Anatomy Test 6

place the structures of the eye in order from superficial to deep.

1. choroid, 2. photoreceptors, 3. horizontal cells, 4. bipolar cells

order these structures in the order that tears travel through them.

1. lacrimal puncta, 2. lacrimal canaliculus, 3. lacrimal sac, 4. nasolacrimal duct

gustatory cells have a _______ lifespan.

7-10 day

which nerve fibers cross in the optic chiasma?

Axons of ganglion cells from nasal halves of both retinas

Which type of receptor detects pressure changes?

Baroreceptors

True or False: Compared to many animals, our olfactory ability is vastly more sensitive and more high developed

False

Match the special sense with its anatomical name

Gustation- Taste Olfaction- Smell Vision- Sight Equilibrium- Balance Audition- Hearing

refraction of light for vision is greatest as light rays pass from ______ into the ______ the difference in their refractive index is maximal.

air, cornea

which are characteristics of the cornea?

avascular and transparent

taste buds are made of gustatory cells, supporting cells, and _______.

basal cells

depth perception is also known as ______ vision.

binocular

in the light, ______ cells are no longer inhibited and therefore release the neurotransmitter glutamate

bipolar

the process is called the bleaching reaction because rhodopsin goes from a ______ color to ______.

bluish-purple, colorless

outer hair cells, near the center of the basilar membrane, will

both magnify vibrations of soft sounds and sharpen pitch perception

what eye disorder causes "milky" vision?

cataracts

_____ are receptors that detect chemicals.

chemoreceptors

Which terms indicate a receptor type that is classified by its modality of stimulus?

chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, and thermoreceptors

what is the largest structure of the vascular tunic?

choroid

the iris is continuous with the _______.

ciliary body

prior to being stimulated by light, the retinal portion of rhodopsin is in a bent twisted shaped called _______.

cis-retinal

Hearing organs are housed within the ___________ in the inner ear.

cochlea

A ______ shaped lens is used to treat hyperopia and a ______ shaped lens is used to treat myopia.

convex, concave

the limbus is the junction between the sclera and the ______.

cornea

free nerve endings are terminal branches of _____

dendrites

Cutaneous receptors are a type of

exteroceptors

true or false: Our brain perceives different colors because each cone responds to a different wavelength on the visual spectrum.

false

true or false: astigmatism is also called farsightedness

false

true or false: encapsulated tactile receptors are found in the skin and consist of dendrites within protective coat.

false

true or false: high-pitched sounds produce a peak displacement of the basilar membrane near the apex of the cochlea.

false

when the bipolar cells release their neurotransmitter, the ______ cells propagate a nerve signal along the _____ nerve.

ganglion, optic

what disease causes fluid build up in the eye, dislocating the lens?

glaucoma

as a consequence of the dark current, ______ channels in the photoreceptor open.

glutamate

the ____ segment of each photoreceptor contain organelles for the cell such as mitochondria.

inner

Specific types of receptors called _____ detect stimuli in the internal organs.

interoceptors

place the structures of the vascular tunic in order from anterior to posterior

iris, ciliary body, and choroid

which are examples of encapsulated receptors?

krause bulbs and end bulbs

the lacrimal apparatus produces, collects, and drains ______ fluid.

lacrimal

cataracts area disorder of the _______.

lens

presbyopia occurs when the ______ loses elasticity.

lens

the suspensory ligaments connect the _____ capsule to the ciliary muscles.

lens

what structure focuses incoming light onto the retina?

lens

lacrimal fluid prevents bacterial infection because it contains an antibacterial enzyme called ______.

lysozyme

tactile receptors are a type of

mechanoreceptor

Tactile receptors are a type of

mechanoreceptors

the fat surrounding the eye is called _______ fat.

orbital

The _____ segment of each photoreceptor is composed of hundreds of discs containing photopigments that are capable of absorbing light energy.

outer

accommodation is controlled by the _____ division of the nervous system.

parasympathetic

the sphincter papillae is controlled by the ________ division of the nervous system.

parasympathetic

Which type of receptor is found in skeletal muscles, tendons, and joint capsules?

proprioceptors

_____ include only the somatic sensory receptors within joints, muscles, and tendons.

proprioceptors

The sclera ________.

provides for eye shape and is made of dense connective tissue

As tears drain, through the lacrimal caruncle, they enter small holes called the lacrimal _________

puncta

the area that a receptor cell gathers information from is called the ______.

receptive field

Gustatory cells are found in taste ____.

receptors

the apparent distortion of the spoon in the water glass is due to the phenomenon called _____.

refraction

what structure makes up the posterior 5/6 of the fibrous tunic?

sclera

Receptors for general senses are distributed throughout the _____ and viscera.

skin

Olfaction is the sense of __________.

smell

the ciliary muscles are made of _____ muscle.

smooth

axons from the optic tract project to the _____ colliculi.

superior

what is the most numerous type of receptor?

tactile receptors

a feature common to all receptors is

the ability to respond to a stimulus

Which would stimulate somatic nociceptors?

touching a hot pan, sprained ankle, and exposure to acid on the skin

true or false: macular degeneration is the leading cause of blindness in developed countries.

true

true or false: the ampler grid is used to test for macular degeneration.

true

true or false: there is currently no cure or macular degeneration

true

true or false: walking into a room and recognizing the smell if a favorite dish is an example of a sensation

true

What type of papillae is largest and least numerous?

vallate

the papillae that are fewest in number, but contain the most taste buds, are the _____ papillae.

vallate

the brain can determine the static position of the head due to sensors in the _____

vestibule

the posterior cavity contains the _______ humor.

vitreous

true or false: rods and cones face the light coming into the eye

false

true or false: the majority of macula degeneration cases are found in adolescents.

false

what is the margin between the photosensitive and non photosensitive regions of the retina called?

ora serrata

Where are end bulbs located?

oral and nasal cavities

where is the trans-retinal transported so that the retinal can be reconverted back to its cis formation?

pigment epithelium

as we adjust to low light, our ______ become nonfunctional and it may take ______ for rhodopsin to become generated sufficiently so that you can see well in low-light conditions.

cones, 20-30 minutes

what is the name of the outermost layer of the eye?

fibrous tunic

a detached retina is caused by a separation between which two layers?

pigmented layer of the retina and neural layer of the retina

the ora serrata extends anteriorly from the _______.

retina

a lack of photoreceptors in this structure creates the "blind spot"?

optic disc

what is the space behind the lens called?

posterior cavity

Tactile cells are associated with

tactile discs

what color is the macula lutea?

yellow

when light stimulates the photoreceptors, the ______ cells become depolarized and release the neurotransmitter _______.

bipolar, glutamate

when elevated levels of cGMP are present, NA+ channels in the photoreceptor membrane are kept open and Na+ enters the photoreceptors. This is called the _______.

dark current

light rays are refracted or bent when they pass through two media of different _________.

densities

Emmetropia Hyperopia Myopia

normal vision farsightedness nearsightedness

ganglion axons of the retina converge to form the _______ nerve.

optic

the regeneration of ________, in cones occurs much more quickly than the regeneration of ______ in rods; therefore, cone cells are not as negatively affected by bright light as rods.

photopsin, rhodopsin

the process by which photoreceptors become activated when the photopigments are altered by light entering the eye is _______.

phototransduction

root hair plexuses are usually found in the

reticular layer of the dermis

what type of photoreceptors detect color?

cones

optic tracts extend to which structures after they leave the optic chiasm?

superior colliculi and lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus

the muscle that primarily functions to pull the eye superiorly and secondarily functions to move the eye medially is the _____ ______ muscle.

superior rectus

What type of phasic receptors detect light touch, shapes, and textures?

tactile corpuscles

which events occur during bright light adaptation?

cones gradually adjust, rods become inactive, and pupils constrict

rods are essentially nonfunctional in bright light because ______.

in bright light, rhodopsin will bleach as fast as it is reformed.

accommodation is the process of making the lens ________.

more spherical