Ancient India

Metallurgy

Science of working with metals

what is the relation between vedic texts and vedas

vedic texts were thoughts about vedas

Edicts

Laws

Indus River

Main river where the Harappan and mohenjo daro civilizations developed on

Indian achievements

Metalworking : high quality tools and weapons alloys Math: came up with the numbers we use today first people to make zero medicine: wrote textbooks used inoculations preformed surgery astronomy: could predict eclipses of the sun and moon used devices to observe and map stars

Alloys

Mixture of two or more metals

Sanskrit

Most important language of ancient india

Missionaries

People who work to spread their religious beliefs

Inoculation

Practice of injecting person with small dose of a virus to help someone build a defense to a disease

Reincarnation

Process of rebirth

Bhagavad Gita

most famous long passage about hindu beliefs

Aryan society

rajas governed villages fought each other and outsiders

oldest veda

rigveda

candragupta maurya

ruled empire with help of complex government included a network of spies and a huge army of more than 600,000 soldiers had 1000 war elephants and thousands of chariots in return for armys protection farmers paid a heavy tax to the government 301 he became a jainist monk gave up throne passed it to son mauyas ruled all of northern india and much of central india

Aryan system of government

small communities based mainly on family ties no single ruler each group had own ruler often skilled ruler

Buddha teachings

teachings reflected hindu ideas belived people should act morally and treat others well

what did buddha think about reincarnation

the Buddha did not reject the Hindu teaching of reincarnation. He taught that people who failed to reach nirvana would have to be reborn time and time again until they achieved it.

what were the 3 collections of vedas

1- aryan religious rituals 2- secret rituals 3-upanishas: reflections on vedas

what were the steps in the eight fold path

1- right thought:believe in nature of existance as suffering 2-right intent: incline toward goodness and kindness 3-right speech: avoid lies and gossip 4-right action: dont steal/harm others 5-right livelihood: reject work that hurts others 6-right effort: prevent evil/do good 7-right mindfullness: control feelings/thoughts 8-right conncentration: practice proper meditation

4 guiding principals (4 noble truths)

1. Suffering and unhappiness are a part of human life. No one can escape sorrow. 2.Suffering comes from our desires for pleasure and material goods. People cause their own misery because they want things they cannot have. 3.People can overcome their desires and ignorance and reach nirvana, a state of perfect peace. Reaching nirvana would free a person's soul from suffering and from the need for further reincarnation. 4.People can overcome ignorance and desire by following an eightfold path that leads to wisdom, enlightenment, and salvation.

Siddhartha Gautama

Born around 563 BC in northern India near the Himalayas, Siddhartha was a prince Born a Kshatriya, a member of the warrior class However, Siddhartha was not satisfied. He felt something was missing in his life. Siddhartha looked around him and saw how hard most people had to work and how much they suffered. Siddhartha began to ask questions about the meaning of human life. age 30, he left his home and family to look for answers. For a while, he did not even wash himself. He also started fasting, or going without food. He devoted much of his time to meditation, the focusing of the mind on spiritual ideas.He eventually came to a place near the town of Gaya, close to the Ganges River. There, he sat down under a tree and meditated. After seven weeks of deep meditation, he suddenly had the answers that he had been looking for. He had realized that human suffering comes from three things: • wanting what we like but do not have, • wanting to keep what we like and already have, and • not wanting what we dislike but have. Siddhartha Gautama was about 35 years old when he found enlightenment under the tree. From that point on, he would be called the Buddha, or the "Enlightened One."

What happened after the Gupta empire

By late middle 500s Gupta rule ended india had divided into smaller kingdoms yet again

when did buddha die

By the time of his death around 483 BC, the Buddha

Mohenjo daro

Civilization developed along Indus River

Harappan

Civilization thrived between 2300 -1700 bc

Caste system

Divided Indian society into groups based on a persons birth wealth or occupation

Karma

Effects that good or bad actions have on a persons soul

Meditation

Focusing of the mind on spiritual ideas

Theravada Buddhism

Followed Buddha teachings exactly

Fasting

Going without food

Mercenaries

Hired soldiers

what did buddha challenge (hindu beliefs)

Some of the Buddha's teachings challenged traditional Hindu ideas. For example, the Buddha rejected many of the ideas contained in the Vedas, such as animal sacrifice. He told people that they did not have to follow these texts. The Buddha challenged the authority of the Hindu priests, the Brahmins. He did not believe that they or their rituals were necessary for enlightenment. Instead, he taught that it was the responsibility of each person to work for his or her own salvation.

Nirvana

State of perfect peace

Astronomy

Study of stars and planets

what did the buddha think about the 8 fold path

The Buddha believed that this path was a middle way between human desires and denying oneself any pleasure. He believed that people should overcome their desire for material goods. They should, however, be reasonable, and not starve their bodies or cause themselves unnecessary pain.

why did buddha not like caste system

The Buddha was opposed to the caste system. He didn't think that people should be confined to a particular place in society. He taught that every person who followed the Eightfold Path properly would reach nirvana. It didn't matter what varna or caste they had belonged to in life as long as they lived the way they should.

Nonviolence

The avoidance of violent actions

what did buddhists believe that hindus didnt (social class)

Unlike Hinduism, Buddhism made them feel that they had the power to change their lives.

Hindu-Arabic numerals

Very numbers we use today

sanskrit word for nonviolence

ahimsa

jainism

based on teachings of a man Mahavira born in the kshatriya varna around 599BC unhappy with control of Brahmins he gave up his luxurious life to become a monk and established principals of jainism they tried to live by 4 principals 1- injure no life 2- tell the truth 3- do not steal 4- own no problem practiced nonviolence believe everything is alive and part of a cycle of rebirth vegetarians

caste system (varnas) order

brahmins- priests (highest) kshatriyas- rulers and warriors vaisyas- farmers craftspeople and traders sudras- workers and servants

how were hindu temples changed

early hindu temples were small stone structures. they had flat roofs and only contained one or two rooms during gupta dynasty became more complex temples were topped by huge towers and were covered with cavings of the god worshiped inside

Paintings in temples

finest paintings were found in temples drew paintings of gods on temple walls entrances walls and ceilings from the life of the buddha