Anatomy Week 4

Common name for dislocation of the acromioclavicular joint

AC separation or shoulder separation

Specify the knee structure that is vulnerable to tearing when changing direction, even without direct contact from another person.

ACL

Differentiate which ligament prevents hyperextension vs. hyperflexion of the knee.

ACL- Prevent hyperextension PCL- Prevent hyperflexion

Differentiate which ligament prevents excessive anterior or posterior movement of the tibia.

ACL- Prevents anterior movement PCL- Prevents posterior movement

List the ligaments that support the acromioclavicular joint

Acromioclavicular ligament and the coracoclavicular ligament

Acromioclavicular

Acromion process of scapula and acromion end of clavicle

a. Compare the actions or degrees of freedom, range of motion, support structures and fit of ball and socket of hip and glenohumeral joint

Actions: Same Mobility: Hip less mobile and has less ROM Stability: Hip is more stable because hip is deeper and is a better fit. Support Structures: Hip has strong ligaments and GH has rotator cuff muscles.

List the structural and functional classification of all the upper limb joints

All are synovial and diarthrodial joints

Diarthrosis

Allow for free movement. All synovial joints are diarthrodial. Ex: All major joints-shoulder, elbow, wrist, hip, knee, and ankle

List the location and role of the medial and lateral meniscus.

Attached superiorly on the tibia condyles. They act as shock absorbers.

List an example of these synovial joints: Ball and socket, Hinge, Pivot, and plane (gliding)

Ball and Socket: Shoulder and Hip Hinge: Elbow and knee Pivot: Atlanto-axial Plane(gliding): Acromioclavicular, zygaphoyseal, and costovertebral

Atlantoaxial

Between C1 and C2. Allows for shaking your head "No"

Manubriosternal

Between manubrium and sternal body

Atlantooccipital

Between occipital condyles and superior articular facets of C1. Allows foe flexion/extension (nodding yes).

Costochondral

Between rib bones and costal cartilages of ribs 1-7

Costotransverse

Between tubercle of ribs and transverse processes

Fibrous

Bones are held together by fibrous connective tissue. Mostly synarthrodial-no movement. Ex: Cranial sutures, syndesmoses - radius and ulna and tibia and fibula, Gomphoses- Hold teeth in their socket

Cartilaginous

Bones held together by cartilage

Synchdrosis and symphyses are

Cartilaginous joints

Compare and contrast the anterior and posterior cruciate knee ligament attachment sites

Common attachment on femur: Attached on intracondylar fossa Specific attachment site on tibia: Intercondylar eminence. ACL attaches to anterior portion of intracondylar eminence. PCL attaches to posterior intracondylar eminence.

Suture

Connect membranous bones of the skull

Sternocostal

Costal cartilage and sternum

Shoulder dislocation vs. Shoulder seperation

Dislocation: Humerus out of glenoid fossa. Out of socket. Separation: AC joint

List the bones and bony regions that articulate to form the radiocarpal joint.

Distal radius and proximal row of carpal bones.

Syndesmosis

Distal tibiofibular articulation. The interosseous ligament joining the tibia and fibula.

List and describe the two actions at the elbow joint.

Elbow Flexion- Bending the elbow Elbow Extension- Straightening the elbow

List and describe the six movements of the scapula at the scapulothoracic joint using anatomical terms.

Elevation-Move scapula up, Depression- move scapula down, protraction- Moving scapula away from the spine. Sliding anterior on rib cage, retraction- moving scapula closer to vertebrae, Upward Rotation- Rotate glenoid fossa up Ex: Jumping jack, Downward Rotation- Rotate glenoid fossa down Ex: Pull up

List and describe the two major actions at the knee joint.

Flexion- Bend the knee Extension- Straighten the knee

List and describe two primary actions of the foot

Flexion- Bending toes and Extension- Straighten toes

List and describe the actions at the radiocarpal joint.

Flexion- Bending wrist forward. Move palm toward forearm, Extension- Bend wrist backward. Move dorsal hand towards the posterior forearm, Abduction- Moving hand away from midline. Moving wrist towards the radius, Adduction- Moving hand towards midline. Moving wrist towards the ulna, Circumduction- Inscribing a circle.

List and describe the seven actions at the glenohumeral joint.

Flexion- Movement of arm forward in sagittal plane, Extension: Movement of arm backward in sagittal plane, Abduction: Moving arm away from the midline, Adduction- Moving arm towards midline, Circumduction- First four in a circle, Lateral Rotation- Movement of anterior surface of humerus away from the body, Medial Rotation- Movement of anterior surface of humerus toward

List and describe the seven actions at the hip joint.

Flexion-Thigh forward, Extension- Thigh backward, Adduction- Thigh toward midline, Abduction- Thigh out to side away from midline, Medial Rotation-Anterior surface of femur towards midline, Lateral Rotation-Rotation of anterior femur away from midline, Circumduction

List and describe the two primary actions for the joints of the hand, specifically related to movement of the phalanges.

Flexions- Bending fingers or making a fist. Extension- Straightening fingers.

Supination

Forearm bones are parallel. Palms face forward.

Pronation

Forearm bones cross. Palm faces backward.

Describe the anatomical location of a hip fracture and the primary cause.

Fracture of femoral neck. Mainly because of osteoporosis and a fall.

Explain the difference between functional classification of joints and structural classification of joints.

Function is the amount of movement allowed while structure is what type of connective tissue holds the joint together.

Synovial

Functionally classified as diarthrodial joints- allows free movement. Ex: shoulder, elbow, wrist, etc.

Describe the movement of the head of the radius during pronation and supination.

Head of radius spins in radial notch of ulna at proximal RU joint. Distal radius rolls over the head of the ulna.

Costovertebral

Head of ribs and vertebral body

Radiohumeral joint

Head of the radius and capitulum of humerus

Compare common injuries between hip and glenohumeral joint

Hip is more likely to fracture and the GH is more likely to dislocate.

List the major support structures of the hip joint.

Iliofemoral, pubofemoral, and ischiofemoral ligament. Gluteus medial muscle

List the bones and bony regions that articulate to form the joints of the mid- and forefoot.

Intertarsal joints, tarsometatarsal joints, metatarsophalangeal joints, and interphalangeal joints

Explain how an injury to the intervertebral disc can occur and what happens to the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disc when it is injured (herniated)

Intervertebral disc becomes crushed and the nucleus pulposus will start to leak out. The nucleus pulposus will leak posterior and lateral, in between the two ligaments, the bulge will be in line with the spinal nerves and will compress the spinal nerves.

Articulation

Joint

Differentiate the roles and locations of the labrum, rotator cuff muscles, ligaments and bursa.

Labrum- Deepen glenoid fossa Rotator Cuff muscles- Stabilize the shoulder joint. Strongest support structure. Ligaments- Stabilize the joint and limited amount of support Bursa- Enhance mobility. Reduce friction during movement.

Attachment sites of ankle ligaments

Lateral Ligament: Between lateral malleolus and talus and calcaneous Distal Tibiofibular Ligament: Between distal tibia and fibula Deltoid Ligament- Between Medial Malleolus and tarsals.

List the three major ligaments that stabilize the ankle.

Lateral ligament, Distal tibiofibular ligaments, and deltoid ligament

List the common role of the collateral ligaments.

Limiting medial-lateral motion: abduction and adduction of the tibia

List the bones and bony regions for the glenohumeral joint.

List the bones and bony regions for the glenohumeral joint.

Intervertebral disc

Located between adjacent vertebral bodies from C2/C3 to L5/S1. Allows for flexion, extension, and lateral flexion (Side-bending) of VC.

Zygapophyseal

Located between superior articulating processes and inferior articulating processes. First pair between C2/3 and continue tot L5/S1. In cervical and lumbar allows flexion and extension. In thoracic allows rotation.

List the locations and attachment sites of the medial and lateral collateral ligaments

MCL- Medial epicondyle and proximal tibia PCL- Lateral epicondyle and head of the fibula

Specify the bony features that make up the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

Mandibular condyle and mandibular fossa of temporal bone.

Sternoclavicular

Manubrium of sternum and end of clavicle

Structures found at the level of the sternal angle

Marks attachment of rib 2. Landmark for listening to heart valves. Location of transverse thoracic plane- marks aortic arch and trachea bifurcation.

Differentiate anatomical location of ligaments that stabilize the ankle

Medial ankle: Deltoid Ligament Lateral ankle: Lateral Ligament, Distal tibiofibular ligaments

List the four categories of knee joint support structures.

Meniscus, cruciate ligaments, collateral ligaments, and quadricep muscles

Abduction

Movement away from the midline of the body

Adduction

Movement toward the midline of the body

Synarthrosis

No movement. Very strong and stable. Space filled by cartilage or fibrous connective tissue Ex: Cranial Sutures, joint between epiphysis and diaphysis

Describe the "scapulothoracic joint" and how the scapula is held in place.

Not a true joint: no bone to bone articulation. Scapula held in place by muscles in the thorax.

Rotation

Occurs around a longitudinal axis.

Describe which of the bone of the knee joint is sesamoid and how the bone is held in place by identifying connecting structures (ligament, tendon).

Patella is encased in a quadriceps tendon and ligaments connect patella to structure.

List the two joints of the knee and the bony regions that articulate to form the two joints.

Patellofemoral- Posterior patella and patellar surface of femur. Tibiofemoral- Femoral condyles(Medial and lateral) and Tibial condyles(Medial and lateral)

Describe the position of the forearm bones in the pronated and supinated position.

Pronated- Radius and ulna are crossed. Distal radius is medial and distal ulna is lateral. Supinated- Radius and ulna are parallel, not crossed. Distal radius is lateral and distal ulna is medial.

Bones and bony regions that articulate to form the two RU joints

Proximal RU joint- Head of radius and Radial notch of the Ulna Distal RU joint- Head of Ulna and ulnar notch of the radius.

Describe anatomical location of ulnohumeral and radiohumeral joint

Radiohumeral: Lateral Ulnohumeral: Medial. Tighter fit

Two bones involved in a wrist fracture

Radius and scaphoid

List the bones and bony regions that articulate to form the sacroiliac joint, pubic symphysis and hip joints.

Sacroiliac: Auricular surface of the ilium and sacrum. Pubic Symphysis: Between right and left hip bones at the pubic region Hip Joint: Between head of femur and hip bone acetabululm

List the structure and function type for: Sacroiliac, Pubic Symphysis, and Hip Joint

Sacroiliac: Synovial and diarthrodial joint. Pubic Symphysis: Cartilagenous, symphysis joint. Amphiarthroidial joint. Hip joint : Synovial and diarthrodial joint.

Ampiarthrosis

Small amount of movement. Ex: Pubis symphysis and intervertebral disc joints.

Describe the motions of two other joints that permit full range of motion of the glenohumeral joint.

Sternoclavicular joint allows elevation Scapulothoracic joint allows upward rotation

List and describe the two actions at the radioulnar joints.

Supination and Pronation. Supination- Palm faces anteriorly. Pronation- Palms face posteriorly.

Describe the differences between synchondroses and symphyses and give examples of each type of joint.

Synchondroses (Primary cartilaginous): Functionally classified as synarthrodial joints. United by hyaline cartilage. Ex: joint between epiphysis and diaphysis. Joint between costal cartilage of rib 1 and sternum. Symphyses (Secondary cartilaginous): United by fibrocartilage that acts as a shock-absorber. Functionally classified as ampiarthrodial joints- small movement. Ex: pubic symphyses, intervertebral disc joints

List the bones and bony regions that articulate to form the talocrural joint and subtalar joint.

Talocrural- Medial malleolus (Tibia), Lateral malleolus (Fibula), and Talus Subtalar- Talus and Calcaneous

List and describe the two actions at each joint.

Talocrural- Plantarflexion and dorsiflexion Subtalar- Inversion: Sole inward, Eversion- Sole lateral/ outward

Gomphosis

Teeth articulate with the maxillary and mandibular sockets

Explain how the anterior longitudinal ligament and posterior longitudinal ligament help to stabilize the spine

The anterior longitudinal ligament is very wide and long and runs down the anterior surface of the vertebral bodies and prevents you from going too far backwards or hyper extending your spine. The posterior longitudinal ligament runs down posterior surface of vertebral body, is inside vertebral canal. Prevents hyper flexion or excessive flexion of vertebral column.

Describe the relationship between joint stability and joint mobility

The more mobility the joint has the less stability the joint has and vice versa.

Ulnohumeral Joint

Trochlear notch of ulna and trochlea of humerus

Articulate

Two or more bones touch each other

Flexion

Typically decreases the joint angle. Usually results in foreward movement.

Extension

Typically increases the joint angle. Usually results in backward movement.

Structural joint types

fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

All synovial joints contain

joint capsule, synovial membrane, joint cavity, and articulating cartilage.

two radioulnar joints

proximal and distal

Functional joint types

synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis