ANP final exam

Enzymes increase the rate of a reaction by

Decreasing the energy of activation required for that action.

language ability

The ability to form words is assembled in Broca's area

An acid is a molecule that gives up _____ in solution

a hydrogen ion

What is a neurotransmitter and the neuromuscular junction?

acetylcholine

Neurons that send messages to the cental nervous system are:

afferent

Descending spinal tracts:

are motor nerves, Are white, are axons, Leave the cord in the ventral root

A hydrogen bond

attraction between two polar molecules

cardiac muscle cells do not need nerve stimulation in order to contract. this property is called _______

autorhythmicity

Where is myelin found?

axons

the type of joint with the greatest range of motion is

ball and socket

A collection of nerve cell bodies that stores and retrieves motor plans is

basal nuclei

lowers blood calcium

calcitonin

stimulates new bone formation

calcitonin

works primarily on the intestine:

calcitrol

inhibits new bone formation

calcitrol and parathyroid hormone

raises blood calcium

calcitrol and parathyroid hormone

the major divisions of the brain include:

cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem

Metaplasia: *

change in cell type

The superior sagittal sinus:

collects venus blood form the brain

In DNA replication, the DNA polymerase is able to constuct an exact copy of each parent strands of DNA because_____

complementary bases only bond one way

The energy for this movement comes from the

concentration gradient

gangrene

death of tissue associated with loss of blood supply

infarction: *

death of tissue because of sudden loss of blood supply

Blood supply to the skin comes from the

dermis

Neoplasia

development of a tumor

The simplest type of movement of a substance from one area to another is

diffusion

ionic bonds are the result of

electro-magnetic attraction

The energy derived from the random collision of molecules that allows exergonic reactions to proceed is the

energy of activation

which cells produces the cerebrospinal fluid?

ependymal cell

The upper layer of the skin is called the

epidermis

In children, fractures are more likely to occur at

epiphyseal plate

transport vesicles release their contents to the outside by a process called

exocytosis

The electron transport chain proteins receive electrons from the electron carriers. They must get rid of these electrons in order to get more from other electron carriers. how do they do this?

hand them off to oxygen

what advantage does a slow twitch fiber have over a fast twitch fiber?

harder to fatigue

the type of joint with the most limited range of motion is

hinge

substances that dont dissolve in water are called

hydrophobic

Water is moving into a cell by osmosis. This means that the inside of the cell is _______ compared to the outside.

hypertonic

cellular respiration transfers the energy in glucose and fats to another molecule- ATP. Where is the energy in the glucose or the fats?

in the electrons that form their bonds

Hyperplasia

increase in number of cells

The electron transport chain consists of proteins found in the

inner membrane of the mitochondria

cardiac muscle cells are joined together by

intercalated discs

The thalamus:

is the relay center of the brain

Half of the calcium in the blood is not readily usable because

it is bound to plasma proteins

a group of nuclei connected by axon tracts that originate and give context to our emotions is the

limbic system

Characteristic of epithelium are:

linked physically to each other, rest on a basement membrane, does not contain blood vessels, found in linings of organs and body parts (inside and outside body)

What happens at the trigger zone?

local potentials are summed up here

What differentiates bone from other connective tissue?

mineralization

If a bone changes shape because of bony remodeling, it is because _____

new direction of stress

New bone is produced by

osteoblasts

Molecules, like NAD, that carry energy from one molecule to another are really carrying what?

pairs of electrons

works primarily on the kidney

parathyroid hormone

Apoptosis:*

programmed cell death

if a molecule gains electrons in a reaction, it has been______?

reduced

The krebs cycle

reduces 8 electron carriers

atrophy:*

shrinkage of a tissue

What is the purpose of myelin?

speed up action potential

The DNA molecule looks like a spiral staricase with steps and handrails. What makes up the handrails?

sugars bonded to phosphates

The surface of the brain is marked by :

sulci and gyri

in a mutation, what is mutated?

the sequence of bases are changed

Hypertrophy: *

tissue enlargement becuase of increase in cell size

What is the purpose of muscle tone?

to maintain optimal length-tension relationship

As the cells move up through the layers of the epidermis, they began to die. why?

too far from blood supply

The process of copying the information on the DNA gene by assembling a messenger RNA is called

transcription

What is the role of transfer RNA?

transports the correct amino acids to the ribosome

A covalent bond is

two atoms sharing a pair of electrons

Factors that increase strength of contraction are:

warmer temperature, lower acidity, lower length-tension relationship, faster release of calcium