Animal Health and Hygiene Final

What concentration of immunoglobulins is required for colostrum to be considered "high quality"?

50 mg/ml

Vaccines should be maintained at which temperature?

Between 35-45 F

Regarding enzootic pneumonia, morbidity and mortality are typically:

High morbidity, low mortality

The deliberate stimulation of the immune system with an antigen to create an amnestic response to prepare for future infections is:

active immunity

Undulant fever, a flu-like disease in humans with recurrent fevers and occasional GI signs, insomnia, and emotional instability is associated with what zoonotic pathogen?

brucellosis

Regarding the scenario. Living in a rainy/wet climate with limited manure removal is which of the following?

component cause

Describe the clinical presentation of a calf with scours.

lethargic -poor appetite -decreased weight -diarrhea

After a modified live vaccine is reconstituted it should be used within how long?

within 2 hours

Leptospira bacteria may be spread to other animals or people how?

-Exposure of mucus membranes to contaminated water or urine. -Leptospires can penetrate water softened skin -Ingestion of contaminated drinking water

Describe the proper treatment for ovine contagious foot rot.

-You need to quarantine the effected animals -keep high traffic areas clean -trim the hooves and the cracks -wash hooves before giving foot bath -foot bath with antibiotics

List three risk factors for retained fetal membranes

-twins -abortion -dystocia

What is the MOST COMMON treatment for dermatophytosis (ringworm)?

......

Delayed postnatal disease is characterized by which of the following?

1-4 weeks of age

Regarding the neospora transmission cycle. What are three possible outcomes of infection of a pregnant cow?

1. the calf with have congenital defects 2. the calf will be aborted 3. nothing will happen and the calf will be fine

normal respiratory rate for a cow

10-30 breaths per minute

The normal temperature of a sheep should be below which temperature?

104

Given the time of gut closure (previous question) at what time would you test the neonate to evaluate passive transfer?

12 hours old

At what age is the neonate no longer able to absorb the important colostrum components? Also referred to as "gut closure."

24 hours

The normal heart rate of a horse is which range?

28-40

During a male breeding soundness exam, minimum scrotal circumference for a satisfactory breeder bull should be?

32 cm

What are the appropriate dimensions for a preventative foot bath?

9-10 feet long, 3 feet wide, 5 inches deep

There are three stages of labor. What occurs during stage two of labor?

Abdominal press and fetal expulsion

Aminoglycoside drug class

Bacteriocidal

Flouroquinolone drug class

Bacteriocidal

Explain the difference between a bactericidal and bacteristatic drug. Why should the two types not be used together?

Bacteristatic require the bacteria to grow in order to be effective. If the bactericidial kills all the bacteria, no growth will be occuring and the bacteristatic is not doing anything

Which of the following is a risk factor (predisposing factor) for interdigital fibroma (corns)?

Being a hereford Previous interdigital disease Rocky pastures

Which of the following are restricted from extra label use in food animals?

Cephalosporins DES Chloramphenicol Clenbuterol

Which of the following is the definition of a degenerative disease?

Disease in which the function or stucture of the affected tissues or organs changes or worsens over time

A herd of 32 feeder steers, averaging 500 lbs are housed in a 50 ft by 75 ft pen. Manure is removed once a month, when the worker feels like it, so not always every month. They live in a humid, rainy/wet climate. In late April a few steers present with severe lameness in a fore foot. The disease diagnosed is foot rot. Foot rot is caused by a bacteria called Fusobacterium necrophorum. They all have lesions between the claws (interdigital space) consistent with macerated skin and infection. All respond to treatment with Oxytetracycline. Regarding the scenario. Fusobacterium necrophorum is which of the following?

Etiology

A clinical sign is

Evidence of a patient's condition perceived by the examiner

Which of the following does NOT require a VFD?

Feed through amprolium (coccidostat)

What is the first step of disease diagnosis?

Identification of the problems through physical exam, history taking

Systemic colostrum protection refers to which of the following functions of colostrum?

IgGs absorbed into the blood stream for protection

There are four host factors that increase the neonate's susceptibility to infectious disease, dehydration and death. Identify one of those factors.

Immunological incompentence

Vaccination of mother cows 1 month prior to parturition with a scours vaccine would be utilizing which of the four principles for controlling infectious disease?

Increasing specific resistance

Regarding the triad of disease, identify all of the agent factors.

Infectivity Immunogenicity Virulence

Gram positive bacteria have which of the following characteristics?

Large/thick cell wall layer

Which of the following describes IgM antibodies?

Largest antibody, first to arise in new/acute infection

Which of the following is NOT one of the desired outcomes of reproductive health?

Maintenance of pregnant cow BCS

Name three drugs that should never be used in food animals.

Metronidazole Chloremphenicol Nitrofurans

A THI (Temperature humidity index) value of 78 indicates:

Mild heat stress

Which of the following describes IgG antibodies?

Most abundant and long living immunoglobulin

Gram negative bacteria have with of the following characteristics?

Outer cell membrane with endotoxin (LPS)

Which of the following is the function of a neutrophil?

Phagocytosis and degranulation

Poor perianal conformation of the mare can allow for ascending infections resulting in equine abortions associated with placentitis. What other clinical signs will accompany the abortion?

Premature mammary development

Which of the following is routine course of prevention for pneumonia?

Prevention of stress and vaccination for viral etiologic agents

Which of the following is one of the functions of a B-cell?

Production of antibodies

Johne's disease is transmitted through the milk from mother to offspring. In dairy settings where Johne's disease is present on the farm, it is essential that newborns be taken to calf hutch's prior to nursing, thus controlling the transmission of Johnes. This is utilizing which of the four principles for controlling infectious disease?

Removal of newborn from the environment

What structure is being evaluated when listening on the left side of the cow with a stethoscope over the paralumbar fossa?

Rumen

Animals at highest risk for overeating disease (enterotoxemia) are which of the following?

Singleton lambs on a high producing mother

Which of the following describes an anti-serum?

Source of antibodies against a specific toxin

Which of the following describes a modified live vaccine?

Stimulates cell mediated, humoral, and secretory immunity

___________ ___________________ is the defined temperature range that has no effect on animal production or performance.

Thermal Neutral Range

The etiologic agent of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (pinkeye) is Moraxella bovis.

True

Which of the following is considered gold standard prevention for overeating disease in lambs?

Vaccinating ewes 1 month prior to parturition with toxoid

VCPR

Veterinary Client Patient Relationship

Intermediate organisms have which of the following characteristics?

Weak immune stimulators

Which of the following accurately describes the pathogenesis of overeating disease (enterotoxemia)?

a. Increased substrate from a large meal leads to overgrowth of Clostridium perfringens organisms in the gut and production of harmful exotoxins

Tetracycline

bacteristatic

Which of the following statements is true regarding Campylobacterosis/Vibriosis (Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis) infection in cattle?

bulls may be carriers

In clinical presentations of the same disease several influences may lead to or contribute to a disease state. If that cause or factor is not required in the pathogenesis of all instances of disease but may contribute to a disease state, what type of cause or factor is it?

component cause

Ingestion of skunk cabbage by ewes on the 13th or 14th days of gestation will result in:

cyclops lambs

What is the definitive host for the neospora life cycle/infection?

dog

All calves with diarrhea should be given oral antibiotic boluses as a routine practice.

false

Bloat is a result of excessive gas production within the rumen.

false

Calves with scours that are recumbent (unable to stand) are usually able to absorb oral fluids correctly and do not routinely require IV fluid administration.

false

Cranial mesenteric arteritis is an example of a pathognomonic lesion. A pathognomonic lesion is non-specific and present in several disease processes.

false

Isocupressic acid is the toxic principle found in false hellbore and will cause abortions in cattle when ingested.

false

Less efficient, lower producing animals are more affected by heat stress.

false

Monocytes, macrophages and natural killer lymphocytes are all cellular components of the adaptive (acquired) immune system.

false

Neutralization is when antibodies bind a free bacteria and enhance its phagocytosis by macrophages. Opsonization is when antibodies bind to a bacterial exotoxin and prevent it from causing damage.

false

Poor heat detection is one of the main causes of failure of a natural service breeding system.

false

In a calf with scours it is a good practice to administer electrolytes and milk feedings at least 1/2 hour apart.

flase

The etiologic agent for dermatophytosis (ringworm) is Trichophyton spp. What type of organism is this agent?

fungus

During a male breeding soundness exam, minimum motility of sperm for a satisfactory breeder ram should be?

greater than 30%

EHV-1 (Rhino) causes abortion in horses. How is EHV-1 transmitted?

inhalation

Early embryonic death may be occur at increased rates due to various factors. Endometrial disease, progesterone insufficiency, maternal age and lactation demands would all be considered which type of factors?

intrinsic

A "heave line" may indicate a problem in which bodily system?

respiratory

incubation period

time between exposure and showing clinical signs

A persistent penile frenulum is a developmental problem in bulls that prevents extension of the penis from the prepuce.

true

A vaccination program may fail due to the inability of the cow to respond to the vaccine due to nutrition deficiencies.

true

Bone marrow provides all the necessary cellular components for both the innate and adaptive (acquired) immune systems.

true

Colostrum may be frozen, stored, thawed and used as needed. Immunoglobulins will survive, however immune cells will be destroyed.

true

Extravasation (WBCs leaving the vasculature) is mediated by acute inflammation mediators acting on local vasculature.

true

Fusobacterium necrophorum is the most common etiologic agent of interdigital dermatitis.

true

Going off of feed and/or water (anorexia) is usually one of the first clinical signs of disease.

true

Killed vaccines contain adjuvants to help stimulate an immune response.

true

Laminitis refers to the inflammation and degeneration of the sensitive laminae of the foot which allows separation of the sensitive and insensitive laminae and rotation of the third phalanx within the hoof capsule.

true

Large temperature fluctuations above and below the thermoneutral zone within one day have a more detrimental effect on the animal, making spring and fall especially problematic for pneumonia in young animals.

true

Large temperature fluctuations above and below the thermoneutral zone within one day have a more detrimental effect on the animal, making spring and fall especially stressful and problematic for animal health.

true

Most common scours etiologic agents are viruses—and therefore unresponsive to antibiotics.

true

Species, breed, sex, age, body weight, reproductive status are referred to as the signalment when taking a history.

true

The main prevention strategy for brucellosis ( B. abortus) in cattle is a federally mandated program that requires all replacement heifers to be vaccinated and receive an official ID and tattoo.

true

The three categories of factors in the "Triad of Disease" are host, agent, and environment.

true

Abortions, decreased pregnancy rates, Locoism (abnormal behavior), lameness in horses, cracking of hoof walls, short manes and tails are all clinical signs for which toxic plant?

two-grooved milk vetch

Leptospirosis hardjo-bovis serovar sets up a chronic infection in the kidneys and reproductive tract, what allows this to occur?

unable to vaccinate against it

Which of the following is the smallest type of organism?

virus