Ankle and Foot Joint Chapter 11

Intertarsal & tarsometatarsal joints

-Arthrodial -Minimal movement

Ankle joint

-knows as a talocrual hinge joint -50 degrees plantar flexion -15 to 20 degrees dorsi flexion -greater dorsiflexion woth knee flexed due to reduction of gastrocnemius tension -fibula rotates 3 to 5 degrees externally with ankle dorsiflexion and 3 to 5 degrees internally during plantar flexion

what does the foot consist of ?

26 bones , 19 large muscles , and more than 100 ligaments

intrinsic muscles of foot

4 layers of intrinsic muscle

Tarsal bones

A set of seven irregularly shaped bones. They are situated proximally in the foot, in the ankle area. Phalanges - The bones of the toes. Each toe has three phalanges - a proximal, intermediate and distal (except the big toe, which only has two phalanges).

running

point when neither foot is in contact with ground

Tibiofibular joint

the tibia and fibula form the joint.

Eversion Pronation

which literally means turning the inside out. In anatomical terms, everting the foot means lifting up the lateral (i.e. outside) edge of the foot. When you do so, you'll be standing on the inside of your foot. Eversion and inversion are movements of the ankle in the frontal plane, which means the movements run parallel to the front and back of your body. Peroneus longus Peroneus brevis Peroneus tertius

Distal malleoli of tibia and fibula

Enlarged & protrude horizontally & inferiorly -Serve as pulley for posterior tendons to increase mechanical advantage of muscles in performing inversion & eversion actions

Plantar Flexion

Extension of the ankle resulting in the forefoot moving away from the body. Standing on tip toes Gastrocnemius Soleus Plantaris Tibialis posterior Flexor hallucis posterior Flexor digitorium longus

Dorsal flexion

Flexion of the ankle resulting in the top of the foot moving toward the body. See dorsiflexion inflexibility. Tibialis anterior Extension digitorum longus Extensor hallucis longus Peroneus tertius

Phalanges

The bones of the toes. Each toe has three phalanges - a proximal, intermediate and distal (except the big toe, which only has two phalanges). 14 bones

Shin splints

chronic condition in which the tibialis posterior, tibialis anterior and extensor digitorum longus muscles are inflamed.

plantar fasciitis

common painful condition involving plantar fascia

metatarsophalangeal joints

condyloid joint - phalanges join metatarsals

Metatarsals

distal to the tarsals are 5 metatarsals which correspond to each of the 5 toes known as phalanges. There are 3 individual bones in each phalange except the big toe has only 2.

how is body weight transferred

from tibia to talus and calcaneus

walking

one foot is always in contact with the ground

Talus

An important bone of the ankle joint that is located between the calcaneus (heel bone) and the fibula and tibia in the lower leg. The shape of the bone is irregular, somewhat comparable to a turtle's hump. The key function of this bone is to form a connection between the leg and the foot so that body weight may be transferred from the ankle to the leg, enabling a person to walk while maintaining balance. The bone also helps in the movements of the ankle, and together with the calcaneus it facilitates the movements of the foot. One of the few bones involved in locomotion that has no muscle attachments

evertors

Peroneus (fibularis) longus Peroneus (fibularis) brevis Peroneus (fibularis) tertius Extensor digitorum longus

What is the function of the foot ?

Support and propulsion

Calcaneus

The calcaneus lies underneath the talus, and has two articulations: Superiorly: Subtalar joint - between the calcaneus and the talus. Anteriorly: Calcaneocuboid joint - between the calcaneus and the cuboid. It is thick and sturdy, acting to transmit forces from the talus to the ground. The posterior aspect of the calcaneus is marked by calcaneal tuberosity, to which the Achilles tendon attaches

interphalangeal joints IP joints

The interphalangeal articulations of the foot are the joints between the phalanges (bones) of the toes. They are ginglymoid (hinge) joints, and each has a plantar (underside) and two collateral ligaments. Flexion Bending the joint resulting in a decrease of angle; curling toes toward sole of foot. Flexor hallucis longus Flexor digitorum longus Flexor digitorum brevis Quadratus plantae Extension Straightening the joint resulting in an increase of angle; straightening toes. Extensor hallucis longus Extensor digitorum longus Extensor digitorum brevis

Ankle bones

The main bones of the ankle region are the talus (in the foot), and the tibia and fibula (in the leg). The talus is also called the ankle bone.[1] The talocrural joint is a synovial hinge joint that connects the distal ends of the tibia and fibula in the lower limb with the proximal end of the talus.[7] The articulation between the tibia and the talus bears more weight than that between the smaller fibula and the talus.

Talus

The talus is the most superior of the tarsal bones. It has three articulations: Superiorly: Ankle joint - between the talus and the bones of the leg (the tibia and fibula). Inferiorly: Subtalar joint - between the talus and calcaneus. Anteriorly: Talonavicular joint - between the talus and the navicular. The main function of the talus is to transmit forces from the tibia to the heel bone (known as the calcaneus). Whilst numerous ligaments attach to the talus, it is not a site of muscle attachment or origin.

tarsal bones

The tarsal bones of the foot are organized into three rows; proximal, intermediate and distal.

Metatarsals -

These bones connect the phalanges to the tarsals. There are five in number - one for each digit.

Metatarsophalangeal Joints MTP joint

These synovial joints are between the heads of the metatarsal bones and the bases of the proximal phalanges. They're supported by plantar and collateral ligaments. They allow you to flex and extend your toes as well as move them apart and closer together. These joints can circumduct Flexion Extension/hyperextension Abduction Adduction

tarsometatarsal joints TMT joints

These synovial joints are formed between the tarsal bones and the bases of the metatarsal bones. These joints are strengthened by dorsal, plantar, and interosseus ligaments. Intermetatarsal joints: These synovial joints involve the bases of the metatarsal bones. All these joints are strengthened by dorsal, plantar, and interosseus ligaments. Interphalangeal joints: These joints connect the phalanges. They're synovial joints strengthened by collateral and plantar ligaments, and they let you flex and extend your toes.

invertors

Tibialis anterior Tibialis posterior Flexor digitorum longus (flexor of lesser toes) Flexor hallucis longus (flexor of great toe)

Inversion Supination

Turning the foot medially resulting in the sole moving inward. standing on the onside edges of the foot Tibialis anterior Tibialis posterior