Anatomy lesson 3

Location of epithelial tissue

- covers many organs - covers body surfaces - lines body cavities - lines many organs

Glands - what type of epithelium are glands lined with? - what are the 2 types of glands found in the body?

- glands are lined with simple cuboidal epithelial cells - endocrine glands and exocrine glands

integumentary

- skin, nails, hair, sweat glands and sebaceous glands - largest body organ - 1.5-2.0 m^2 of skin -7-8% of body weight skin thickness ranges from 1.5-4 mm functions - protection (like armor) - prevents loss of water (sweat glands) - temperature regulation and metabolic regulation (metabolism byproduct is heat!) -> [Our body wants to maintain homeostasis, same core body temperature, so the blood will circulate close to the body core when COLD but will want to cool our body by circulating to the surface of the skin when HOT) - immune defense - sensory receptors (when you cut your skin, it hurts bc of its sensory receptors) - excretion by means of secretion

Which characteristics describe epithelial tissue?

- the cells are bound closely together - the basal surface is bound to a basement membrane - it is composed almost entirely of cells

What are the layers of the epidermis going superficial to deep of the skin in the arms?

1. Corneum 3. Granulosum 4. spinosum 5. Basale NO LUCIDUM

What are the 2 types of glands?

1. Exocrine glands - exiting - secreting to apical surface (outside/surface) - when you see your ex on campus, you DUCT 2. Endocrine glands - secreting to blood stream - DUCTLESS

Discuss the location and function of the following cells types found in the epidermis: keratinocyte, melanocyte, epidermal dendritic cell, tactile (Merkel) cell

1. Keratinocytes (stratified squamous cells that are waterproof) Location: everywhere function: keratinized squamous cells 2. Epidermal Dendritic Cells (these kill pathogens!!) Location: stratum spinosum function: immune system 3. Tactile Cells (Merkel Cells) (pressure is felt because of sensation/sensory input) Location: Stratum basale Function: sensory tactile receptor 4. Melanocytes (in the stratum base area and it produces melanin/pigment in out skin. In response to the melanin/this is why we get tan) Location: stratum basale Function: produce melanin (pigment)

Which type of skin cancer is most dangerous? Which type arises from keratinocytes and from stratum spinosum? Which type is most common?

1. Melanoma 2. squamous cell carcinoma 3. basal cell carcinoma

The papillary layer of the dermis is rich in blood vessels and sensory nerve endings. Therefore, what are its main functions? Describe dermal papillae and epidermal ridges. Compare and contrast the following glands in terms of basic structure, location in skin layers, location on the body, what is secreted, and function of the secretion: merocrine sweat glands apocrine sweat glands sebaceous (oil) glands

1. Supports avascular epidermis (papillary layer is areolar 2. Innervation (sensory input): we can feel pain from the sensory nerve endings 3. Vascular: Provides vital nutrients and thermoregulation thermoregulation In a hot environment, blood will circulate to surface on the skin. In a cold environment, blood will not circulate to surface on the skin.

Explain the basic differences between endocrine glands and exocrine glands. Describe the three different types of exocrine glands (merocrine, holocrine and apocrine)

2 types of Exocrine glands (1) Sebaceous (oil) glands - produce sebum (in other words, it secretes oil) like a white head (2) sudoriferous (sweat which is SUDOR in spanish) glands 1. Merocrine glands - most numerous - produce watery sweat - glands package their secretions in secretory vesicles. 2. Apocrine gland - axillary, nipple, anal, and genital areas (reason why your armpits smell but not your arms!) - produce viscous sweat Types of exocrine glands 1. merocrine gland (sudoriferous/ produces watery set) - secretion of watery sweat 2. holocrine gland (Sebaceous = secretes the whole cell! - thick sea bum or think the holocaust, how they died and these cells die) - Sebaceous glands" - found in hair follicles, lead to zits 3. apocrine gland (sudoriferous = pinches off part of the cell and the apical part is cut off and secretes thicker/smellier sweat!) (EX): milk - think of an ape breast feeding - secretion of milk from mammary glands - secretion of thick viscous sweat -found in axillary, pubic, and anal region of the body

Name and briefly describe the types of intercellular junctions found in epithelial tissue

3 different types of intercellular (in between cells) junctions (connection; think highway junctions): 1. gap junctions - to connect 2 cells and allow things to pass through it - tube that passes info (like nutrients) - allows for the communication between cells 2. tight junctions - makes the cells IMpermeable (things cannot pass through) - cement in between cells so nothing can penetrate the little crevices/gaps in between cells 3. anchoring junctions - hold the cells in place 3 different kinds of anchoring junctions 1. adherens junctions (similar to desmosomes because they hold cell together BUT, they are an extra built that holds cells together like a rope) 2. Desmosomes (prevents cells from falling apart/ separating) 3. Hemidesmosomes (HALF of a desmosome which holds the cell with the basement membrane) Not all cells have all of these junctions

Describe the three fiber types that are present in connective tissue proper and Describe the cells that are present in connective tissue proper

3 fibers 1. elastic fiber (snap and stretch back to form) 2. collagen (provides strength, like PVC pipes that help 1 direction) 3. reticular fibers (creates a net structure) 3 different cells 1. Mesenchymal cell (can become the connective tissue proper and certain fluids and etc. These are stem cells. When they mature, they can become FIBROBLAST) - stem cells of all connective tissue 2. fibroblast builds fiber (such as elastic, collage, and reticular fibers 3. Macrophage cell (big eater; For the immune system. Like a garbage man, it picks up unwanted tissue) 4. Adipocyte (fat cell: insulation, cushion, energy etc.)

Know the structure, functions, and locations of the following types of connective tissue proper: areolar connective tissue adipose connective tissue reticular connective tissue dense regular connective tissue dense irregular connective tissue elastic connective tissue

3 main types of connective tissue (Mesenchyme) 1. connective tissue proper 2. supporting connective tissue 3. fluid connective tissue Connective tissue proper categories 1. loose - Areolar (It is meant to surround and protect organs and loosely bind epithelial tissue to deeper tissues!!!!) (EX): the basement membrane would be made up of areolar tissue (like packing peanuts in between) - connects epithelial tissue to deeper tissues - Adipose (another word for FAT cell, it stores energy, protects, cushions, and insulates) -> stores energy, protects, cushions, and insulates our bodies SUBCUTANEOUS LAYER - Reticular (mesh-like structure and loose because of the ground substance and there are high white blood cells because it is part of the lymphatic system) - found in lymphatic organs and bone marrow 2. dense - Regular (mostly made up of collagen fibers, and resisting stress in 1 direction) -> found in tendons and ligaments AND collagen fibers line up in a parallel fashion - Irregular (Resisting stress in ALL direction BUT it is not that strong overall like your cheek) -> collagen fibers do NOT line up parallel AND found in the dermis, organ capsules and periosteum. - Elastic (made up of elastic fibers and located in large arteries and airways; remember it opens up and closes when we inhale then exhale) -> found in airways and blood vessels IN WALLS OF LARGE ARTERIES *pirate with loose teeth say "AAR" when they chomp on the dense "RIE" bread Subtype of supportive connective tissue 1. bone 2. cartilage subtype of 2 fluid connective tissue 1. blood 2. lymph MUSCLE IS NOT A CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Explain the causes of these conditions: acne (including whiteheads and blackheads) baldness (alopecia) birthmarks (brown, red, purple) blisters cleavage lines (in surgery) fingerprints freckles and moles goosebumps stretch marks (striae) sun tanning wrinkles during aging

Acne - plugged sebaceous ducts Baldness - alopecia (hair thinning) - diffuse hair loss - male pattern baldness (genetic influence, hormonal influences where testosterone causes terminal hair to be replaced by vellus hair) Nevus - overgrowth of melanin-forming cells - harmless unless it mutates and becomes malignant freckles - yellowish or brown spots from excessive melanocyte activity, not increased melanocyte cells hemangioma - proliferation of blood vessels - bright red to deep purple in color friction ridges (fingerprints) - formed by large folds and valleys of the dermis and epidermis striae (stretch marks) - torn collagen Wrinkles - decreased flexibility and thickness of the dermis cleavage lines - orientation of collagen bundles - an incision perpendicular to cleavage lines may gape and delay healing - an incision parallel to cleavage lines is more likely to heal quickly and not gape open blisters goosebumps - erect pilli muscles sun tanning - melanocytes are released

Name and describe three types of skin cancer

Basal cell carcinoma- most common type, least dangerous type, originates in stratum basale Squamous cell carcinoma- arises from keratinocytes Malignant melanoma- most deadly type, arises from melanocytes (usually a preexisting mole), early detection is crucial ABCD rule of malignant melanoma recognition A=Asymmetry (one half of mole doesn't match the other) B=Border (edges notched, irregular, blurred or ragged) C=Color (not uniform, different shades) D=Diameter (larger than 1/4 inch

Describe the basic characteristics and functions of connective tissue

CMEN C: connective tissue M: muscle tissue E: epithelial tissue N: nervous tissue structure: - sparse cells in an extracellular matrix (protein fibers and ground substance) function - physical protection - support and structural framework - binding of structures - storage - transport (blood) - immune protection

What are the layers of the epidermis going superficial to deep of the skin in the palms of your hands?

Can Loud Girls Sing Bass? Stratum... 1. corneum 2. lucidum (only in thick skin) 3. Granulosum 4. spinosum 5. Basale Palms in our hands are THICK SKIN (also the soles in our feet

Describe the special characteristics of epithelial tissue that distinguish it from other tissue types.

Characteristics: - highly cellular; THEREFORE, minimal extracellular matrix (because there are so many cells, there are not a lot of space in between each cell) - polarity tissue has an apical and basal surface (the top part of the cells are different with the bottom part of the cells - apical depends on where the epithelial tissue vs. Basal in the basement membrane) - Attachment to a basement membrane (because they are polar, the basal surface attaches to basement which holds to the rest of our body) - Avascular (blood vessels are fond in underlying connective tissue) -> DO NOT HAVE BLOOD VESSELS, THERE IS NO BLOOD IN THE EPITHELIAL TISSUE LIKE CALLUS - Regeneration (high regenerative capacity) -> skin will always heal! - It is richly innervated

Describe how epithelial tissue is classified according to cell shape and layers, and know the characteristics of cillia and microvilli.

Classifying by shape 1. squamous cell (flat and small like me) 2. Cuboidal cell (cubed, kinda like a marshmalllow) 3. Columnar cell (like a column) Classified by layers 1. Simple epithelium (1 layer of a bunch squamous cells would be called simple squamous) - simple squamous epithelium - simple cuboidal epithelium - simple columnar epithelium 2. Stratified epithelium (stratified, if they were all squamous cells, they would be called stratified squamous, if they were made up of a bunch of cuboidal cells, they would be called stratified cuboidal) - stratified epithelium 3. Pseudostratified (fake stratified) - pseudostratified columnar epithelium - in the TRACHEA Cilia v. Microvili - microvilli: used for absorption (allowing absorption to take place) - Cilia: used for movement (allows movement of things across its surface like the people in a concert punching a beach ball throughout the crowd) (EX): uterine tubes, and respiratory system

Which primary tissue type would be located in blood, body fat, ligaments and tendons, dermis of the skin, and in the cartilage of some joints?

Connective tissue

types of connective tissue and its location in the body

Connective tissue proper includes loose and dense connective tissue. Loose connective tissue includes areolar, adipose, and reticular connective tissue, and functions to cushion organs, support and surround blood vessels and nerves, and store lipids. Dense connective tissue includes dense regular, dense irregular, and elastic connective tissue, and can be found in tendons and ligaments, covering bones and cartilage, and the walls of arteries.Connective tissue proper includes loose and dense connective tissue. Loose connective tissue includes areolar, adipose, and reticular connective tissue, and functions to cushion organs, support and surround blood vessels and nerves, and store lipids. Dense connective tissue includes dense regular, dense irregular, and elastic connective tissue, and can be found in tendons and ligaments, covering bones and cartilage, and the walls of arteries.Connective tissue proper includes loose and dense connective tissue. Loose connective tissue includes areolar, adipose, and reticular connective tissue, and functions to cushion organs, support and surround blood vessels and nerves, and store lipids. Dense connective tissue includes dense regular, dense irregular, and elastic connective tissue, and can be found in tendons and ligaments, covering bones and cartilage, and the walls of arteries.Connective tissue proper includes loose and dense connective tissue. Loose connective tissue includes areolar, adipose, and reticular connective tissue, and functions to cushion organs, support and surround blood vessels and nerves, and store lipids. Dense connective tissue includes dense regular, dense irregular, and elastic connective tissue, and can be found in tendons and ligaments, covering bones and cartilage, and the walls of arteries.Connective tissue proper includes loose and dense connective tissue. Loose connective tissue includes areolar, adipose, and reticular connective tissue, and functions to cushion organs, support and surround blood vessels and nerves, and store lipids. Dense connective tissue includes dense regular, dense irregular, and elastic connective tissue, and can be found in tendons and ligaments, covering bones and cartilage, and the walls of arteries.

The reticular layer of the dermis is thick and rich in collagen fibers. Therefore, what functions does this layer perform? What structures are typically found in the reticular layer?

Dermis resists stress in all directions because collagen are dense irregular. Reticular layer is dense irregular connective tissue proper. Provides the skin with strength and elasticity (because of the collagen fibers) Houses glands and hair (the gland is made up of epithelial tissue/ the epidermis)

(T/F) The subcutaneous layer, or hypodermis, is one of the two parts of the integument. Group starts

FALSE

(T/F) the hypodermis is part of the integument

FALSE

(T/F) Histology is considered macroscopic anatomy

FALSE it is MICROscopic because it is small and cannot be seen with the naked eye. REMEMBER: histology is the study of TISSUES

reticular fibers

Fibers found near blood vessels that add strength and support and create a net like structure

Differentiate between first-, second-, and third-degree burns

First: damage to the epidermis Second: damages epidermis and part of the dermis third: damages entire epidermis and dermis

Name and briefly describe the five layers of the epidermis. Which are found in thick skin? Which are found in thin skin

From superficial to deep! and these epidermal layers are made up of Keratinized (waterproof) stratified squamous epithelium!! 1. stratum corneum 2. Stratum lucidum ***** ONLY FOUND IN THICK SKIN bc it tries to reduce friction especially in thick skin 3. Stratum granulosum 4. Stratum spinosum 5. Stratum basale (deepest/basement layer) *Can Loud Girls Sing Bass?

Explain the various functions of epithelial tissue (where it is found and what it does)

Function: (REMEMBER IT IS ON OUR SKIN) - cover or lining - barrier - physical protection - selective permeability (allows certain things through just not ALL things) - secretion - sensation (sensory neurons in the epithelial tissue)

Simple columnar epithelium

Function: (SAME functions f simple cuboidal + movement) Absorption; secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances; ciliated type propels mucus (or reproductive cells) by ciliated action. - absorption - secretion - movement (if ciliated) Location: nonciliated type lines most of the digestive tract (stomach to anal canal), gallbladder and excretory ducts of some glands; ciliated variety lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, and some regions of the uterus. - non-ciliated: stomach, small and large intestine - Ciliated: uterine tubes

simple squamous epithelium

Function: Allows passage of materials by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is not important; secretes lubricating substances in serosae. - diffusion: to pass through a membrane like oxygen - filtration: when things that are too big and cant pass through a membrane stays behind Location: Kidney glomeruli, air sacs of lungs, lining of heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels; lining of ventral body cavity(serosae) - lung air sacs (alveoli) - lining of blood vessels (arteries, vains, and capillaries need to be lined by simple squamous epithelium so oxygen can pass through them) - serous membranes (percardium, etc.) - THE LUNG ALVEOLI

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Function: Protection, secretion, movement of mucus - protection - movement (if ciliated) Location: Linings of respiratory passages - respiratory tract (Ex): nasal cavity or nose!

stratified squamous epithelium

Function: protects underlying tissues in areas subject to abrasion - protection Location: nonkeratinized type forms the moist lining of the esophagus, mouth, and vagina; keratinized type forms the epidermis of the skin, a dry membrane. - oral cavity (protection from sharp doritos) - pharynx (protection from sharp chips) - esophagus (protection from those share, solid food) - vagina (baby passing through that birth canal) - anus (friction from poop, gotta help) - epidermis of skin

simple cuboidal epithelium

Function: secretion and absorption (like gummy candies) Location: Kidney tubules; ducts and secretory portions of small glands, ovary surface. - kidney tubules - glands (secreting things in the ectocrine and endocrine glands such as hormones

Explain the causes and symptoms of gangrene.

Gangrene: - most commonly affects limbs, fingers and toes - may be caused by lack of blood flow (Dry), mechanical injury, bacterial infection (Wet or gas) or diabetes (dry, damage to blood vessels) - dry gangrene, wet gangrene, gas gangrene - caused by the death of a tissue

Describe the basic structure, functions, types, and growth cycles of hair

Hair structure - composed of hard keratin (like nails and skin but these are made by different protein fibers and bond types will change) Hair structure within the hair folicle 1, hair shaft: the hair 2. arrector pili muscle: what we feel when we are nervous and our hair sticks up 3. hair root (deep part of hair) 4. hair follicle 5. hair bulb Types of hair 1. lanugo hair (fetal) 2. Vellus Hair (fine hair on most of the body) 3. Terminal Hair (head, armpit pubic region, male facial hair) Functions of hair 1. protection 2. sensation 3. reduce heat loss Hair growth - rate of hair growth is about 2 mm/week growth cycle (ACT) - anagen phase (hair actively grows) lasts 2-7 years - Catagen phase (transition phase, follicle shrinks) lasts 2-3 weeks - Telogen phase (follicle is inactive, hair stops growing and is shed ) lasts 2-4 months - Follicle is stimulated to re-enter the anagen phase and make new hair

Cilliated cells

Help move things along your trachea

The type of exocrine gland in which the entire cell disintegrates, liberating any accumulated products, is the

Holocrine

The first type of connective tissue to form in the embryo and the source of all other adult connective tissues is

Mesenchyme

What is the common origin of all connective tissue?

Mesenchyme cells! (like the elementary school kids who does not know who to become, he can become anything!!)

Describe the basic structure of nails.

Scale-like modificiation of epidermis, contain hard keratin (nails are a different form of keratin which have stronger bonds so it is a stronger form) Structures: nail matrix, lunula (think luna like a moon), cuticle, free edge (the thing you cut)

Describe the structure of the dermis, including the cells and the extracellular matrix

Second layer of skin is the Dermis 2 layers - papillary layer (areolar CT bc it connects the epidermis to deeper tissue) - reticular layer (dense irregular CT) (can stretch in many directions) Vascular part (blood vessels) so it can bleed innervated so there are nerves

Describe the size, thickness, and functions of the integument. What structures, other than the skin, are included in the integumentary system?

Size: largest body organ 1.5-2.0 m^2 7-8% of body weight Thickness: (skin thickness) 1.5-4 mm Function: - protection - prevent loss of water - temperature regulation - metabolic regulation - immune defense - sensory receptors - excretion by means of secretion structures: - skin, nails, hair, sweat glands, and sebaceous/suderiferous

Explain how hemoglobin, melanin, and carotene contribute to skin color

Skin color are referred to 3 things 1. Hemoglobin (red) 2. melanin (brown) 3. Carotene (orange)

mesenchymal cells

Stem cells that respond to injury or infection can become the connective tissue proper and certain fluids and etc. These are stem cells. When they mature, they can become FIBROBLAST stem cells of all connective tissue

In the histology section, what type of epithelial tissue makes up the epidermis?

Stratified squamous because it's function is to protect!

The integument consists of the epidermis, which is composed of _____________, and the dermis, which is composed of ____________ connective tissue.

Stratified squamous epithelium; dense irregular and areolar

Describe the structure and functions of the hypodermis (subcutaneous tissue)

Structure: - areolar and adipose connective tissue - not considered part of the integument Function: - Anchors skin to underlying structures (areolar connective tissues binds skin to deeper tissues) - thermal insulation (adipose provides insulation) - energy reservoir (adipose provides stored energy) Hypodermis is made up of adipose and areolar tissue sub (inferior/deep) Cutaneous (skin) so deep to the skin

Dense irregular connective tissue

Structure: collagen fibers randomly arranged, fibroblast, sparse ground substance function: resists stress in all directions location: dermis of skin, organ capsules

Dense elastic tissue

Structure: dense elastic fibers fibroblast function: Allows stretching Location: walls of large arteries and airways

Dense regular connective tissue

Structure: dense, parallel, collagen fibers, fibroblast, sparse ground substance function: resists stress in one direction location: tendons, ligaments

Briefly describe the three basic layers of skin

TOP LAYER: Epidermis: EPITHELIAL TISSUE most superficial MIDDLE LAYER: Dermis: CONNECTIVE tissue LAST LAYER Hypodermis: NOT part of the integument organ, but part of the system, CT adipose and also made up of CONNECTIVE tissue - the transition between muscle and the integument itself. The integument is composed of an outer epidermis and a deeper dermis. Deep to the dermis is the hypodermis, which is not part of the integument, but is associated with many of its functions.

Where is this epithelium found in the body?

URINARY BLADDER

Skin color results from a combination of a: Melanin b: Hemoglobin c: Bilirubin d: Carotene

a,b,d,

Which structure binds epithelial tissue to connective tissue?

adhering junction

From deep to superficial, the order of the strata of the epidermis is

basale - spinosum - granulosum - lucidum - corneum

Macrophages cells

big eater; For the immune system. Like a garbage man, it picks up unwanted tissue Amoeboid cells that roam connective tissue and engulf foreign particles and debris of dead cells.

adipocyte cells

cell that stores fat fat cell: insulation, cushion, energy etc

The majority of glands are composed of

epithelial tissue

Name the four basic tissue types

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous use: CMEN

The tissue type that covers surfaces and lines the inside of organs and body cavities is

epithelial.

friction ridges (fingerprints)

formed by large folds and valleys of the dermis and epidermis

transitional epithelium

function: stretches readily and permits distension of urinary organ by contained urine - distention (stretch) and relaxation of urinary structures (when you pee) Location: lines the ureters, urinary bladder, and part of the urethra

reticular layer of dermis

made up of dense, irregular connective tissue irregular refers to how the collagen lines up (not parallel, in many layers) surrounds blood vessels, hair follicles, nerves, and glands interwoven collagen fiber bundles

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium would be found lining

portions of the respiratory system

Fibroblasts cells

produce fibers and before it was a mesenchymal cell creates 3 fibers 1. elastic fibers 2. reticular fibers 3. collagen fibers

Extracelluar matrix =

protein fibers + ground substance ground substance = fluid (water), but can also be mineralized and solid (as in bones)

collagen fibers

provide strength at resisting stress in any direction

The type of epithelial tissue that is only one cell layer thick is called __________; the type of epithelial tissue that is two or more cell layers thick is called ________

simple; stratified Epithelial tissue can be classified by the number of cell layers. Simple epithelial tissue is composed of one layer of cells. Stratified epithelial tissue is composed of two or more layers of cells, and only the deepest layer of cells is attached to the basement membrane. Pseudostratified epithelium contains one layer of cells of varying heights, all of which attach to the basement membrane.

An epithelial cell is classified as _____ if it is thin and flat.

squamous

elastic fibers

stretch then snap back to their original length

Adipose tissue

structure: adipocytes in loose extracellular matrix Function: stores energy protecting, cushions, and insulates location: surrounds organs, subcutaneous tissue

Areolar tissue

structure: fibroblast, collagen, and elastic fibers, abundant ground substance function: surrounds and protects organs, loosely binds epithelia to deeper tissues Location: subcutaneous tissue, dermis of skin

Reticular tissue

structure: white blood cells and fibroblast, reticular fibers, ground substance function: provides supportive framework location: lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow

Explain what is meant by the terms extracellular matrix and ground substance.

stuff surrounding (and in between) the cells and it is made up of ground substance (fluid and protein fibers). Everything except the cells! each cell is different, it could be all bone or all fluid, half and half, etc.

An individual reaches into her backpack and feels around for a pencil. What epidermal cells are being used to detect the different objects?

tactile cells

papillary layer of dermis

the outer layer of the dermis, directly beneath the epidermis made up of areolar connective tissue papillary (nipple-like) connecting epithelial tissues (the epidermis) to deeper tissue (the rest of the dermis)