Anatomy Unit 2 Test

Nicole is 51 years old and is going through menopause. Her doctor prescribes her to take calcium pills. Explain why the doctor is doing this and relate this to sex hormones.

A decline in estrogen, which takes place during menopause, contributes to bone loss. Taking calcium pills may help bones stay strong.

______ gives the bone strength.

Collagen

Osteons are made of two main things. Name them and describe what features they give to bone tissue.

Collagen - gives bone its strength Inorganic Salts - makes bone hard and resistant to crushing

Bone classification: Classify each bone into one of the major categories (long, short, flat, irregular, round) Frontal bone of skull = ____________

Flat

Bone classification: Classify each bone into one of the major categories (long, short, flat, irregular, round) Rib _____________

Flat

Bone classification: Classify each bone into one of the major categories (long, short, flat, irregular, round) Sternum __________

Flat

Ossification

Formation of bone tissue

Increased deposits of bony matrix occur at sites of _________.

Fracture

Bone classification: Classify each bone into one of the major categories (long, short, flat, irregular, round) Patella ___________

Round/Semiround

Osteoblasts become completely surrounded by _____________.

bony matrix

What is an Osteocyte?

mature bone cell

When blood calcium levels begin to drop below homeostatic levels, ___________ is released, causing calcium to be released from bones.

parathormone

Osteoclasts and osteoblasts continuously ____________ bones throughout your WHOLE life!

remodel

Fill in: The non-living, structural part of the bone is called the _________.

Matrix

Heather is about to have a new baby. She is 28 weeks in. Her baby's parietal bones (___1___) are going through (____2____) ossification and her baby's radius (__3__) is going through (_______4_______) ossification.

1. (located on sides of the skull) 2. intramembranous 3. In arm 4. endochondral

Fill in: What are the two main types of bone tissue? ___1___ & __2__

1. Compact bone 2. Spongy bone

Why do bones heal so fast?

-Because they contain Central Canals which contain blood vessels. -Bones get a good nutrient supply -Can heal faster with blood supply

Fill in: The shaft of the bone is called the ___1___, which is covered by the ___2___, which is made out of tough connective tissue. The outer walls of the bone shaft are mostly made out of ___3___ bone. However, there is also a small amount of __4__ bone in the shaft of the bone. Most of the ___5____ bone tissue is found in the ends of the long bone, also known as the ___6___.

1. Diaphysis 2. Periosteum 3. Compact 4. spongy 5. spongy 6. epiphysis

Bone forms by replacing existing bone in one of two ways:

1. Intramembranous ossification 2. Endochondral ossification

_____ break down, ___________ build bone back up!

1. Osteoclasts 2. Osteoblasts

Fill in: In young children, __1__ is found in the diaphysis of the bone, however, in adults, only ___2___ if found here.

1. Red marrow 2. Yellow marrow

Name the five main functions of the skeletal system:

1. Shape 2. Support 3. Protection 4. Body movement 5. Blood cell formation

Name three things that are factors contributing to osteoporosis:

1. Smoking and alcohol 2. Genetics 3. Declining hormone levels

Fill in: Flat bones contain ___1___, which are branching bony plates. Between these plates one can find _____2_____.

1. Trabeculae 2. Red marrow

Name four factors that affect bone growth and development.

1. Vitamin D 2. Hormones (Sex and growth hormones) 3. Vitamin A & C 4. Physical Stress

Fill in: Flat bones are like a sandwich, with __1__ bone tissue on the outside and ___2___ bone tissue on the inside.

1. compact 2. spongy

Fill in: Within the shaft of the bone, also known as the ___1___, there is a hollow cavity, also known as the __2__ cavity. This cavity is filled with ___3____ marrow, which is made out of ____4____. The inside of this cavity is lined with a coating called the _____5_____.

1. diaphysis 2. medullary 3. yellow 4. fat/adipose 5. endosteum

Fill in: The scientific name for a "growth plate" is ___1___. These are found in the __2__ of the long bone and are made out of a connective tissue called _____3_____.

1. epiphyseal plates 2.epiphysis 3. cartilage

Fill in: In the ends of a long bone, also known as the ___1___, there is __2_ marrow that is responsible for the production of __3__ cells. The bone tissue that makes up this area of the bone is mostly ____4___ bone.

1. epiphysis 2. red 3. blood 4. spongy

Fill in: A long bone has two ends. These ends are called _____1_____, which are covered with _____2______. This covering allows the bones to rub smoothly against each other.

1. epipysis 2. articular cartilage

Brett has lived in Alaska virtually his whole life where it is winter many months out of the year and cloudy. Brett is now 78 years old and his bones are weak and he is subject to having broken bones. Why?

Because there is little sunlight, Brett produces little vitamin D throughout his life, so he did not absorb calcium properly. This made his bones weaker since his bones had to constantly release calcium into his bloodstream

Draw a bone with a transverse fracture.

Bone should be drawn with a fracture straight across it.

Draw a bone with a comminuted fracture.

Bone should be drawn with many little pieces broken within the fracture

What is an Ostoblast?

Bone-forming cells

Compare and contrast central canals and perforating canals.

Both contain blood vessels and nerves Perforating Canals run transversely through the bone (side to side) and Central Canals run longitudinally through the bone (up and down)

Osteoclasts

Breaks down (erodes) bone

___________ causes blood calcium to be deposited into bones as calcium salts.

Calcatonin

Fill in: Tiny canals that connect lacunae are called ___________.

Canaliculi

Most skeletal bones are formed from a _________ model during development.

Cartilage

Fill in: The longitudinal canals, carrying blood vessels and nerves, are called _____________.

Central Canals

What is the structure in bones that allows bones to grow? What is it made up of?

Epiphyseal plates allow long bones to grow. They are made up of cartilage.

Where are wormian bones found?

In the skull - they are small bones in the sutures that are NOT normal

Bone classification: Classify each bone into one of the major categories (long, short, flat, irregular, round) Vertebra ____________

Irregular

The "residences" of osteocytes are called _________.

Lacuna

Layers of calcified matrix are called __________.

Lamella

Osteons are cylindrical shaped because they are made out of many layers called _________.

Lamella

Bone classification: Classify each bone into one of the major categories (long, short, flat, irregular, round) Femur ________________

Long

Bone classification: Classify each bone into one of the major categories (long, short, flat, irregular, round) Humerus ___________

Long

Bone classification: Classify each bone into one of the major categories (long, short, flat, irregular, round) Metacarpal __________

Long

Mary has been a soccer player her whole life. Beth has lived a very sedentary (inactive) lifestyle. Explain what may be the difference between the two of them once they both reach menopause and why.

Mary may have stronger bones because she put more physical stress on them throughout her life. Beth may have weaker bones because she did little physical activity and put no stress on her bones during her lifetime.

Matt does not have a lot of calcium in his diet. Stephanie drinks a lot of milk and cheese. Explain what will happen to each person as they get older using all of these words: hypocalcemic, hypercalcemic, osteoclasts, osteoblast, parathormone, calcitonin

Matt - He is hypocalcemic due to lack of calcium, which will cause the release of parathormone, which signals osteoclasts to break down bone and release calcium into the bloodstream. He may have weaker bones as he ages. Stephanie - She is hypercalcemic due to high calcium levels. This will stimulate the release of calcitonin, which will stimulate osteoblasts to form bone and store excess calcium. Her bones may be stronger as she ages.

Matt is 57 and recently had a bone density exam. After reviewing the results, the doctor put Matt on a daily vitamin. Explain what the doctor saw and why the doctor prescribed a daily vitamin.

Matt had low bone density, perhaps this is caused by osteoporosis. The doctor prescribed calcium, vitamin D, A, and C to promote healthy bone maintenance.

One of these types of bone cells "transforms" itself into one of the other types of cells. Explain this.

Osteoblast build matrix around themselves until they are fully surrounded by matrix (a lacuna), and then they are considered a mature bone cell, known as an osteocyte.

Immature, or matrix-depositing, bone cells are referred to as ___________.

Osteoblasts

__________________ deposit bony matrix around themselves in place of the membrane/cartilage.

Osteoblasts

When a bone breaks, osteoblasts, fibroblasts, and osteoclasts all have a "job" to do. Describe each "job."

Osteoblasts- built and deposit new bone tissue Fibroblasts- create collagen Osteoclasts- dissolve bone fragment

Bone cells that liquefy bone matrix and release calcium to the blood are called _____________.

Osteoclasts

Explain how your bones maintain homeostasis throughout your entire life. Use the words osteoblasts and osteoclasts in your explanation

Osteoclasts continually break down bone and osteoblasts continually build bone back up throughout our lives.

Mature bone cells, called ___________, maintain bone in a viable state.

Osteocytes

Name the three different types of bone cells and their responsibilities.

Osteocytes - responsible for bone quality, call osteoblasts to work when needed, they are mature bone cells that are surrounded by lacuna (their boney chambers) Osteoblasts - bone forming cells that lay down the matrix around themselves. Once they are surrounded by matrix (lacuna), they are considered osteocytes (mature bone cells) Osteoclasts - breaks down/erodes/dissolves bone tissue

Describe how osteocytes, lacuna, and canaliculi are related. What type of bone tissue are they all found in?

Osteocytes are mature bone cells that live in lacuna and are connected to other bone cells through tiny channels in the matrix called canaliculi. They are all found in compact bone.

Betty, an 82 year old woman, broke her hip at the neck of the femur and fell. After coming to the hospital, the doctor took a bone density x-ray of her and found out that she has osteoporosis. She is obese and smokes regularly. Explain osteoporosis and how certain factors she has contributed to this. In addition, explain how sex hormones are related to osteoporosis.

Osteoporosis - condition in which bones weaken & can break easily due to loss of calcium. As estrogen drops, bones lose more calcium Smoking leads to increased calcium loss She is obese and not physically fit, so she probably has put little stress on her bones, which makes them weaker.

Compact bone is made of ________, which are cylindrical shaped and run vertically through the whole bone.

osteons