________body temperature is closely regulated. A change in body temperature is detected by receptors in the______of the brain, which then sends signals to effectors in the skin. 2. An increase in body temperature results in_______of blood vessels in the dermis of the skin, allowing heat carried by the blood to dissipate. 3. An increase in body temperature also causes the nervous sytem to stimulate_______ glands to increase their activity. 4. A drop in body temperature triggers_________ reducing blood flow and, therefore, heat loss from the skin. 5. If a drop in body temperature is great enough, skeletal muscles are stimulated to begin_______ a mechanism that generates body heat.

1. homeostasis, hypothalamus 2. vasodilation 3. merocrine, sweat 4. vasoconstriction 5. shivering

Chemical buffers are compounds that will bind _________ions Correctwhen they are in abundance in a solution. This prevents an unwanted drop in pH. 2. chemical buffers are also able t add ________ to a solution if the pH starts to grt too high.

1. hydrogen ions 2. hydrohen ions

1. Physiological saline is a solution containing 0.9% NaCl. A cell in 1.5% NaCl is in a(n) __________ solution. 2. The movement of water by osmosis is always from a __________.

1. hypertonic 2. high to low water concentration

1. Normal saline solution is _________ to the human blood cells. 2. A cell placed in a hypotonic solution will ______ 3. a________solution has a solute concentration higher than the solute concentration inside the cell. 4. Cells that are experiencing a net movement of water towards the______due to osmosis are bathed in hypertonic solutions. 5. Distilled water given intravenously will cause cells to expand due to rapid movement of water________the cells via osmosis.

1. isotonic 2. expand 3. hypertonic 4. ECF 5. into

1. The epidermis consists of multiple layers of epidermal cells called____________ 2. These cells produce a tough, fibrous, waterproof protein called keratin which, over time, hardens the cells in a process called keratinization. 3.The new epidermal cells are produced by the division of cells of the layer called the stratum basale. 4. As new cells are formed, they push older cells further away from the dermis and the blood supply available there. Consequently, the cells die. 5.The dead, hardened outermost cells of the epidermis form the layer called the stratum corneum. These cells eventually are sloughed off.

1. keratinocytes 2.keratin, keratinization 3.stratum basale 4.dermis 5. stratum corneum

1. An individual displaying a larger than normal number of LDL receptors is __________ likely to develop artherosclerosis. 2. Some individuals have defective genes for LDL receptors rendering them nonfunctional. Individuals with these mutations typically have __________.

1. less 2. higher than normal blood cholesterol levels due to inability of peripheral cells to uptake LDLs

Match the general functions with the correct type of organic compound. 1. Cell membrane structure; energy storage 2. Genetic information 3. Cellular fuel 4. Enzymes, transporters, structural components

1. lipids 2. nucleics acids 3. glucose 4. proteins

Complete the following sentences to describe a particular class of organic compounds. 1. The class of organic molecules called_______ are hydrophobic. 2. A________molecule consists of three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol molecule. 3. In contrast, a ______molecule consists of two fatty acids and a phosphate group bonded to the glycerol. 4. A fatty acid that is classified as a saturated fatty acid has _________ouble bonds within its carbon chain.

1. lipids, 2. triglyceride 3. phospholipid 4. no

1. Anything that has weight and takes up space is defined as ____ which is composed of many different types of elements. 2. Different elements, such as oxygen and hydrogen, are composed of particles called _______ each with a structure unique to that element (unique numbers of protons, neutrons, and electrons). 3. atoms can combine to form larger particles called _________ Atoms combine by forming attractions called chemical ______

1. matter 2 atoms 3. molecules, bonds

1. All cells come from preexisting cells. New cells are formed as existing cells undergo_________(division of genetic information) and__________(division of cytoplasmic contents). 2. Cells that divide without becoming a specific cell type (i.e., skin cell) are known as______ 3. When stem cells undergo mitosis and divide, they produce two daughter cells. One cell remains a stem cell and the other is a partially specialized cell known as a_______ 4. As cells undergo the process of specialization or determination, called_______they become neurons, muscle cells, skin cells, or other cell types. Stem cells are the source of all different cell types.

1. mitosis, cytokinesis 2. stem cells 3. progenitor cell. 4.differentiation

1. Primary and secondary active transport proteins differ in that primary active transport proteins __________. 2. The Na+/K+ ATPase moves sodium in the __________ direction compared with the direction it travels through sodium leakage channels.

1. move both molecules against their gradients, while secondary active transport proteins couple the movement of an ion down its gradient with the movement of another molecule against its gradient 2. opposite

1. _________ is a network of specialized cells that monitors the internal and external environment and initiates commands through which the body reacts. 2. _________can be classified using the number of cell layers, and the shape of the cell at the apical surface.

1. nervous tissue 2. epithealial tissue

1. The subunits that form nucleic acids are called 2. Each subunit consists of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a(n) 3. The sugar deoxyribose is found in the type of nucleic acid called_____ while the sugar ribose is found in the nucleic acid called______ 4. DNA consists of______ chain(s) of subunits, and RNA consists of ______ chain.

1. nucleotides. 2. nitrogenous base 3. DNA, RNA 4. two , one

Bases, by definition, are compounds that reduce the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution. A typical base is an ionic compound with an hydroxyl group (OH-) as its anion. When the compound dissociates in water, the OH- group is released. This base can combine with H+, removing it from solution. Other bases are molecules such as the bicarbonate ion (HCO3 -) that can also bind hydrogen ion to form carbonic acid. 1. How would adding a base to a solution affect pH? 2. What is the pH value for a basic (or alkaline) solution?

1. pH would increase 2. greater than 7.0

Classify each method or description of membrane transport as either passive or active by dragging the label to the correct box.

1. passive transport diffusion, filtration, osmosis, movement along a concentration gradient, does not require cellular energy 2. active transport uses cellular energy, phagocytosis, exocytosis, sodium- potassium pumps, movement against a concentration gradient

1. A ____phagocyte_____, a cell that can take in solid particles, encounters a microbe in the body. 2. A portion of the cell's membrane projects ___outward___ to encircle the microbe. 3. When completely surrounded, the microbe is brought ____into____ the cell in a(n) ___vesicle____. 4. A _____lysosome____ fuses with the vesicle and its enzymes degrade and digest the microbe. 5. The products of decomposition of the microbe can diffuse out of the lysosome and into the ____cytoplasm___ or, via the process called ____exocytosis,_____ be removed from the cell.

1. phagocyte 2. outward 3. into, vesicle 4. lysosome, enzymes 5. cytoplasm, exocytosis

1. __________are organic molecules built of subunits called amino acids. 2. The amino acids differ one from another in their_________groups. 3. A molecule consisting of two amino acids is called a _________.

1. proteins 2. -R 3. dipeptide

Each label describes some part of an atom. Drag and drop each label to the correct category of subatomic particle. Labels can be used more than once.

1. proton has one positive charge. quantity of thi spractice equals atomic number quantity of this practice of this practice determines the types of elements 2. neutrons has no electrical charge found in nucleus quanitity of those two equals atomic weight 3. electron has one negative charge smallest practicle participates in chemical bonds

1. Groups of specialized epithelial cells 2. Abundant sweat glands with odorless secretion 3. Less numerous sweat glands with secretions that develop odors 4. Modified sweat glands 5. Modified sweat glands

1. sebaceous glands 2.merocrine glands 3.apocrine glands 4.ceruminous glands 5. mammary glands

1. The sodium-iodide symporter plays a role in the accumulation of iodide in the thyroid gland. Here, one iodide gets converted to one iodine, which is utilized for the formation of either of the two types of thyroid hormones, T3 and T4. T3 and T4 are named after the number of iodines found in each of these hormones. To produce a single molecule of T3, a total of __________ sodium ions must move down their concentration gradients by secondary active transport. The movement of iodide ions occurs in the __________ direction as sodium ions. 2. Ouabain is a poison that binds to the Na+/K+ pump in the cell membrane and inhibits its action. The expected result of this poison on secondary active transport is __________.

1. six , same 2. a loss of the ion concentration gradient that drives this process

Drag the descriptions of the plasma membrane extensions over the appropriate picture of cilia or flagella.Labels can be used more than once

1. sperm motile , usually only one on a cell, moves the cell through the environment, found on sperm cells. 2. word means "celluler eyelashes", propels fluids across the cell surface, small hairlike extensions , found on cell sof the respiratory tract, motiles extension.

1. What type of burns involve only the epidermis? 2. What type of burns involve destruction of all layers of the skin? 3. Shock occurs with severe burns. Why does hypovolemic shock develop? 4. Debriding a burn is necessary for what situation?

1. superficial 2. full-thickness 3. Fluid leaks out of capillaries. reducing blood volume 4. Deep partial-thickness and full-thickness burns

1. The directional movement of ions by facilitated diffusion through protein channels is determined by __________. 2. Simple and facilitated diffusion differ because __________. 3. Changes in the membrane potentially trigger the opening or closing of __________.

1. the electrochemical gradient of the ion being transported 2. facilitated diffusion requires the presence of a transport protein within the plasma membrane, while simple diffusion does not 3. voltage-gated channels

1. ________site of protein synthesis 2. _______ site of reactions that release energy from food substances 3. : ____________modifies and packages proteins for transport and secretion 4. ________ contain enzymes necessary for digesting substances that enter the cell 5. ________contain enzymes that catalyze metabolic reactions that release hydrogen peroxide

1.. Ribosomes 2. Mitochondria 3. Golgi apparatus 4. Lysosomes 5. Peroxisomes

Using the directional terms provided, complete the following sentences.

1.The mouth is inferior to nose 2.The breastbone is medial to the ribs. 3.The toes are distal to the ankle. 4.The elbow is proximal to the wrist. 5.The heart is anterior to the vertebral column (spine). 6.The heart is superior to the diaphragm. 7.The skin is superficial to all other body structures.

1. Cellular products such as hormones and neurotransmitters are released by the process of __________. 2. Phagocytosis and pinocytosis differ in that __________. 3. The most specific type of endocytosis is __________.

1.exocytosis 2. phagocytosis allows for the transport of larger particles than pinocytosis 3. receptor-mediated endocytosis

1. Melanocytes are epidermal cells that produce the pigment called melanin. These cells are located in the stratum basale of the epidermis, with cellular extensions reaching into more superficial layers. 2. As the melanocytes produce their pigment, the pigment-containing organelles called melanosomes migrate along cellular extensions and are transferred to neighboring epidermal cells. 3. As pigment is transferred to other skin cells, the pigment is positioned superficial to the nucleus of the skin cell. This protects the nucleus from harmful radiation. 4. The variation in skin color among races is due to differences in the amount of pigment produced, not in the number of melanocytes.

1.melanin, basale 2. melanosomes 3. superficial 4.amount

1. Inflammation includes ______ and the phagocytosis of bacteria and debris by white blood cells. 2. The collagen matrix of granulation tissue is produced by what type of cells? 3. Define angiogenesis. 4. What do scars consist of? 5. What results in the formation of keloids?

1.vasodilation 2. Fibroblasts 3. Production of new blood vessels 4. Collagen 5. Overgrowth of scar tissue

During one cycle, the sodium-potassium pump binds and moves.

3 Na+ and 2 K+.

Which of the following is the correct definition of the term "electrolyte"?

A chemical that dissociates in water, producing a solution that can conduct electricity

Which of the following is NOT a feature of epithelia?

Abundant extracellular material

Which of the following is NOT a category of connective tissue?

Aerobic connective tissue

Select the variables that you would predict to be regulated by the body using a homeostatic mechanism. Check all that apply

Amount of energy you have Amount of oxygen in the body Amount of pressure to move gases Amount of chocolate you eat Amount of pressure which moves fluids in the body Amount of sunlight you get Amount of alcohol you drink Amount of heat in the body Amount of coffee you drink Amount of water in the body

Recall the definition of an isotope. Then, consider an atom of lithium (Li) that has 3 protons, 4 neutrons, and 3 electrons. Which of the following atoms would be an isotope of lithium?

An atom with 3 protons, 3 neutrons, and 3 electrons

What is the branch of science that deals with morphology of body parts?

Anatomy

Anatomy is the study of _______ while physiology is the study of _____

Anatomy comes from the Greek word meaning cutting up Physiology comes from the Greek word meaning "relationship to nature". It is difficult to separate the topics of anatomy and physiology because the anatomy of structures makes possible their functions.

How do apocrine glands differ from other skin glands?

Apocrine glands secrete in response to emotional stimuli.

Which of the following characteristics is common to oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells?

Both provide myelination.

How is the course content in APR within each study area organized at the highest level? For example, when you open the dissection study area what will you first filter by?

By body system

What was the MOST effective way to understand and begin treating sickness?

By observation of the natural processes in the human body

What class of organic compounds includes glucose and glycogen?

Carbohydrates

How would the genetic inheritance of a gene producing abnormal gap junctions effect muscle tissue?

Cardiac muscle and some smooth muscle would function abnormally. Skeletal muscle would be unaffected.

What organ system would include the heart and blood vessels?

Cardiovascular system

Which of the following events do NOT occur in prophase of mitosis?

Chromosomes are replicated.

In the histology study area, how can you obtain information about the image type, original magnification, tissue source, and the stain or procedure used to obtain the displayed histological image?

Click the "i " icon (information icon) in the bottom right hand corner of the APR window

If the brain receives signals indicating a drop in body temperature, which of the following may be the next step to bring the temperature back up?

Constrict arteries to the body's periphery

What type of chemical bond involves the sharing of a pair of electrons by two atoms in a molecule?

Covalent bond

What is the primary type of chemical reaction involved in the digestion of a meal by the digestive system?

Decomposition reaction

1. ________ is composed of a network of branching elastic fibers 2. ___________. is composed mainly of type I collagen that form thick, parallel bundles. 3. _________ is composed primarily of type II collagen that does not form thick bundles

Elastic cartilage Fibrocartilage hyaline cartilage

Which type of connective tissue is abundant in the walls of arteries, and in the airway?

Elastic tissue

Many small uncharged molecules diffuse across the plasma membrane by virtue of their kinetic energy of motion. In most cases, such molecules are hydrophobic and nonpolar and, therefore, can dissolve into and out of the lipid bilayer. However, bearing a charge or having a large size virtually abolishes the ability of a molecule to be transported across lipid membranes by simple diffusion. Fortunately, membranes have other means to facilitate such transport. 1. What is the means of transport for large molecules and ions?

Facilitated diffusion

In a hypothetical situation, solution A is 10% sodium and solution B is 40% sodium. Which way would a sodium pump move sodium using active transport?

From solution A to solution B

In a hypothetical situation, two solutions are separated by a membrane. Solution A is a 10% sodium solution and solution B is a 40% sodium solution. Which way would the sodium pumps within the membrane move sodium ions during active transport?

From solution A to solution B

Oxygen is at a higher concentration outside of the cell compared to inside of the cell. The cell membrane is permeable to oxygen. In which direction will the oxygen molecules diffuse?

From the outside of the cell to the inside of the cell

What type of burn involves the destruction of the epidermis, dermis, and accessory structures of the skin?

Full-thickness burn

Which of the following represents the correct order of the phases of the cell cycle?

G1 → S → G2 → M

The cell cycle is regulated by checkpoints during the _______ phases.

G1, G2, and M

The success of DNA replication is assessed during the ______ phase.

G2

List the components of a phospholipid.

Glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group

Lysosomes are membrane-bound vesicles that arise from the

Golgi apparatus.

What is keratinization and where does it occur?

Hardening of cells; occurs in epidermis

In the animation for simple diffusion, what happens to the O2 molecules when you increase the concentration on the interstitial fluid side of the membrane?

Increased O2 concentration forces the O2 molecules to move to the cytosol side of the membrane.

What forms fingernails and toenails?

Keratinized epithelial cells

What would be expected in white blood cells that phagocytize and digest other cells?

Large numbers of lysosomes

What languages gave origin to the majority of anatomical terms?

Latin and Greek

What body cavity would contain the heart, esophagus, and trachea?

Mediastinum

Identify the cell type indicated in the figure.

Melanocyte

What organ system is responsible for coordination and integration of bodily functions as well as detecting changes inside and outside the body?

Nervous system

What is the site of ribosome production?

Nucleolus

What is an example of metabolism?

Respiration

An epithelium with a single layer of tall cells would be classified as which type of epithelium?

Simple columnar epithelium

During wound healing, granulations may form. What are granulations?

Small masses consisting of a blood vessel and associated fibroblasts

Which of the following is an example of a strong electrolyte?

Sodium chloride

These sentences list the events that occur during wound healing. Correctly number the sequence of events. Then, rearrange the sentences so that they are in correct order.

Step 1: Injury occurs; inflammation results. Step 2: Bleeding into wound occurs. Step 3: Blood clot forms. Step 4: Fibroblasts produce connective tissue. Epithelium begins rebuilding. Step 5: Scab sloughs off.

In what layer of the epidermis are the melanocytes found?

Stratum basale

Name the epidermal layer that is found in thick skin, but is absent from thin skin.

Stratum lucidum

What type of burn involves injury to only the epidermis?

Superficial partial-thickness burn

What is measured in determining pH?

The concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution

Complete the sentences describing the importance of homeostasis.

The internal environment is inside the body and the external environment is outside the body.Our cells keep the internal environment relatively constant despite the changing external environment.The body's maintenance of a stable internal environment is called homeostasis.Homeostasis requires most of our metabolic energy

What is the definition of homeostasis?

The maintenance of a stable internal environment

Which is a physiological description rather than an anatomical one?

The muscles of the intestinal wall contract slowly and involuntarily. Correct

What property/properties of an atom makes it a particular element (for example, an oxygen atom)?

The number of protons in the nucleus of the atom

Which of the following describes the primary structure of a protein?

The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain

Complete the sentences describing the characteristics of life.

The sum of all the chemical reactions in the body is called _metabolis_. It can be described as a nutrient cycling. The human body gains energy by ingesting food, via the mouth. Food is then broken down to basic chemicals through the process of _digestion_ and is absorbed into the blood in the small intestine. The chemicals from the food are transported through the blood to the cells of the body in a transport process called _circulation_.. The cells will use these chemicals, along with oxygen, to gain energy in a process known as _respiration_ The energy can be used to grow, build, and/or move. Not all substances taken into the body are used. The body can get rid of unabsorbed materials and waste produced by metabolic reactions in a process called _excretion_

How do lipids differ from other organic compounds?

They are insoluble in water.

Why do cells of the epidermis die as they are pushed towards the surface of the skin?

They are too far from their nutrient supply.

Which of the following statements about microtubules during anaphase is TRUE?

Those attached to chromosomes shorten, while those that are unattached elongate.

Name the function of the arrector pili.

To shift position of hair follicles

What was a reason why our ancestors began studying the human body?

To understand what caused illness

The skin is classified as an organ. What is meant by this?

Two or more tissue types are working togethe

What is the response of the blood vessels of the dermis to an increase in body temperature?

Vasodilatation

When did early interest in the human body probably develop?

When people became concerned about injuries and illness

How does a cell know when to stop dividing?

When the telomeres shorten to a certain length

Where are melanocytes located within the skin?

Within the stratum basale

Gastric juice (fluid in the stomach) has a pH value of 2.0. Is this solution acidic or basic?

acidic

Which of the following is the location of the reaction on an enzyme?

active site

Complete the following sentences describing the relationship between anatomy and physiology. 1)The study of the structure of body parts is called______and the study of the function of those body parts is called________ 2)The subjects of anatomy and physiology________closely related to each other. Examples of this relationship in clude the following: 3)A human hand is____which makes it easy to____objects. 4)The chambers of the heart are______allowing them to______blood 5)The bones of the body are_____which allows them to_______body weight.

anatomy, physiology are joined, grasp hollow, pump rigid, support

Programmed cell death is called __________.

apoptosis

The __________ are the bundles of smooth muscle found within the dermis attached to hair follicles.

arrector pili

The __________ are bundles of smooth muscle found within the dermis attached to hair follicles.

arrector pilli

Molecules consist of microscopic particles called __________.

atoms

What is the source of energy used to power the sodium-potassium pump?

breakdown of ATP

Chemicals called ______ are those that can combine with H+ when hydrogen ions are in excess, and release H+ when hydrogen ion levels are low. The function of these chemicals is to minimize changes in pH.

buffers

Increased rate of cell division in response to rubbing or pressure results in formation of __________ on the palms and soles.

calluses

Using your knowledge about levels of organization, place the following terms in order of level from the smallest to the largest.

carbon amino acid protine microfilament cardiac muscle cell cardiac muscle tissue heart cardiacvascular system human body

Organic substances contain both _____, while inorganic substances do not.

carbon & hydrogen

The ________ system contains the heart and blood vessels.

cardiovascular

Facilitated diffusion requires

carrier proteins.

A ____cell__ is the basic unit of an organism and is composed of ____3_____ major parts.

cell , 3

Which of the following parts of a neuron receives and processes information?

cell body

Name the series of events that the cell undergoes from the time it forms until the time it divides.

cell cycle

The ________ forms the outermost layer of the cell.

cell membrane

What is the basic unit of function and structure in the human body?

cells

Examples of ______ include the breakdown of glucose by cells to provide energy, the bonding of oxygen to hemoglobin, and the digestion of your meal by your gastrointestinal tract.

chemistry

A eukaryotic cell that receives a "go-ahead" signal at the G1 checkpoint of the cell cycle will

complete the cycle and divide.

1. Connective tissue is diverse, abundant, and widely distributed through the body. 2. Epithelial tissue forms the surface layer of the body, lines body cavities, hollow organs and structures, and constitutes most gland tissue. 3. Nervous tissue is composed of two types of cells: neurons and glial cells.

connecttive tissue epithelial tissue nervous tissue

A lysosome

contains lysozyme and proteases which digest bacteria

The division of the cytoplasm is called

cytokinesis

The _______ contains small organs known as _______ and a liquid called the _______.

cytoplasm, organelles, cytosol

The skin has a role in the production of vitamin __

d

Vasoconstriction of blood vessels in the dermis of the skin is a response to a(n) __________ in body temperature.

decrease

The process of specialization by a cell is called __________.

differentiation

The cell membrane is composed of a ___ layer of phospholipids with the ______ portion forming the extracellular surface and the _______ portion forming the interior portion of the membrane.

double; phosphate; fatty acids

Salts and acids are examples of inorganic compounds called _____, which dissociate in water to release ions.

electrolytes

.Name the type of subatomic particle that participates in chemical bond formation.

electrons

Within an atom, particles called __________ constantly move around the central nucleus.

electrons

These two images depict the hands of individuals with toxic shock syndrome (TSS). In both cases, as typically occurs in TSS, the skin of the palms and soles of the feet peel off in a process called desquamation. Based on your knowledge of skin anatomy, what layers are peeling off of these patients' hands?

epidermis

What layer of skin gives the skin its toughness and elasticity, due to the collagen and elastic fibers found within it?

epidermis

When healing a shallow cut in the skin, the rate of cell division increases in what layer?

epidermis

What ovarian hormone is involved in a positive feedback loop with the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary?

estrogen

Additional processes are needed if, for example, faster movement of substances across the cell membrane is needed, or if substances are too large to move using protein channels. 1. Which of the following is the bulk movement of material out of the cell using energy?

exocytosis

In phagocytosis the digested contents are eliminated by

exocytosis

Adipose connective tissue is a type of dense connective tissue.

false

Centromeres divide during metaphase.

false

Cytokinesis in plant cells occurs by means of a cleavage furrow.

false

DNA replication occurs in mitosis.

false

In the dissection study area there is only one possible method that can be used to view structures: you must click the structure name from the structure list to make it highlighted in the dissection module.

false

Intercellular junctions important in sealing the space between the cells and filling the "gaps" are called gap junctions.

false

Once you enter the dissection or histology study areas for a certain body system, you need to first select a specific view, such as anterior or posterior, and then select a topic to study, for example muscles of the abdomen.

false

Schwann cells are glial cells of the central nervous system.

false

The molecules in a solid lump of sugar do not move.

false

The user needs to drag the slider bar in an upwards direction in order to completely melt away a body layer when in the dissection study area.

false

Unlike simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion requires energy expenditure by the cell.

false

When you enter the quiz study area in APR, the default setting for the quiz is "all content".

false

The ________ system contains the ovaries and uterus.

female reproductive

A gated channel protein is always open to allow molecules to pass through as part of the process of facilitated diffusion.

flase

Osmosis is the net movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane, driven by a difference in solute concentrations on the two sides of the membrane. 1. The key to remember about osmosis is that water molecules move through the membrane from the solution with the higher solute concentration to the solution with the lower solute concentration.

flase

Which of the following is the same for every cell in an organism?

genome

A solution contains more hydroxide (OH-) ions than hydrogen (H+) ions. What is the pH of this solution?

greater than 7.0

Name the area where hair growth occurs.

hair bulb

The lysosome contains ________ enzymes.

hydrolytic

Water diffusion through a hydrophobic cell membrane is made easier by membrane proteins that allow water to pass through.

hydrophobic

Regarding thermoregulation, the __________ serves as a thermostat, receiving nerve signals about body temperature and sending nerve signals to the structures that can respond.

hypothalamus

Which study area would you choose if you wished to see an X-ray of the thorax?

imaging

Facilitated diffusion occurs

in either direction depending on the concentration gradient of the molecule.

Where are chondrocytes and osteocytes located?

in lacuna

An atom that is chemically inactive due to a full outermost electron shell is described as being __________. This means it will not react with other atoms.

inert

If a boy was standing on his head, his mouth would be __________ to his nose.

inferior

The process of __________ occurs in response to tissue injury or stress and involves increased blood flow along with increased permeability of blood vessels in the area of injury.

inflammation

The ________ system contains the skin and hair

integumentary

Homeostasis is the process by which the body maintains its __________ conditions in response to changes in __________ conditions.

internal; external

The mitotic spindle fibers attach to chromosomes via special structures termed

kinetochores.

There are several different test types in the quiz study area. Which setting requires a student to correctly type the name of the highlighted structure?

lab practice

The higher the pH value of a solution, the __________ hydrogen is present.

less

A cation is formed when an atom __________ an electron.

loses

The movement of water from an area of _____low______ solute concentration to an area of ______high_____ solute concentration describes osmosis.

low high

The ____ system contains the spleen and thymus gland.

lymphatic

Phagocytes are attracted by all of the following except

lysosomes

Some white blood cells function to digest bacteria in the body. These white blood cells would need to contain a large number of what organelle to perform this specific function?

lysosomes

The ______system contains the testes and prostate gland.

male reproductive

The epidermal cells called __________ are responsible for producing the pigment found in the skin.

melanocytes

Place each description of a type of cell membrane extension on the correct image.

microvilli used for obsorption, increase the surface area of the cell, contain the brush border enzymes of the intestines cillia: used to move fluids on outer surface of the cell

Simple diffusion is defined as the movement of

molecules from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration.

Match the description with the appropriate characteristic of life. 1. Change in position of the body 2. Reaction to a change inside the body 3. Obtain oxygen and remove carbon dioxide 4. Movement of substances in the body fluids

movement responsiveness respiration circulation

3. There are three types of Muscle tissue: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth. 4. Muscle tissue is widely distributed throughout the body to allow for movement of the skeleton or other tissues of the body.

muscle tissue muscle tissue

The ________ system contains skeletal muscles and tendons

muscular

A drop in body temperature triggers an internal reaction that ultimately leads to an increase in body temperature. This is called a __________ feedback loop.

negative

During a race, the body temperature of a runner increases. The runner responds by perspiring (sweating), which lowers body temperature. This process is an example of a __________.

negative feedback mechanism

The____ system contains the brain and spinal cord.

nervous

What structure allows substances to move between the nucleus and cytoplasm?

nuclear pores

The _______ contains DNA and directs the cell's functions.

nucleus

The three major parts of a typical cell are the __________.

nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell membrane

Specialized structures found in the cytoplasm of the cell are called __________.

organelles

Movement away from high solvent concentration or toward a high solute concentration describes osmosis.

osmosis

So what about water? Water crosses cell membranes very readily; the amount of water that diffuses back and forth across the membrane of a red blood cell every second is roughly equivalent to 100 times the volume of the whole cell. Water is NOT lipid soluble and is polar. However, it seems that water is small enough and has sufficient kinetic energy that it can diffuse through the lipid bilayer with minimal interference. 1. What is the special name for the diffusion of water across a membrane?

osmosis

Because of the inability of RBCs and albumin to pass through the filtration membrane of the renal corpuscle, they exert a small amount of osmotic pressure on the tubular fluid toward the glomerulus.

osmotic pressure

The dermis extends upward between ridges of epidermis. These dermal extensions are called dermal __________.

papillae

Label the membranes of the abdominopelvic cavity in the transverse section provided.

parietal peritoneum peritoneal cavity visceral peritoneum visceral pertoneum liver

The serous membrane that lines the wall of the abdominal cavity is called the __________. The membrane that covers the surface of the abdominopelvic organs is called the __________.

parietal peritoneum; visceral peritoneum

Which of the following cells will be expected to contain the most active lysosomes?

phagocytosing white blood cell

These two figures illustrate the same type of molecule. Identify this molecule.

phospholipid

What type of chemical bond involves the unequal sharing of electrons between two atoms?

polar covalent bond

What type of bonding involves the unequal sharing of electrons?

polar covalent bonding

A cell in the lineage between a stem cell and a fully differentiated cell is called a __________.

progenitor cell

stages of mitosis

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

The knee is __________ to the ankle.

proximal

Pheomelanin eumelanin lack of pigmint

red and blond hair dark hair white hair

The _________system contains the lungs and trachea.

respiratory

Label the areas of the abdomen.

right upper left upper right lower, left lower

Inflammation of the __________ can result in the blackheads and pimples characteristic of acne.

sebaceous glands

A red blood cell placed in a hypertonic medium will

shrink

What is the function of the lunula of the nail?

site of nail growth

The _______ system contains bones and cartilage.

skeletal

What is/are the largest organ(s) of the integumentary system?

skin

Which of the following will pass through a cell membrane most easily?

small nonpolar molecules

Which type of muscle tissue is found in the walls of hollow organs?

smooth muscle

The sodium-potassium pump functions to pump

sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell.

Consider the tissues that make up the skin. The epidermis is composed of __________, while the dermis is made up mostly of __________.

stratified squamous epithelium; connective tissue

Place the epidermal layers of thick skin in order, from most superficial to deepest.

stratum corneum startum lucidum stratum granulosm startum spinosum stratum basale

Facilitated diffusion is used to transport

sugars and amino acids

List the accessory structures that are missing from the skin of the soles of the feet and the palms of the hands, but found elsewhere in the skin of the body. Check all that apply.

sweat gland sebaceous glands hair

The rate of diffusion is affected by which of the following?

temperature, size of molecules, and steepness of the concentration gradient

When sugar is mixed with water, equilibrium is reached when

the dissolved sugar molecules are evenly distributed throughout the solution.

Physiological saline solution is isotonic to human tissue and is commonly used in clinical procedures. If a kidney removed for transplantation is accidentally placed in tap water, what would happen to the kidney?

the kidney would swell

Changes in temperature of the skin or internal organs are detected by _________.

thermoreceptors

The diaphragm separates the __________ cavity from the __________ cavity.

thoracic; abdominal

The molecule shown is a(n) __________ molecule. It is a type of __________.

triglyceride; lipid

1. Facilitated diffusion is similar to simple diffusion in that transported substances move down concentration gradients. It also allows movement due to electrical gradient

true

1. Ions also have a hard time crossing the cell membrane because they typically have many water molecules bound to them and therefore are larger.

true

A molecule or ion that crosses the membrane by moving down a concentration gradient and without expenditure of cellular energy is said to be transported passively. 1. Another name for the process described is diffusion.

true

A negative feedback loop is a process in which the body senses a change and activates mechanisms to reverse that change.

true

A phagosome containing the engulfed bacteria combines with a lysosome containing enzymes to produce a phagolysosome.

true

A positive feedback loop causes a self-amplifying cycle in which a physiological change leads to even greater change in the same direction.

true

A red blood cell placed in a hypertonic medium will

true

After cytokinesis, the cell enters the G1 phase.

true

Apoptosis is a normal part of development.

true

Complement factor C3b coats a bacterium and binds to C3b receptors on phagocytes, making the bacterium more susceptible to being phagocytized.

true

Diffusion is one of the processes whereby materials are exchanged between a cell and its environment

true

Epithelia are strong membranes that function to bind the body together.

true

Facilitated diffusion requires a specific transporter for a specific molecule.

true

If a cell is placed in an isotonic medium, there will be no net movement of water.

true

Lysosomes function in the destruction and recycling of old organelles.

true

Mitosis and cytoplasmic division result in the formation of two genetically identical cells.

true

One function of muscle tissue is to provide heat production.

true

Perimysium covers a muscle fascicle.

true

Preparation for cell division occurs in the G2 phase.

true

The binding and release of sodium or potassium ions are due to conformational changes in the protein.

true

The body layers that can be dissected in the dissection study area are arranged from superficial to deep.

true

The enzymes found in the lysosomes were formed in the endoplasmic reticulum.

true

The number of electrons in the valence shell determine what types of bonds an atom can form.

true

The sodium-potassium pump is a trans-membrane protein.

true

What must occur if a substance or molecule needs to move against its electrochemical gradient? Active transport is needed. Active transport involves protein carriers that require the use of cellular energy (usually ATP) to actively pump a substance across a membrane against its gradient. 1. In a situation where there were more Na+ ions (a higher concentration) outside a cell than inside the cell, active transport could be used to pump Na+ out of the cell.

true

fter you have completed a quiz, or when you click the "End Test Now" button you will be shown a screen that lists the structures you incorrectly and correctly identified.True or False: If you click on the name of a structure you identified incorrectly or correctly you will be taken to the module in APR where you can review this structure.

true

1. If there was 100mEq of Na+ inside the cell and 50mEq of Na+ outside the cell, the concentration is said to be higher inside the cell. 2. Together, the gradients across the cell membrane for concentration and for electric potential constitute the electrochemical gradient that governs passive transport mechanisms.

true true

1)The most abundant chemical in the body; transports heat and helps regulate body temperature 2) Substances that provide the body with necessary chemicals, used for energy or building 3)A gas molecule that is used to release energy from food 4)A form of energy released during metabolism 5)An application of force that helps move things in the body

water food oxygen heat presure

Osmosis is best defined as the movement of

water molecules across a membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Place each description in the appropriate box, matching it with the correct requirement for life.

water: medium for processes. important in regulation of boby temperature food: used as an energy source pressure: help with breathing. helps circulate blood heat:a product if metablolic reaction