Anatomy Unit 1: Chapter 2 Mastering
the consumption of energy
A chemical reaction in which bonds are created is usually associated with ________.
"A normal cholesterol level is a good thing. Your cells depend on cholesterol to stay healthy, and you can't make vital hormones without it."
A patient voices concern that her normal cholesterol level is dangerous. "I eat no cholesterol at all. That stuff is toxic!" she declares. What is your best response?
decomposition
ATP → ADP + Pi is an example of a(n) ________ reaction.
a charge of +1
After the transfer of the electron, sodium will form an ion with __________.
13
An atom with 3 electrons in its outermost (valence) shell may have a total of ________ electrons altogether.
14 neutrons
An atom with an atomic number of 10 and a mass number of 24 would have ________.
7
Atom X has 17 protons. How many electrons are in its valence shell (outermost energy level)?
a peptide bond
If the molecules indicated by (A) are amino acids, then the line in the figure indicated by (D) is __________.
17
Based on the information in this figure, what is the atomic number of chlorine?
single covalent bonds
Bonds between carbon and hydrogen atoms (as depicted on the right side of the figure) are generally __________.
lipids
Both molecule A and molecule B are classified as __________.
removal of a water molecule between each two units
Carbohydrates and proteins are built up from their basic building blocks by the ________.
glycogen
Carbohydrates are stored in the liver and skeletal muscles in the form of ________.
Radiant energy
Energy that travels in waves. Part of the electromagnetic spectrum. Type of energy?
8
Except for elements with atomic number 1 and 2, all other elements are stable with how many electrons in their outermost (valence) energy level?
four
How many hydrogen atoms will a single carbon atom bond with to form a stable molecule?
two
How many phosphates would ADP have attached to it?
four
How many valence shell electrons does the element carbon have?
74 protons
If atom X has an atomic number of 74 it would have which of the following? 37 electrons 74 protons 37 protons and 37 neutrons 37 protons and 37 electrons
unsaturated fatty acids
In general, the lipids that we refer to as oils at room temperature have ________.
Mechanical energy
Legs moving the pedals of a bicycle. Type of energy?
phospholipid
Molecule A is a __________.
two back-to-back phospholipid layers with the polar heads facing out on both sides
Phospholipids make up most of the lipid part of the cell membrane. Since water exists on both the outside and inside of a cell, which of the following phospholipid arrangements makes the most sense?
III < I < II
Rank the chemical bonds from relatively weakest to strongest. I. Ionic II. Covalent III. Hydrogen
Electrical energy
Represented by the flow of charged particles along a conductor, or the flow of ions across a membrane. Type of energy?
The enzyme will denature and become inactive.
Salivary amylase is an enzyme produced by the salivary glands that breaks down carbohydrates. What will happen to this enzyme as it follows the food into the stomach where the pH drops to 2.5?
polysaccharide
Starch is a ________.
True
T/F A charged particle is generally called an ion or electrolyte.
False
T/F A dipeptide can be broken into two amino acids by dehydration synthesis.
False
T/F About 60% to 80% of the volume of most living cells consists of organic compounds.
True
T/F Glucose is an example of a monosaccharide.
False- Polar molecules are the result of unequal electron pair sharing. Nonpolar molecules are electrically balanced because of the equal sharing of electrons between the atoms of the molecules.
T/F Nonpolar molecules are the result of unequal electron pair sharing.
True
T/F Omega-3 fatty acids appear to decrease the risk of heart disease.
False
T/F The atomic number of any atom is equal to the number of electrons in its nucleus and is written as a subscript to the left of its atomic symbol.
True
T/F The lower the pH, the higher the hydrogen ion concentration.
True- DNA provides the basic instructions for building every protein in the body. RNA carries out the orders for protein synthesis issued by DNA.
T/F The major function of DNA is to provide the genetic instructions for protein synthesis.
True
T/F The pH of body fluids must remain fairly constant for the body to maintain homeostasis.
False
T/F Triglycerides are a poor source of stored energy.
2, 8, 1
The numbers listed represent the number of electrons in the first, second, and third energy levels, respectively. On this basis, which of the following is an unstable or reactive atom? 2, 8, 1 2 2, 8 2, 8, 8
is based on the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution
The pH scale __________.
collagen
The single most abundant protein in the body is ________.
elements
The three atoms shown represent three unique __________.
water
What additional molecule is produced when fatty acids are bonded to glycerol to make a triglyceride?
They all have an incomplete valence electron shell.
What do these four elements have in common?
ionization, followed by formation of an ionic bond
What does this figure depict?
Oxygen atoms have a stronger pull on the electrons shared within a covalent bond formed between oxygen and hydrogen.
What explains the negative charge on the oxygen atom within the water molecule?
an electrical attraction between opposite charges
What holds the sodium and chloride ions together in a chemical bond?
an atom that loses one or more electrons and acquires a net positive charge
What is a cation?
protein
What is a chain of more than 50 amino acids called?
protein
What is represented by the chemical at B?
substrates
What is represented by the chemicals at A?
alkaline solution
What is the classification of a solution of NaOH with a pH of 8.3?
Kinetic energy is energy in action, while potential energy is stored energy.
What is the difference between kinetic and potential energy?
the sharing of electron pairs between two atoms
What is the most significant factor in the formation of a covalent bond?
ATP
What is the primary energy-transferring molecule in cells?
3:1
What is the ratio of fatty acids to glycerol in triglycerides (neutral fats)?
primary structure
What structural level is represented by the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain?
hydrogen bond
What type of bond is formed between the oxygen atom of one water molecule and the hydrogen atom of another water molecule?
hydrogen bonding
When DNA is replicated, it is necessary for the two strands to "unzip" temporarily. Choose which bonding type is most appropriate for holding the strands together in this way.
Chemical energy
When the bonds of ATP are broken, energy is released to do cellular work. Type of energy?
carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen.
Which four elements comprise approximately 96% of our body weight?
a structural variation in which different atoms of the same element have different numbers of neutrons
Which of the following best describes an isotope?
They appear to be the molecular carriers of coded hereditary information.
Which of the following does NOT characterize proteins? They may be denatured or coagulated by heat or acidity. They have both functional and structural roles in the body. Their function depends on their three-dimensional shape. They appear to be the molecular carriers of coded hereditary information.
hyperbolic
Which of the following is NOT one of the three major types of chemical reactions? synthesis exchange decomposition hyperbolic
structural framework
Which of the following is a general function for a fibrous protein?
HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O
Which of the following is a neutralization reaction? HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O NaOH → Na+ + OH- NH3 + H+ → NH4+2 HCl → H+ + Cl-
MgO2 → Mg + O2
Which of the following is an example of a decomposition reaction? MgO2 → Mg + O2 MgSO4 + 2NaCl → MgCl2 + Na2SO4 2Na + Cl2 → 2Na ClH2 + O2 → H2O
eicosanoid; triglyceride
Which of the following is incorrectly matched? amino acid; protein monosaccharide; carbohydrate nucleotide; nucleic acid eicosanoid; triglyceride
oxygen gas
Which of the following is not a compound? oxygen gas methane (natural gas) water carbon dioxide
nucleus
Which of the following is not a fundamental subatomic particle that forms elements? neutrons nucleus electrons protons
X rays
Which of the following is not considered a form of matter? X rays oxygen gas bone blood
Triglycerides are composed of three fatty acids and one glycerol and are stable because they do not dissolve in water.
Which of the following is true about lipids? Triglycerides are composed of three fatty acids and one glycerol and are stable because they do not dissolve in water. Lipids found in the cell membrane are composed of one glycerol and three fatty acid chains and are called phospholipids. Lipids used as energy reserves in the body are stored as molecules of phospholipids. Lipids that serve as hormones are derived from glycolipids.
Less energy input is required to start the reaction in the presence of enzyme.
Which of the following statements is true regarding the reaction without an enzyme compared to the one with an enzyme?
Both reactions are exergonic.
Which of the following statements is true regarding the reactions shown? The left reaction is exergonic, and the right reaction is endergonic. The left reaction is endergonic, and the right reaction is exergonic. Both reactions are endergonic. Both reactions are exergonic.
The products of exergonic reactions contain more potential energy than the reactants that form them
Which of the following statements regarding energy is FALSE? Increasing the temperature of atoms and molecules increases their kinetic energy Energy is defined as the capacity to do work, or to put matter into motion Exchange reactions allow chemical energy from one molecule to be transferred to another The products of exergonic reactions contain more potential energy than the reactants that form them
The weight of matter remains constant wherever it is located.
Which of the following statements regarding matter is FALSE? The weight of matter remains constant wherever it is located. With some exceptions, matter can be seen, smelled, and felt. The mass of matter remains constant wherever it is located. Matter exists in solid, liquid, and gaseous states.
proteins
Which organic molecules form the major structural materials of the body?
high heat of vaporization
Which property of water is demonstrated when we sweat?
olive oil
With a family history of cardiovascular disease, which toast spread would be considered the most "heart healthy"?
