Animal Welfare
Everyone has an obligation to treat everyone else with equal concern and respect
You have a right to equal concern and respect from everyone
OUGHT: Categorical Imperative
You ought to tell the truth. Obligations binding now matter how you personally feel
Which board has Dr. Duncan served on since 2001?
Yum! Brands Animal Welfare Advirosy Committee
It is hard to justify eating white veal in a restaurant because:
Calves are kept in crates which severly frustrate their movements, kept marginally anaemic by feeding a iron deficient diet, deprived of roughage although their rumens are trying to develop
.
.
Boredom
...
Frustration
...
because the benefit is so trivial."
...
docking (but this is not as clear cut)."
...
is considerable and the benefit may not outweigh the cost. At least we should look for an alternative."
...
this to be true of animals as well (simply by analogy and homology)."
...
Dr Duncan sits on which provincial board
British Columbia
Name two people from the Biological Functioning School.
Broom, Curtis, Fraser, Hurnik, Wiepkema
Block certain behavior
Frustration or Conflict
3rd step of frustration
If severe stimulation may become aversive, conflict-like situation à animal strongly motivated to reach goal and aversive being unable to reach the goal.
When can we correctly diagnose boredom?
If the problem cannot be relieved with one solution (calves with teats)
Why would a bucket-fed calve show frustration?
If they are missing something like a teat to suck on, can lead to navel-sucking or scrotum-sucking
Why can it be difficult to diagnose what suffering the animal is experiencing?
If we see it in a human we may suggest separation anxiety oppose to fear.
Self-defence by the innocent
If you are being attacked you are allowed to defend yourself even if you harm another person/animal
In Dr. Duncan's opinion why is animal rights weak?
Ignores adverse unintentional effects of humans. I.E. altering environment, growing crops, building roads, pollution
What are the two weaknesses of UTILITARIANISM?
Justice may not be done. Rights may be violated
Richard Ivey Business School at Western
KFC vs. PETA debate
Which philisopher has similarities to the idea of 'rights'
Kant and his Categorical Imperatives
What housing structure leads to frustration in veal calves?
Prevented from lateral lying, prevent engagement in social play behavior
Rights may be violated
Peeping Tom . Unnoticed but he recieves pleaseure
What people say and what people do
People may say they will pay more but when tempted may pick the lower cost
Punishment of Guilty
People who break rules may be punished even if it 'harms' deriving them of their freedom
What does this diagram contrast
Perceived welfare vs animal exploitation (production of animal products)
What was there precise scientific definition?
Physical and Mental health. Harmony with environment. Adapt to environment without suffering. Take into account animals feelings.
Example of incompatible
Pig may want to approach a food trough but is prevented from a dominant pig. 1) Approaching the food trough 2) avoiding the dominant animal = incompatible
What other university did Dr. Duncan teach at?
Pingtung in the south of Taiwan
Happiness?
Pleasure and the the absence of pain
Where is canadian egg production
Point C
Where is united states egg production
Point D
How can a farrowing crate cause frustration in piglets?
Poor design can prevent access to the teat
Disruption of parent-offspring bond
Poultry chicks never see their dam
How do we moniter feelings-based?
Preferences, motivations, behavioural and physiological indicators
What are the producers guaranteed for the product?
Premium 10-15%
What is the divine command?
Prescriptive (like bible) tells you what to do
Who pays for the initial assessment and annual inspection?
Producers, hundreds
What did scientist first believe a good measure of welfare would be?
Reliable measurment of stress
Who is in charge of marketing?
Retailer, markey clearly and attractive labbeleing with a 10-15% premium
What are the two considered real animal welfare philosphies?
Utilitarian and Animal Rights
Pete Singer (b1946)
Utilitarian approach. Welfare is highly objectionable. Father of Animal Rights.
LECTURE 11
VIDEO: NATURAL HISTORY OF THE CHICKEN
What is something that people view as absolutely necessary?
Vaccines are necessary, battery cages may not be
Intrinsic or Inherent Value
Value that something has in its own right. Only humans have intrinsic (slaves do not)
What is the issue with Whole Foods Market?
Very Very expensive
Why do we have to judge each husbandry system on its own merits?
Very difficult to tell if welfare of animals is actually reduced
How does mad cow tie into freedom foods?
Very little realtion other than British public becoming food safety conscious. Reading labels
In Defence of utilitarianism.
Very resilient. Scenarios are not real life examples. Develop rules to overcome problem. So What response.
What was surprsing about the survey results from Taiwan?
Very similar to our views even though many finacial, thical and religious differences.
What does the species have to be to show boredom?
Very smart, highly developed mentally
What would John like to see in the grocery store?
Video monitoring of the animal conditions above products
Relational?
Views based on relation we have with animals. "Dog is mans best friend. Dog deserves to be treated better than farm animals"
Mink example
Want to be near and in water
Why is inherent value foggy?
Where on the scale? Regan (1983) suggests only mammals higher than a do are ingerent
I have an obligation not to use you
You have a right not to be used by me
Bioligical Functions School says animal welfare has to do with...
absence of stress response, animal being able to cope, satisfy biological needs
Inclusion Fitness
assessing the inclusive fitness of an animal take into account numebr of genes present in related individuals
Pain (and other functional lose) of de-beaking poulty
avoidance of cannibalism
Pain of vaccinating animals
avoidance of disease
Step 5 +
birth to death on the same farm
Utilitarianism TELELOGICCAL
thory that deals with ends or final purpose, end being sought out is the greatest happiness
Animal Rights DEONTOLOGICAL
throty that deals with that which is binding, deals with actions not ends
St. Thomas Aquinas thought that people should not mistreat animals because to do so...
was to pick up cruel habits and become cruel to human beings
What is the result when motivation increases as the goal is approached?
"Gradient of approach"
Tail docking sheep
"I also think that the benefit of avoiding fly strike in sheep outweighs the cost of the pain of tail-
Tail docking dairy
"In this example I think the cost (although fairly slight) of tail-docking may outweigh the benefit,
De-beaking
"Recent evidence has shown that de-beaking involves both acute and chronic pain and so the cost here
Vaccination
"The benefit of avoiding the disease easily outweighs the cost of the pain of vaccination. I suppose
What did Mendl and Deag determine in 1995?
'there are significantproblemsin amalgam- atingallthe differenttypesof measures. . . into a single"welfare"currency'.
Unusual group size (small or large)
1 dog in a household, 1 elephant in a zoo, 3 hens to a cage, 10 000 boilers in a barn
What are the five moral philosophies?
1) Contractarian 2) Utilitarian 3)Relational 4) Animal Rights 5) Respect for Nature
What are the three approaches for the scientific study of animal welfare?
1) Feelings-based 2) Functioning-based 3) Nature of species
What is the average weaning age in Ontario?
18-21 days (production and welfare 3 or 4 weeks)
Which three will we focus on in class?
2)Utilitarian 4) Animal Rights 5) Respect for nature
Diagram
21.3
Innocent Threats
4 year old with a loaded gun
GAP has stepped standards
6 steps
What does our class results tell us about these philosphies?
95.8% of the class used three+ philophies, suggesting no philosphy is perfect
"You ought not to tell lies" is an example of a...
A categorical imperative.
What was this report and when was it published?
Branmbell Report 1965
If you want to play for the University hocky team "You ought to attend all practice"s is an example of....
A hypothetical imperative.
What is a similar to a net increase in happiness?
A net decrease in suffering
Animals have inherent value. Do not use
ANIMAL RIGHTS
ANIMAL WELFARE
ANSC 3210
What is the Great happiness principle?
Actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they ten to produce the reverse of happiness.
Why can frustration symptoms become habitual?
Activity can take on a life of its own and become a behavioural loop
What two acts does ethical behaviour include?
Acts of commission and acts of omission
What was Dr. Duncan's final conclusion about laying hens in battery cages
After observation they he found they DID NOT show symptoms of frustration
What is cost-benefit anaylsis
Analysing and assessing advantages and disadvantages to society of implementing policy
1) Feelings-based
Animal experiences, emphasize reduction of negative feelings and promote positive ones
What was a big difference between Animal Machines and The Brambell Report?
Animal machines laid more emphaise on animal suffering. Brambell report aknowledged feelings
3) Nature of the animal
Animal to perform full repetoire of behabiour
Rene Descartes (1596-1650)
Animals are machines. Animals are not sentient. Unconcious emotions
Jeremey Bentham introduced the idea that...
Animals can suffer and that iw what matters
Immanuel Kant made the following claim...
Animals have only instrumental value, cannot reason and can engage in ethical debate.
David Hume disagreed with Descartes and with Kant and gave examples of why...
Animals should not be regarded as machines.
What is the phenomenon of "checking up."
Animals will check up on familiar objects to check for changes
The argument "Sows must suffer from being kept in gestation crates during pregnancy, because think what it would be life for a human being." is an argument based on,
Anthropomorphism
EXPLORATION
Any activity that has potential to allow individual to acquire new information about the environment or itself. Usually vertebrae animals
What is the earliest age a piglet should be weaned?
Anything before three weeks can decrease welfare
What are the three types of conflict?
Approach - approach
...
Approach - avoidance
Which four philosophers developed te dominaed traditional Western view of how animals should be treated.
Aritstotle, Aquinas, Descartes, Kant
...
Avoidance - avoidance
Pain (functional lose) of tail dockin
Avoidance of fly strike
What are the two responses to fear.
Avoidance or blind panic
What does under-arousal lead to?
BORDEOM
What did he observe hens exhibited when they were severely frustrated?
Back-and-forth stereotypic pacing and increased aggression
Freedom Foods by the RSPCA in the UK in 1994
Based on five freedoms, meet standards licence is issued
Aristotle thought that Greeks were superior to other races...
Because they had more reasoning power
Why is it important to change the stimulation given to prevent boredom?
Becomes habitual after a short time
What are displacement activities?
Behavior patterns occurring out of context i.e. animals stopping in a fight to groom themselves.
Who said "Animals..stand degraded into the class of things"
Bentham, 1789
First reference to animal welfare?
Bible
What type of things give rights
Bills, ammendments, charter
What are the two schools of thought?
Biological Functioning School and Feelings School.
Very barren or un-stimulation
Boredom
Do dairy calves suffer from the disruption of the parent-offspring bond?
Calves benefit from colostrum and cows benefit from the suckling, but the longer they are left the harder it is to break the bond
How does the physical environment affect the welfare of animals?
Can lead to frustration, conflict, fear, boredom, pain or malaise, discomfort.
Seagull example of telos
Cannot always distiguish natural environment like the seagulls
During transportation of cattle to slaughter, the main welfare problem is:
Cattle are frightened by the strange environment, stressed by truck movement and noise, stressed socially by being crowded together with strangers and frightened by people shouting.
I will take your son hostage and kill him if you do not kill X
Changes things.
Thomas Aquinas (1224-1274)
Christian twist. No direct obligations, some indirect moral obligations. No moral standing in animals only instrumental value.
Pain (functional lose) of tail-docking dairy cows
Comfort of milker
BOREDOM
Complex, usually frustration by blocked stimuli
What does 'telos' mean?
Conditional rules
What did Regan say ?
Conscious beings, individual welfare, want things, we are all sentient creatures with inherent value
Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832)
Consequences of actions are most important. Did more work with humans during industrial revolution. It is okay to lie if the consequence is better. Not about reason, but, Can they suffer?
Bennett and Bentham use a utility view
Cost-benefit analysis weighing benefits to society against costs in terms of monetary unit
What is a corner stone for economics?
Cost-benefit anaylsis
THERE ARE THINGS THAT MONEY CANNOT BUY
Cost-benefit flawed
How did the report feel about intensive mehtods?
Critical made claims that did not have a lot of evidence
Name two people from the feelings School.
Dawkins, Duncan, Mason, Petherick, Wemelsfelder
Why is it more difficult to take a UTILITARIAN approach to animals oppose to humans?
Difficult to determine what increases happiness and what decreases suffering
A friend of yours has a small pet dog which he loves and takes care of very well. Then he hears that coyotes in the neighbourhood have been preying on pet dogs so he sets leg-hold traps around his property. His animal welfare philosophy is mainly?
Divine Command (it says in the Bible that animal pests can be destroyed)
Do poultry chicks suffer from the disruption of the parent-offspring bond?
Do not seem to as long as they have supplemental heat
Why doesn't the animal rights protect animal welfare?
Does not dictate how humans interact with animals indirectly
Who experimented with frustration in laying hens in the lab?
Dr. Duncan
Disruption of group membership
Dry cows removed from herd, newly calved cows returned
Contrast exploring novelty and spontaneous exploration.
EN: all farm animals show this
PROBLEM FROM SOCIAL ENVIR.
EXAMPLE
What does Duncan do for GAP
Employed part time to write standards and train third-party auditors and how to audit a 5-step standard
Davide Hume (1711-1776)
Enlightenment period in Europe. Animals have a moral standing because they learn from experience. Shy away when you lift a whip if they have been beat.
Contractarian ?
Everyone acts in their own interest. "Care about welfare because the consumer cares and we want to make a profit"
What is a main principle of being a UTILITARIAN?
Everyone involved should be considered. Over-all efect.
The fact that animals suffer in the process of producing goods and services for humans becomes a side-effect of the production system
Externality. Pollution is also an externality
Decapitation of laboratory rodents causes immediate death and so causes no welfare problems
FALSE
Rene Descartes was a French physiologist who realized that animals, like human beings, can feel pain and suffer. (T or F)
FALSE
Virtue ethics is a good philosophy because the virtues never conflict (T or F)
FALSE
One of the problems with battery cages for laying hens is that hens get bored in cages.
FALSE, they get frusterated while nesting
What does over-arousal lead to?
FEAR
How many conditions are there to Regans do no harm?
FOUR
Why did Dr. Duncan and Temple Grandin reisgn from the committee?
Failed to implement welfare standards after Pilgrims Pride slaugter house scandel
What does Dr. Duncan think of the Brambell Report?
Far-sighted
Who sits on the board for GAP
Farmers, retailers, restaurant owners, phiopspher, animal welfare scientist,
What is a cause of frustration for sows before farrowing?
Farrowing crates. Prevent nest building before farrowing.
Frighten animal
Fear
What happens to fear when an animal is backed into a corner
Fear can turn into fear-aggression
What is a novel object?
Fear producing objects and exploration reduces fear
What is the best method of weaning for beef cattle?
Fence-line weaning. Keep the comfort of the mother without the milk supply
Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)
Following absolute rules.
What falls under limited rights?
Gerry Tannenbaum, Lilly Russow, Moderate, welfarists, end up with utilitarians
What is cause of frustration in sows?
Gestation stalls. Prevent rooting, foraging and exploratory behavior
What did Whole Foods Market ( largest organic retailer in the world) instigate?
Global Animal Partnership (GAP)
What is the message given by the gorilla enclosure at the Toronto Zoo?
Goal is to give message of conservation. Gorillas can be bored so important that it is enriched.
Which species seems to have the need to explore?
Goats (most likely due to evolutionary need to explore for survival)
John Stuart Mill (1806-1873)
Great happiness principle
High density
Growing pigs in a pen
Unusual grouping (single age or sex)
Growing turkeys all same age; dairy cows all same sex
LECTURE EIGHT
HUSBANDRY AND PRODUCTION SYSTEMS
What is the moral claim in the Western view?
Having this special attribute makes human beings objects of direct moral concern
Where are the Whole Foods Markey stores in Canada?
Hazelton Lanes (Toronto) Oakville Pentiction (BC)
Miracle Mike was a rooster that lived with his head off. Made money by showing him
Head was chopped off but not so much that it could not still live
The branch of psychology called "Behaviourism"
Held animal welfare schience back by concentrating on behaviour
What does the scene at the commercial egg production show?
Hens who are close together are not comfortable and stressed
Problem with Yum brands
High up execs don't take advice
What short comings have emerged from Regan's philopsphy?
His views dominated animal rights because he hijacked the term, also his views are taken by extremists
"It is likely that dis-budding calves using a hot-iron causes pain similar to that experienced by human beings when they receive a sever burn, because cattle and human beings have nociceptors, neural pathways and sensory pain areas in the brain that are derived from a common ancestor" is an argument based on:
Homology
What is the factual claim in this Western view?
Human beings have a special attribute that makes them distinct from all other animals
No national organization
Human societies are provincial
Why would a stud bull show frustration?
If he can smell a female in oestrus and cannot access them
4th step of frustration
If mild may be an increase in displacement activities
How do they behave when they are mildly frustrated in battery cages?
Increase in displacement preening
How can housing systems lead to frustration in horses?
Individual box-stalls can prevent social-contact
What kind of stimuli do animals show fear to?
Intense and sudden (noise) Novel (strange food, plastic bag) Predator-like. Stimuli
A possible guiding philosoplhy for how to treat animals is Divine Command, which...
Is a prescriptive philosophy, has the problem of different Gods giving different commands and is of no relevance to non-believers.
What does Kant say about Rationality?
It is rational for everyone to act according to categorical imperatives. Humans have intrinsic and instrumental value because we can reason. Animals cannot and therefore only have an instrumental value.
Who is the founder of GAP
John Mackey, believes in absolute transparency
What do isolated animals experience?
LONELINESS
Cause discomfort
Less than pain, reduce welfare
Justice may not be done
Letting someone take the wrong blame to prevent multiple suffering
What is the current conclusion of battery cages?
Many hens do not regard the cage as a suitable nesting site à frustration
What was the exception found by Dr. Duncan?
Many hens, mostly light hybrid (Leghorn) strains were frustrated 1 -1 _ hours before laying an egg
Who reviewed the definition of Animal Welfare in 1960/1970s?
Marian Dawkins and Ian Duncan
THE RISE OF UTILITARIANISM
Maximize animal and human well being. "Some animal research may be justified by vital importance to cure painful disease"
Utilitarian?
Maximize animal and human well being. "Some animal research may be justified by vital importance to cure painful disease"
1st step of frustration
May repeatedly try to perform the behavior
2nd step of frustration
May show an increase in aggression
Which animals can show signs of boredom?
Maybe horses, probably pigs and young animals.
Why is longevity not a satisfactory welfare measure?
McCay et al (1939) found rats with restricted intake had longer lives. Chronic hunger and inadequate nutrition increased longevity.
What did PETA pressure cause in 2000?
McDonalds formed Animal Welfare Advisory Council
Who said "in economic terms animals are no more than reesources employed in economic proceeses which generate benefits for people.:
McInerney, 1994
What do the press do with stories about animal rescue?
Media shows cases of animals in danger.
I wil give you one million dollars to kill X
NO. Has no monetary equivalent
Discuss the History of Ethics
Name, year, key pints
What do views on animal welfare depend on in terms of peoples views
Necessary.unnecessary, acceptable/unacceptable and alternatives available
Why is it difficult to do cost-anaylisis assesment with welfare?
No common currency, interprut suffereing
A duck farmer is justified in force-feeding ducks because...
No justification. Makes profit, public demand but duck suffers
Step 5
No mutiliations (tail-docking, beak trimming, castration)
Most of us use a mixture of animal welfare phiosophies because...
No one philosophy is perfect
Weakness with divine command?
No relevance to non-believers, different gods, modern conditions
What did David Fraser point out in 1995?
No single net measure of welfare. Welfare and Health are similar. Cannot say welfare reduced 20%
Is there evidence to show that unusual grouping decreases welfare?
No, other than some possible social friction
Is there a lot of evidence to suggest that unusual group size significantly reduces welfare?
No, suspect it could be an issue but no real evidence.
Explain approach -avoidance?
Not easily resolved. Gradient of avoidance is steeper than approach. As goal is approached point of balance is reached. Displacement activities can be seen.
People who fall into the category of animal rights believe in what?
Not necisarrily Regan's method but limited animal rights
Why did animal welfare arise?
Not scientific orignially, arose to express ethical concerns
What word captures the essence of ethics?
OUGHT. "how we ought to behave"
ANIMAL RIGHTS
Only doing what is right. Some debate "Animals are not out slaves"
Animal Rights?
Only doing what is right. Some debate "Animals are not out slaves"
If you have some Relational?
Pay attention to how close you are to the animal ( horses closer than rats)
If you have some contractarian?
Pay attention to the effect of your actions on yourself
If you have some Respect for Nature?
Pay attention to the effect your actions may have on the ecosyste,.
What is the issue with the graph
Options are not available can choose to buy value added omega three eggs but may not have an option to buy welfare friendly products
How is the gorilla closure in stark contrast to the Orang-utan exhibit?
Orang-utan exhibit is a concrete playground, no natural look but lots of enrichment.
Who produced the natural chicken video?
PBS production written and directed by Mark Lewis
LECTURE 9
PROCEDURES WITH POTENTIAL TO REDUCE WELFARE
Damage or injure animal
Pain
Unhappiness?
Pain and the privation of pleasure
Panism by Richard Ryder -> coined the term 'speciesim'
Pain is only evil, moral objective to reduce pain
Increase the likelihood of disease
Pain or Malaise
Step 4
Pasture based
What was the public reaction to animal machines?
Public outrage leading to the British Government setting up a committee
According to "rights" theory, there can be exceptions to the rule of "never harm" such as...
Punishing people who are guilty of crimes and acting in self-defence if you are attacked
What does this graph allow us to do
Put a price on welfare, Unwilling to pay more for product to ensure better welfare
What does welfare refer to ?
Quality of an animals life, health, happiness, longevity
What is the special attribute?
RATIONALITY. The ability to reason (Christian view, animals don't have immortal souls.)
Reasons for dramatic increase in freedom feeds
RSPCA more known, good publicity "soaps" mad cow disease
What evidence did the gorillas in the zoo exhibit suggesting boredom?
Regurgitation and re-ingestion of food
What can high density and social stress lead to in zoo animals?
SOCIAL STRESS that can cause disease or disrupt reproductive function
Explain avoidance - avoidance?
SOON resolve, escape route leads away from aversion animal will take. May have to make a quick decision increase the time to make the decision so the choice is not dangerous.
Explain approach-approach?
SOON resolved, animal moves towards one goal, motivation takes over
...
SP: exploration with no immediate payback, seen with humans, primates, dolphins, whales, elephants, parrot and crow family.
What does the 3rd step lead to?
STEREOTYPED MOVEMENTS
Benthams ideas of "pleasures"
Satisfaction of such things as justice, responsibility and moral principles not translated into monetary terms
Young animals may be weaned early
Segregated early weaning of piglets
Man raising fighting coqs neighbors complain about the noise.
Should not keep 100+ fighting coqs within a few meters makes them constantly call
Free-range producer Joseph Martnez happy natural chickens.
Shows a realistic impression of mating and breeding behaviour
How can the social environment reduce welfare?
Situational must look and analyze each case to see if the welfare is actually reduced
Long-term solution
Solution is to provide the opportunity for exploring (does need to change)
How can we find out what value people place on welfare?
Sophisticated surveys, monitor how they actually behave, let them lay down standards, codes or legislation
Weakness of reverence for life
Sounds wonderful, where do we draw line, sentience not considered
Species-integrity view
Species have value not individuals
Contrast frustration and boredom?
Species that show spontaneous exploration can be bored, all other species can be frustrated
Long-term solution
Specific tendency, solution is to provide the missing stimulus (does not need to change)
Where did freedom foods start market share wise? Where are they today?
Started in niche, 5-6% now over 30% for some proucts
What is the reaction to each specific physical environmental housing....
State of....
FRUSTERATION
State when an animal is prevented from behaving in a particular way
Isolation
Stud boars and bulls
What are the contributing attributes?
Sub-clinical disease. Showed stress by not participating in rewarding activity. Health but stereotped movemnts.
Agent-centered view
Suffering animals is wrong because shows character flaw with person concerned
Why does the Brambell Report criticize laying hens in battery cages?
Suggested it lead to frustration because it blocks certain behavior like flying, scratching, perching, free walking, dust-bathing.
Is it appropriate to link welfare and fitness?
Suggests overtaxed the organism wil not survive, suggests the situation is so serious indicidal will die if nothing is done. Unwarranted.
Which country allows them to directly lay down standards?
Switzerland, make a referendum
LECTURE 6
THE SCIENCE OF ANIMAL WELFARE
What housing systems (husbandry) cause FEAR?
TRICK QUESTION, husbandry systems do not cause fear procedures do
OUGHT: Hypothetical Imperative
Tell us what do do to provide desired result. If you don't want result you are not obligated. If you want better grades you ought to do the readings. Ought is a reference to a moral obligation if we want the results
CONFLICT
Tendencies to behave in two incompatible ways
Why is it difficult to combine biologist and philosophers?
Terms do not necissarly combine paths
Aristotle (384-322 BC)
The ability to reason sets humans abouve all other creatures. Everything in nature has a reason. Humans should have absolute authority over animals
Why does the conservation message not benefit the gorilla?
The gorillas do not have access to the green trees and growing plants because they would destroy them, kept away by hot wires
Which production animal is the most social?
The horse
What affects farm animal welfare the most?
The last 24 hours before slaughter reduces welfare most -> FEAR
Instrumental value.
The value that something has because of what it can be used for
What puts Canada under a slight handicap?
The way the Humane socieites are organized
What is stress in 1993 to Broom and Johnson?
Therefore we reach the conclusion that stress is an environmental effect on an individual which overtaxes its control sustems and reduces its fitness or appears likely to do so.
Approach-avoidance conflicts are not easily resolved because:
These tendencies drive the animal in opposite directions and a point of balance will be reached
With regard to farm animals, the main difference between Peter Singer and Tom Regan...
They make the same factual claim but different ethical claims regarding the use of animals
Define Rights.
Things one may legally or morally claim. Being entitled to a privelge or immunity or authority act.
What does Regan say the biggest harm is ?
To kill another individual
One of the most important names in animal rights history?
Tom Regan
What falls under extreme rights?
Tom Regan, Gary Francione, Extreme view, abolitionist, do not use animals
Cotton Rooster. Rich woman with a pet.
Unrealistic, hens do not like to be bathed in water
"What course of conduct promotes the greates amount of happiness for all those who will be affected?
Utilitarian
One of the problems with gestation vrates for sows is that sows get bored in crates.
True.
What does Dr. Duncan compare the nieghbour issue with?
U of G Pig Unit, spreads manure, smells bad
Animals are worthy of moral consideration. Maximize total happiness
UTILITARIAN
Diagram aminals prefer point B (max. welfare)
Uncaring humans prefer D cheapest products
What was the Committee set up by the British Government?
Under Progessor Rogers Brambell to investigate the whole topic
What is a broad working definition os suffereing?
Unpleasant emotional states.
Janet Bonney has 16 chickens rescues a frozen hen.
Unrealistic because video shows that hen is frozen solid
Ethical egoism and Ratonal egoism
We have no moral duty except to do what is best for ourselves
Respect for nature?
We have the duty to protect not only individual animals but the species. Do not genetically modify nature
When can boredom from husbandry systems be deduced?
When primary needs are met, perhaps need exploration and novel stimulation
What causes the gradient of approach?
When there is a negative stimulus and a positive one. Gradient of avoidance is steeper as the gradient is approached.
I have an obligation not to lie to you
You have a right not to be lied to by me
If you pick Utilitarian what are you picking?
You believe that the consequences of your actions are most important
If you pick Animal Rights what are you picking?
You believe that your actions themselves are most important
Which stores sell GAP products?
Whole Foods Markey stores
Ethic of rverence for life
Will not kill needlessly
Kant and the Inquiring Murderer
Woman hiding from murder you know where she hid, murderer asks, lie about her whereabouts. Kant maintained morally obligated
Ruth Harrison, 1964. United Kingdom.
Wrote ANIMAL MACHINES. Critical of intensive farming methods
According to the rights theory can there be exceptions to the rule of "never harm"?
YES
Is there evidence to show that high density decreases welfare?
Yes, especially in poultry, increased stress.
Is there evidence to show that disruption of social group decreases welfare?
Yes, it is rare but mixing causes stress and aggression. Usually happens during transport or separating groups based on weight or dry off in cattle
Is there evidence to show that isolation in a group decreases welfare?
Yes. Boars and bulls and horses are isolated and this reduces welfare by reducing social interactions
Step 3
enhanced outdoors environment
Step 2
enriched indorrs environment
2) Functioning-based
health, longevity, reproductive, (heavilty debated)
Burger King, Yum! And Wendy's have followed suit by....
hiring welfare experts for advice
Innocent Shields
hostage situation hurt the wrong-doer and possible an innocent
What evidence is overlapping between the Utiliarianisma & Animal Rights
subject of a life, conscious, sentient, individual welfare, can suffer, want and prefer, believe and feel
When did scientist start to investigate welfare?
late 1960s and 1970s
EF Schumacher 19740 Small is Beautiful
logical absurdity that the greatest fault is the pretence that everything has a price.
Individual Fitness
measure relative to abilit of animal to leave viable offspring
Step 1
no cages or crates
Are Greatest happiness and Greatest wealth are...
not the same thing