ANS 282 Exam 2

What are the causative agents and the characteristic clinical signs for the diseases discussed in class? Don't need to know the genus, species - do need to know if it's a parasite, virus, bacteria... 1-Ich (White spot disease)

- Parasite of freshwater and saltwater fish - All aquarium fish are susceptible to infection; once introduced it will multiply rapidly... If not controlled, there is a 100% mortality rate of fish Clinical signs of Ich: Small white bumps over the body-Bumps are due to collagen fibers (scar tissue) building up over injury sites Behavioral signs of Ich: 1.Anorexia 2.Rapid breathing due to stress 3.Isolation, or resting on the bottom 4.Rubbing and scratching against objects "Flashing" Complications -Skin damage and loss of the slime layer -Pathway to secondary bacterial or viral infection -Usually ends in death within few days if not treated Ich can only be killed in the Theront stage (Free-swimming infective stage)

Fish feeding and nutritional deficiencies Are there any special considerations because fish are in the water?

- Water soluble vitamins will leech out into the water (30 seconds) •Generally, free floating vitamins in the water are too low a concentration to be absorbed by fish(75 to 90 % are lost this way) -Fish food is generally over formulated with vitamins to compensate for loss

Can you identify key anatomical features of modern fish? 7. Eyes (Location, size, and habitat role;How do fish focus on an object? Is this the same or different than how your eyes work?)

-Fish have no eyelids -Visual ability varies between species -Adapted to suit environment -Spherical lens (different from birds, mammals): Adjust focus by moving lens closer to or farther from retina -Photoreceptors: rods & cones, in different quantities depending on environment

Understand the basics of building and managing freshwater aquariums What is the importance of these features in creating a good aquarium environment? - Stocking density

-The general rule for the stocking density of small fish species: "1 cm of fish per 1 liter of fresh water

Can you identify key anatomical features of modern fish? 1. Skin a. Scale types

-Varied in texture, shape, structure, arrangement, color.. -Deeply attached to dermal layer of skin -Morphology of scale can be used to identify fish...(4 general types of scales 1. Placoid - sharp scale with pointed backward projection•Found on cartilaginous fish, such as sharks and rays 2. Cosmoid - Inner layer made of bone, with upper surface of keratin •Hard surface tolerates dehydration, found on lungfish 3. Ganoid - Hard outer layer, minimal overlap, have iridescence from a chemical that makes them appear shiny - e.g., Gar fish 4. Leptoid - Overlapped scales, as fish grow they are added in layers - Found on higher order bony fish (the majority of our aquarium fish) Rings on scales indicate periods of growth:-Farther apart indicates quick growth (summer, lots of food)-Closer together indicates slow grow

Life cycle of Ich

1- Infection(Free-swimming infective stage)Theront -Free swimming -Cilia helps movement -Lysis of tissue 2- Parasitic function and growth(Obligate fish stage) Trophont -Feed and expand (1mm) on epithelial basal layer (cytostome) 3- Multiplication(reproductive stage)Tomont -Stop feeding -Extricate -Gelatinous wall-Multiplication of tomite

Can you describe the most common signs of Pacheco's parrot disease? o What does it mean when a bird is a "carrier" of a disease?

1-Unfortunately, the most common symptom is sudden death, with diagnosis confirmed at necropsy. -A Herpes virus -All birds are susceptible but primarily infects Parrots, Cockatoos, Conures, and Macaws. 2-Infection can last from 2-7 days and symptoms can include: -Green diarrhea (indicates liver damage) -Regurgitation -Respiratory signs -Swelling and redness of eyes -Nervous signs such as tremor, imbalance, or seizures with a rapid progression to death within 48 hours. 3-Necropsy often reveals: -Enlarged kidneys, liver, and spleen -Circumscribed areas of necrosis and hemorrhage on the liver -The skin, spleen, intestines, pancreas, and body cavity may also show signs of hemorrhage However, any bird that recovers from Pacheco's Disease can become a carrier, and may serve as sources of infection for other species of psittacine Conuresare the most common Carrier

Be able to describe the 5 types of egg layers and key tank features or management strategies you need to use to help fish of each type reproduce

1. Egg-Scatters: -Fish that lay and scatter eggs •Male will chase the female to fertilize eggs after spawning •They lay a very large number of eggs, then leave (no parental care of eggs or fry) •If housed with other fish 80% of eggs will be eat Example - tiger barb fish, lemon tetra fish, head cap gold fish, danios gold zebra fish How to protect eggs and fry of egg scatters 1.Reduce the light (reduce vision of adults) 2.Have very dense plants 3.Put glass marbles on floor of aquarium (several layers) to protect eggs 4.Use a spawning tan 2. Nest Builders Nest is usually constructed by the male, may be a saliva or slime blown bubble nest on the surface or bottom of aquarium Male guards the nest and protects fry from predators - Remove female after eggs are fertilized - male may become aggressive toward her Example: Betta fish, and some cichlids 3. Egg-Depositors: Lay sticky eggs in a suitable spot (rock, plants) then male fertilizes them Male & female take turns guarding and cleaning eggs Parental care continues when fry hatch (protection from predators) They lay fewer and larger sized eggs than egg scatters Example: Most cichlids (Discus, Oscar and Angel fish) 4. Egg-Buriers: (In the wild) Fish live in rivers and ponds in the wild: When water dries up, eggs are laid and buried in mud, When rain returns, eggs hatch Example: Annual killifish 4. Egg-Buriers: (In an aquarium) Aquarium should have 2-3 inches of peat at bottom Remove water slowly to stimulate egg laying Remove the peat with the eggs, squeeze out the water and store eggs in a plastic bag for 2-3 months Return peat to water for eggs to hatch 5. Mouth Brooders: Eggs are laid by female, fertilized by male, then incubated in mouth of females (maternal) or both parents (parental). Fish carry fertilized eggs in their mouth till hatching (2-3 wks), also carry fry in their mouth until they can fend for themselves •Examples: some cichlid

5 types of egg layers

1. Egg-Scatters: 2. Nest Builders 3. Egg-Depositors: 4. Egg-Buriers: 5. Mouth Brooders:

What are the general signs of disease in pet birds? o When are birds most at risk for disease (in which situations)?

1. Fluffed feathers-may indicate the bird is trying to retain body heat and is chilled 2. Lack of activity, failure to fly may indicate a problem, and continually partially or fully closed eyes 3. Lack of appetite or failure to eat. 4. Irregular or difficulty breathing; dyspnea, coughing and sneezing 5. Runny or unusual droppings (feces)may indicate a digestive system problem 1-Most diseases usually occur when birds are first taken home. -Once established in a home, pet birds usually don't come into contact with other birds and so transmission of disease is not very common. 2-Bird owner is most likely to bring a disease home to the bird. 3-If you have other birds, any new birds should go through a period of quarantine and observation (30-90 days). 4-Outdoor housing and Interaction with wild or feral birds

Understand the basics of building and managing freshwater aquariums What is the importance of these features in creating a good aquarium environment? - Filtration (internal or external, mechanical, chemical and biological) - how do each work?

1. Mechanical •Involves passing water through a fine filter medium (silica sand, wool, fine gravel) to remove any suspended particles from the water Mechanisms of filtration 2. Biological •Microorganisms are present in the filter •Convert harmful substances into less toxic substances Plants and algae also act as a biological filter to some extent 3. Chemical •Adsorption to remove organic pollutants, which cannot be handled by biological or mechanical filtration Adsorption = process of chemical compounds binding to the surface of media •Will adsorb metabolic waste, unwanted molecules, etc. •But will also remove nutrients and vitamins

Understand the basics of building and managing freshwater aquariums What is the importance of these features in creating a good aquarium environment? - Tank cover, light source, and bed

1.Lid: Glass or plastic, placed above water surface •Prevents dust in the water •Prevents fish escaping from the tank 2.Hood: Contains light source •Important for circadian rhythm & plants Both decorative and biologically important 1.Contains bacteria that contribute to the nitrogen cycle(involved in the elimination of nitrogenous compounds) 2.Enables living plants to take root Options: •Coarse and fine gravel •Quartz sand (comes from granite rock) •Volcanic rocks Depth is usually from 5-8 cm depending on type

Fish feeding and nutritional deficiencies o How can they be classified based on feeding style?

1.Surface feeders: •"Superior mouth" - can only eat from surface 2.Mid-water feeders: •"Terminal mouth": consumer food from middle-level water, neither surface nor bottom 3.Bottom feeders: •"Inferior mouth": can only eat on the bottom

What are the most common routes of disease transmission in freshwater fish?

1.Viral 2. Bacterial 3. Fungal 4. Parasitic 5. Nutritional deficiencies 6. Toxic agents

Macaws

15 different species, many are popular: •Scarlet •Blue and yellow •Green-winged •Hyacinth Some species have gone *extinct* in wild Origins:Central and South America Inhabit rainforests, grassy woodland Live in flocks of 10 to 30, generally mate with 1 bird •Intelligent! •Need attention, space, knowledgeable owner •"Pinning" of pupil indicates arousal

Can you explain/identify the basic anatomical features of lizards: Hearing

2 parts to the ear: [cover] -> middle -> inner External ear:Lack (or reduced) ear appendage Inner ear: •Contains organs related to balance and hearing •Contains a cochlear duct filled with fluid (as in humans) Middle Ear: •Stapes = single bone connecting eardrum to inner ear •Cartilage cap contacts the tympanic membrane •Likely can hear between 200-4000 Hz (non-burrowing) [Better than a snake, not as good as a human] •Some suggestion that geckos may vocalize and hear into 10,000 Hz range

Cockatoos

21 species of cockatoos: Yellow-crested cockatoo most popular pet Origins:Australia, New Guinea, Indonesia •Wild bird conservation act (WBCA) does not permit their import (must legally be bred in captivity) •Not sexually dimorphic •Generally white with yellow crest •Highly intelligent - need attention/stimulation •Can produce a range of vocalizations •Relatively easy to train •"Snowball" - first animal capable of "dancing"

What is "bumblefoot" - what is it caused by and what are typical signs?

A painful infection of the foot, usually cause by staphylococcus 2-Clinical signs: Foot and joints become hot and swollen, usually a thick grayish substance, bird has trouble walking or perching or bending toes 2 weeks later-May eventually eat into the bone and travel to other parts of the body -becomes life threatening

Can you explain/identify the basic anatomical features of lizards: Vision

Ability varies between lizard species Photoreceptors: Nocturnal: •More rods - sensitive to low light conditions, monochromatic Diurnal: •More cones - do not engage in low light, color vision, detail Visual acuity: Lizards do not have a fovea: •cannot see detail as well as a human Most humans have 3 types of cone cells sensitive to a specific color of light Lizards have an extra photoreceptor cell sensitive to UV light Most have fixed monocular vision •Large field of vision, •Poor depth perception Parietal eye = photosensory organ on top of head Rudimentary lens & retina •can "see" light & dark changes & detect movement

Signs of parasites in lizards/snakes? - What types of parasites are common?

Acariasis (infestation with parasites) •>200 species of mites that can infect reptiles (snakes) •Internal parasites can also infect reptiles (lizards) Signs of external parasites: •Constant soaking in water dish •Raised scales •Visible moving mites •Reduced appetite & irritable Mites require warmth & humidity to molt and grow = 1 mite = thousands within a week Signs of internal parasites: •Diarrhea •Weight loss •Lethargy •Veterinary treatments for both external & internal parasite

Skull and teeth How do they consume prey larger than their head size? If I described or showed you teeth, could you tell me how they likely kill their prey?

Adaptations to the jaw allow snakes to consume large prey Skeletal structure & teeth 1.Quadrate bone: placed far back, very flexible 2.Lower jaws are flexible, can move independently Arrangement & number of teeth is species-specific •Function: deliver venom, draw food into mouth or prevent escape •Teeth are both attached to the bone and able to grow back when Grooved fangs: - Flows from gland to prey Hollow fangs: - Injects venom (like a needle) Fangs can be either fixed or retractable

Can you identify key anatomical features of modern fish? 4. Gills (How do fish absorb oxygen?)

All fish breathe through gills -Water (containing dissolved oxygen) is drawn in through the mouth passing through the gills -Gills are full of blood vessels -Water contains more oxygen than blood, so it diffuses from water into blood

Know general turtle care & housing needs (aquatic vs. terrestrial)

Aquatic turtle care •Sale of turtles <4 inches long is illegal -Link between turtles & salmonella infections in children in 1970s •Elaborate housing: UVB light, Fully aquatic; large tank, regular tank cleanings, filtration, area for basking, heat source to maintain water temp •~10-12 inches long •20+ year lifespan Terrestrial tortoise care •Can live 50-100+ years •Large; need big enclosure, preferably outside (although consider MI winters...) •Indoor housing can be a challenge •Some species can burrow and climb well •Consider reinforcement for walls and top of pen

What are the causative agents and the characteristic clinical signs for the diseases discussed in class? Don't need to know the genus, species - do need to know if it's a parasite, virus, bacteria... 4-Fungal infection (cotton wool disease)

BACTERIAL Cotton-mouth Disease - Affects the mouth, lips, or inside the mouth (cotton mouth) or Saddleback Disease - Lesions on back, extending down sides, sometimes surrounded by a red area (ulcer)

What is growth rate like for baby birds? o How does this relate to feeding them and their nutrient requirements?

Baby birds need more protein to support increasing muscle mass, organ growth, feather development •25% protein day 1-10 •20% after day 1

Could you describe the beak trimming process?

Beak is a hard epidermal structure made of insensitive material (keratin) attached to a bone base •Maxilla = upper jaw and Mandible = lower jaw If a beak is made of insensitive material, why do you need to be careful when trimming? Bone structure is connected to an inner germinal layer responsible for growth Beak is constantly growing, depending upon the species, a bird's beak grows from 1 - 3 inches a year 1. Restrain the bird by wrapping it in a towel 2. Use a dremmel with a sanding tool or grinding stone drill bit to gently sand the beak. Do NOT sand from the tip or it will cause an unnatural shape and the bird will have a hard time using it 3. Be very careful not to grind down to living layer of the beak or it will be very painful and bleed

How fast does feed go through the GI tact? (i.e., transit time/rate of passage?)

Birds need to eat frequently •Transit time for food passage is fast (3-12 hours

Can you identify key anatomical features of modern fish? 3. Fins

Body fins •Dorsal fin, pelvic fin are responsible for balance -Most fish will have at least one dorsal fin on the back, a single anal fin and a single tail fin. •Pectoral fins responsible for steering - Some aquarium fish have been selected for exaggerated fi

Gain an appreciation of common freshwater fish diseases and how they are transmitted Why is it such a problem if the integrity of a fish's skin is disturbed (e.g., skin broken, inflamed, necrotic or sloughed off)?

Can cause infections

Understand key elements to consider when managing pet lizards o Housing a lizard o If I showed you a lizard enclosure and described some of it's features, could you tell me if a leopard gecko, bearded dragon or iguana lived in it?

Care & Management of a Leopard gecko Size of enclosure = 20 gallon aquarium at least 1 ft tall with screen top for good ventilation -Hide box should be provided, ideally with moss for proper shedding -Shallow water dish required to maintain air moisture & for hydration Substrate = newspaper for young geckos, can use reptile sand for older Care & Management of a Bearded dragon Size of enclosure = large! At minimum, 75 gallon tank -Area to hide should be provided -Like to climb-Shallow dish of clean water, and/or misting for hydration(get much of their water intake from veggies) Substrate: -Young = newspaper or paper towel -Adult = newspaper or reptile sandNo potting soil/dirt, etc. - fertilizer can be ingested Green Iguana Care & Management Ectothermic Temperature requirements: -Range offered: low end = 80 F, basking spot of 120 F -Variation allows them to thermoregulate Suggestion for adult = incandescent heat bulbs (~6), + double row of UVB/UVA fluorescent lights for vitamin D synthesis *Aquarium tank will not suffice Water large enough to soak+ misting/humidifier

Can you explain/identify the basic anatomical features of lizards: Respiration

Carrier's constraint: Expands lungs on one side while constricting on the other; makes respiration difficult

Understand the basics of building and managing freshwater aquariums What is the importance of these features in creating a good aquarium environment? - Aquarium tank (shape, material, size and dimension, and location)

Choice of aquarium tank shape: Gas exchange occurs at the surface; surface area is very important Most commercial tanks are made of glass and silicone joints (500 liters Tank Dimensions & Weight:L x W x H (inches) = dimensions 1 gallon of water = 231 cubic inches Location 1.Consider final weight of tank 2.Direct sunlight will enhance growth of algae and raise temperature (irregular temperature gradient) 3.Avoid heaters, radiators and air conditioning units

What are common signs of Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease?

Clinical Signs 1-Acute Form: -Birds will show general signs of illness depressed, off food, fluffed feather, etc. -The virus attacks immune system result in depressed immunity, birds usually get secondary infections; enteritis, diarrhea and regurgitate food and or pneumonia and dyspnea, and usually die within few days without any display of feather or beak problems. 2-Chronic form: -Signs usually appear at the at first molt (usually 3-5 month old) -New feathers may not emerge, may be deformed and break off easily or bloody (permanent destruction of feather follicles), beak and nailsmay be soft or brittle, easily break and overgrown. Death in months to years

Can you identify key anatomical features of modern fish? 5. Swim bladder (importance of abnormalities)

Constrictor muscle fills or expels gas to allow fish to maintain depth Paralysis of muscle causes fish to float

Why do lizards need UVB? What else do they need in their diet to facilitate the UVB effects?

Critically important: UVB lighting throughout enclosure -Necessary for synthesizing D3, aids in calcium absorption -Very prone to metabolic bone disease from improper care

Could you describe the function of the crop, proventriculus, gizzard, and cloaca?

Crop: -Muscular pouch, part of esophagus -Used to store food Stomach has two compartments Proventriculus: Responsible for enzymatic digestion Gizzard:Responsible for mechanical digestion •Gizzard internal surface covered by a thick and tough cuticle layer •Contractions with grit breaks down food particles •Segmentation contraction occurs between proventriculus and gizzard Recall: Cloaca is the posterior orifice that serves several functions: •Excretion of waste •Reproduction (male and female genitalia) & copulation •Egg laying

If I described a set of teeth and the way a lizard consumes its food, could you tell me if it was herbivore, carnivore, omnivore or insectivore?

Cutting teeth & Crushing teeth - Omnivore No teeth (but specialized tongue!) - Insectivore Serrated teeth - Carnivore Groove with venom - Carnivore

Turtle diet & special considerations

Dentition & Diet Turtles have rigid beaks (no teeth) •Carnivorous turtles have sharp ridges for slicing •Herbivorous turtles have serrated-edged ridges for cutting Most pet turtles are herbivores - Romaine, mustard & collar greens + mixed vegetables & some fruit [high in fiber, low protein] •Some are omnivorous (box turtles, redfoot tortoise) - Live invertebrates (crickets, earthworms) + plant components •Aquatic turtles prefer to eat in water - Separate feeding space & commercial pelleted diets can help keep primary tank clean (messy!

Can you explain/identify the basic anatomical features of snakes? Respiration

Extendable trachea: breathe while swallowing Primary right lung & secondary (almost non-functional) left lung

Bird eyes: o Can you describe why birds have better visual acuity than humans? o How do birds see color differently than mammals? (Why? What does this mean for how birds see the world?) o How are birds able to sleep with one eye open?

Eyes for Amazing Vision •Larger than they seem—only pupil is visible -Bigger eyes = more photoreceptors = better visual acuity •Use right and left eyes independently -Brain divided into 2 hemispheres -Left half processes info from right side of body, & vice versa -Leads to sidedness preferences & ability for 2 tasks at once! •Some birds can sleep with one eye open-Rest one side of the brain at a time Color Vision of Birds •4 types of cones (color photoreceptors) -Red, green & blue (like humans) -Also a cone type for seeing ultraviolet

What are the causative agents and the characteristic clinical signs for the diseases discussed in class? Don't need to know the genus, species - do need to know if it's a parasite, virus, bacteria... 5-Fin rot

Fin rot is usually caused from opportunistic bacteria such as Aeromonas, Pseudomonas or Flexibacter that found in all aquatic environments Generally starts with fish aggression (fish nipping at other fish) •It results in necrotic loss of fin tissue, resulting in split or ragged fish Bacterial fin rot - edge of the lesion is usually inflamed and red in color Secondary fungal infection can appear (opaque or white color at edge Treatment: 1.Remove the underlying problem! 2.May have to trim off necrotic tissue with sterile scissors and treat wound with iodine 3.Use commercially available antibiotic and antifungal (to prevent secondary fungal infection

Fish feeding and nutritional deficiencies o How can fish be classified based on what they eat?

Fish can be classified based on diet: 1.Carnivores •GIT is designed to digest animal-based diet with high protein (need at least 45% protein in diet) •Main food source: Earthworms, Red worms, Tubifex worms •& Flake or pellet supplements-Examples: Oscars, some cichlids 2.Omnivores •Will consume plant and protein matter •Consider live plants and small critters in the aquarium 3.Herbivores •Consume plant-based matter •Can also eat and extract nutrients from algae and live plants in the aquarium 1.Fresh cucumber, peas and potatoes 2.Store bought vegetable flakes 3.Algae flakes are also a favorite

Reproduction and different reproductive patterns o Know the 2 reproductive groups: egg layers vs. live bearers

Fish can be divided into 2 groups based on reproduction 1. Egg layers - External fertilization: the eggs are fertilized outside fish's body after being laid 2. Live bearers - Internal fertilization: the eggs are fertilized inside fish's body Internal Fertilization: -The anal fin of the male is modified (called a gonopodium) so that he can deposit milt into the vent of the female -Females can store milt in oviduct and produce several broods from one mating Example: Guppies (ovoviviparous) General terminology: -Semen from the male is known as milt -The behavior of expelling the eggs is known as spawning -Fry are young hatchlings

Birds have several adaptations that enable them to fly. Do you understand the adaptations discussed in class and how each contributes to flight? o Why are bones hollow? Are they hollow? o How does fusion of some bones help with flight? (Which bones are fused? How does fusion of each set of bones listed in lectures help either in flight or on the ground?) o Why does molting facilitate flight? (What is molting?) o Can you find the keel bone on a diagram? The retrices? Can you describe how they help with flight?

Fused Bones = Lightweight Strength •Birds skeletons must simultaneously be lightweight but strong -Fusion of some bones creates rigidity without adding weight •Fused carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges at wing tip •Fused collarbone, cervical & thoracic vertebrae •Fused pelvic bones and lumbar (trunk) vertebra The Keel •Birds have a keeled breastbone -Sternum = breastbone -Keel = bony ridge that protrudes How does a keel help a bird fly? The Retrices (Tail Feathers) •Tail feathers are stiff and lightweight flight feathers •Serve several important functions-Can also be used for courtship displays (e.g., peacock) Provide lift during flight, Hollow Bones Pneumatized bones: •Spaces for air •Air sacs "invade" the bones and stay attached for life - extra space for oxygen exchange! Molting •Birds replace feathers through a process called molting -For most species this happens 1-2 times a year -It takes place over 2-3 weeks-It happens in a pattern and symmetrically •Head and neck first, ending with wing and tail •Molting requires a lot of energy o Consider thermoregulation during molting... •Pin feathers = new growth o Emerge from skin in a tubule and unfurl from tip to base

How are some species of gecko able to "stick" to walls?

Geckos can climb walls?!? Setae = Microscope hairs Each setae breaks off into hundreds of tinier bristles called spatulae Physical bond occurs between gecko hair molecules and electrons from wall molecules = electromagnetic attraction

Can you explain/identify the basic anatomical features of lizards: Olfaction

Have a vomeronasal organ, used to detect pheromones Forked tongued lizards use this often Other species use it to a lesser degree

Can you identify key anatomical features of modern fish? 6. Blood circulation

In most fish, the heart is a simple two-chambered pump•Drives circulation of the blood

Can you compare and contrast the respiratory system of birds to that of mammals? o What are air sacs

Inhalation: 75% oxygen flows into air sacs •Birds have small lungs + 9 air sacs -While bird exhales from lungs, oxygen from air sacs is pushed into lungs -Oxygen is available on both inhale and exhale

What are the causative agents and the characteristic clinical signs for the diseases discussed in class? Don't need to know the genus, species - do need to know if it's a parasite, virus, bacteria... 3-Fish flukes (gill flukes and skin flukes)

It everts its pharynx through the mouth and releases a digestive solution with proteolytic enzymes (liquefy tissue proteins) which dissolves fish tissue >> Mucus and dissolved tissue are then sucked into the gut PARASITE Diagnosis: Visible to naked eye, or minor magnification Treatment: -Removal by curved tip tweezers -Raising water temperature to 86 Fahrenheit, add aquarium salt -Treatment baths (Malachite green, Methylene blue and formalin baths) Clinical and behavioral signs: -Hypoxia or suffocation (reduced O2 level in the blood) and fast moving gills, swim at the surface or near the aerator -Severe skin irritation, flashing -Increased slime production

Can you show me on a diagram where you cut to wing clip a bird?

Leave secondary feathers close to the body intact Leave outermost primary feathers You may decide to clip flight feathers of one wing to prevent your bird form injuring itself when flying around the room. These cut feathers will be molted

Understand the basics of building and managing freshwater aquariums What is the importance of these features in creating a good aquarium environment? - Plants - how would you prepare plants to introduce to your tank without disease/parasites?

Live plants (floating or rooted) -Utilize CO2, release O2, participate in the nitrogen cycle, hiding places, and food for some species of fish •Need about 10 to 14 hours of light per day Do not use plants from pond or lake - may have bacteria, parasites, viruses, bugs, snails, etc When purchasing new plants, there are ways to protect your tank 1.Lime it (from Aquatronics): An aquarium product effective against snail eggs and bacteria 2.Household bleach- 1 part bleach to 19 parts water. Effective against pathogens, algae, and snails- Soak for two minutes and rinse completely with clear water and de-chlorinator Or just use Plastic plants- huge variety of sizes, shapes, colors...- Use plastic plants designed for the aquarium

What are the major anatomical differences between lizards and snakes?

Lizards have legs - Snakes do not Lizards have ear openings - Snakes have no external ears Snakes have more flexible jaws Lizards have two working lungs - A snake only has one functional lung (the right)

What is metabolic bone disease (how would you diagnose it, what is it caused by, and how would you treat?)

Metabolic bone disease •Common in lizards and juvenile tortoises - Calcium deficiency, No UVB light, Lack of Vitamin D3 (calcium metabolism) •Results in: bone density decrease, fractures, "rubber jaw", soft shell, tetany •Treatment (if not too severe): increase dietary calcium, UV light source

What is a key management strategy you can use to keep your fish from getting sick? (There were 2 presented in lecture.)

Most disease occurs when fish (or plants) are first taken home and added to the aquarium* Source of infection 2: -Your hands! Always sanitize first Source of infection 1: -Newly introduced fish, plants-Should go through period of quarantine and observation

Budgies (Parakeets)

Most popular type of pet parakeet:Australian budgerigar (aka "budgie") Origin: Grasslands of central and southern Australia Live and breed in large flocks •Sexually dimorphic (colored ceres) •Range of colors due to captive breeding - Blue/white, all white... •Relatively easy to care for: Smaller & tidier (less cleaning), Need to explore and stretch wings,Cage that is longer than wide -Can be interactive, enjoyable pets -Are intelligent -If you want to bond with your parakeet, do not house it with another

How long ago were pet birds domesticated? (Pigeons specifically, others like parakeets?) o Have all the pet birds been domesticated?

Mostly Not Domesticated •Domesticated animals are distinct from their wild ancestors •Birds commonly kept as pets are no different than their wild relatives •Many pet birds are still obtained from the wild —not bred in captivity -Exotic illegal pet trade is a 10 billion dollar industry-Contributes to the threatened status of 66 parrot specie Domesticated Bird Exceptions •Pigeons have been domesticated for ~10,000 years -Originally for meat & eggs -Later for communication, racing, show •Species like parakeets, finches, canaries are typically bred in captivity

Understand key elements to consider when managing pet lizards o Feeding a lizard

Nutrition for a leopard gecko Insectivorous -crickets, mealworms, waxworms (although high in fat), offer EOD"gutload" insects before feeding -At least 12 hrs prior -Also dust with powered vitamins -(D & C, particularly) Nutrition for a Bearded dragon Omnivorous - balance depending on age-crickets, mealworms, hornworms, waxworms, cockroaches, etc.-Can also eat pinky mice -Veggies (dark leafy greens - avoid spinach) & fruit (LOVE strawberries & blueberries) "gutload" insects before feeding -At least 12 hrs prior -Dust with powered vitamins (calcium + vitamin D3 - necessary for uptake of calcium) Green Iguana Nutrition Strict herbivores-Protein causes renal failure & death - very susceptible -Calcium powder supplement added 1x week -Fresh collard greens, turnip greens, dandelion greens, yellow squash & flowers, green beans, hibiscus flowers (but no insecticide) -Fruit on occasion (too much = diarrhea) Must be cut to proper size (don't chew - just swallow

Cockatiel

Origin:Australia, close to water sources Live in pairs or small flocks •Not usually sexually dimorphic in captivity - In wild, males have yellow heads, females grey •Small range of colors - Grey, white, soft yellow •Head crest position indicates emotion -Enjoy physical contact with handlers -Intelligent -Range of vocalizations, personalities Smallest of the cockatoo family

African Grey Parrot

Origins: Africa, Kenya to eastern Ivy Coast Prefer dense forests *Endangered due to pet trade and habitat loss* •60-66% mortality when captured from wild •Virtually eliminated from Ghana •Convention on the International Trade of endangered Fauna and Flora (CITES): Highest level of protection - all trade is banned Live in flocks but breed in pairs •Nest in tree cavities Highly intelligent: •Suggested level of 4-5 yr old child •Famous for mimicry of human speech •Incredibly sensitive - behavior issues common

What are the causative agents and the characteristic clinical signs for the diseases discussed in class? Don't need to know the genus, species - do need to know if it's a parasite, virus, bacteria... 2-Slime disease

Parasite -Adheres to the skin of fish causing severe irritation(Bores into and disrupts epithelial cells - has a Cytostome) -Fish overproduces large amounts of slime in response - Multiple species within genus Chilodonella & Trichodina;can infect fresh, brackish and marine water fish Clinical Signs 1.Increased secretion of slime, usually patchy appearance 2.Can create a skin ulcer Clinical and behavioral 3.The fish will isolate itself, or rest on the bottom 4.Rub and scratch against objects due to skin irritation 5.Anorexia > Emaciation and death Parasitic infection can spread to gills: •Results in signs of hypoxia (Rapid breathing - mouth opening and movement of the operculum), swimming on surface or near aerator

Why are "hot rocks" bad for reptiles?

Parietal eye:helps reptiles select basking spot Can cause serious burns - lizards don't have nerves in their bellies to detect heat

How do turtles reproduce?

Reproduction •Variety of mating behaviors/courtship displays •Do not form pair-bonds •Do not provide parental care to eggs or offspring •All oviparous •Lay eggs on land, even if aquatic •70-120 days to hatch •"Egg tooth" to break out of shell •Embryonic egg sac is source of nutrition for 3-7 days

What is follicular stasis?

Reproduction issues •Follicular stasis: retained follicles fail to regress - Become necrotic •Egg retention: failure to lay eggs •Usually husbandry related •Difficult to diagnose - Gravid females are anorexic 1-4 weeks before egg-laying, Difference is often first seen in attitude/activity •Hypocalcemia often occurs with insufficient calcium stores before pregnancy, Can lead to tremors and seizure

What are some indicators that a reptile may be sick and need veterinary care?

Reptile health & common disease •Veterinarian should be consulted when: •Change in color (duller) •Change in behavior •Change in activity level •Loss of appetite •Change in appearance of feces •Infection/wound •Abnormal breathing •Most common cause of illness = improper management

Why is it important to understand the husbandry of the reptile (temp/humidity, diet, substrate) in helping to diagnose and treat the problem?

Reptile veterinarians need to ask questions about husbandry:What would you ask a client? •Diet •Cage size & substrate •Ambient and basking temperatures •Lighting (UVB) - bulb changes •Humidity •Behavior

Understand key elements to consider when managing pet snakes o Housing a snake

Snakes are escape artists Substrate & items in tank should be compatible with type of snake •Shaving or wood chips for burrowing snakes, sand for desert snakes, branches for arboreal snakes - no cedar, oils are toxic •Place to hide (box, upside down flower pot.. •Ectothermic: mid 70's to mid 80's (F)Won't eat if too cool •Large water dish for soaking, hydration, air humidity •Most snakes are solitary and should be housed separate

Can you explain/identify the basic anatomical features of snakes? Hearing

Snakes do not have an external ear, middle ear, or eardrum •Have small ear openings -Quadrate bone in jaw moves in response to vibrations -Movement is transferred via bones to brain -Likely hearing range: 50-1,000 Hz (humans = 20-20,000 H)

Can you identify key anatomical features of modern fish? 8. Taste buds (What are barbels? What do they do?)

Taste buds (sensory organs comprised of cells that detect molecules of flavor) are located all over the body of a fish-Increases ability to detect food •Humans have ~10,000; Catfish have >100,000 taste buds •Many fish will have whiskers (aka "barbells") around their mouth which also have taste buds (and help locate objects)

Nitrogen cycle

The nitrogen cycle: •Process of establishing colonies of bacteria to dissolve toxic compounds •Ammonia & nitrites -Highly toxic to fish = causes severe irritation in gills, eyes, skin & hypoxia(1 mg/l is toxic) 1.Nitrogen binds with dissolved oxygen (forms nitrite (NO2) 2.Ammonia excreted from fish 3.Nitrosomas bacteria convert ammonia into more nitrites 4.Nitrobactor bacteria convert nitrites into nitrates 5.Nitrates are less harmful; removed by plants or filtration

Could you tell me the difference between a tortoise, terrapin, and turtle?

Tortoise - Terrestrial, lives only on land Terrapin - Aquatic - lives only in water Turtle - Combination of both

Gain an appreciation of common freshwater fish diseases and how they are transmitted What is a strategy you can use to treat many of the diseases described in class? What's the step-by step process for this?

Treatment for parasites: -Treat immediately; secondary infections are common -Parasites are sensitive to salt; increase water temp to 86 F, add salt at dose of 3-5 grams per liter -Change conditions slowly, maintain 7-14 days -Not all fish are tolerant of increased temps and salinity -Commercial solutions are available: formalin, copper sulfate and potassium permanganate main ingredient

What is unique about the chameleon's skeletal structure and vision?

Unique characteristics of the chameleon: Prehensile tail, Zygodactyl The Unique Chameleon: •Eyes can move independently •Can adjust field of vision & depth (to a degree)

Are turtles able to come out of their shell? Why? o How is a turtle able to stick its head back in its shell?

Unique neck anatomy •Neck vertebrae & joints not fused; rounded•Allow for quick retraction Pleurodira retract neck sideways (mainly freshwater turtles) Cryptodires retract head backwards between forelimbs

What are the different types of available feeds for pet birds? o Seed types, commercial pelleted feed... o What are the drawbacks of an all seed diet? - In terms of fat, protein, vitamins...

Variety of beans, sprouts, whole grains, veggies, frui Cereal seeds-High in CHO + vitamins & minerals (Calcium)] Oil seeds- High CHO + fats- Low in protein, minerals and vitamin •Seed diets are excessively high in fats •Healthy parrot diet should be <10% fat; parakeet <25% fat - Seeds like sunflower, safflower, and peanuts contain 33-47% fat - Excess ingested fat accumulates in the liver and leads to hepatic lipidosis (fatty liver) •Budgies and cockatiels can tolerate a higher percentage of seeds in the diet (~25%) •Parrots should only have seeds on occasion Seed amounts & alternatives •Seeds may be soaked in water for about 24 hours and sprouted -Sprouting will increase the protein content of the seeds -Sprouts not consumed in a few hours should be removed and discard Pelleted food: nutritionally balanced -Should be the base of the diet -Sometimes the bird will have difficulty transitioning or accepting

Understand the basics of building and managing freshwater aquariums What is the importance of these features in creating a good aquarium environment? - Water parameters: pH, Temperature, Oxygen, Hardness, Water turbidity

Water acidity and alkalinity (pH) •Most freshwater aquarium fish live in slightly acidic to neutral pH (6.5-7) •Slight variation in pH is normal due to biological activity: -CO2 produced by animals acidifies the water (pH decrease) -CO2 absorbed by plants and algae (photosynthesis) increases pH •Important to monitor water pH for fish health Temperature: •Fish are ectotherms (dependent on environmental temperature) •Optimum water temperature for freshwater fish = 75F with 5F variation Some fish prefer slightly colder temperatures: -Common goldfish, Celestial Pearl Danio, and Buenos Aires tetra (60°F (15°C)) -Extreme temperatures are harmful to health - At about 5C (41F) almost all metabolism will stop Water chlorination & hardness •Most city tap water is chlorinated •Gill irritation + reduce dissolved oxygen in water •Refers to the mineral level of the water •Usually due to a combination of substances (measure of dissolved Ca, Mg & other minerals) •Hard water affects water pH - leads to fish stress Dissolved oxygen = amount of gaseous oxygen dissolved in water Oxygen in our air = ~20% Oxygen in water = ~1 Maintaining dissolved oxygen in water is very important •Oxygen in water comes from dissolution of oxygen in air •Enhanced by water surface area and movement In nature: wind In an aquarium: water aeration Turbidity: The measure of clarity of a liquid •Suspended matter, food, dust, impurities... Accumulation of substances are harmful to fish health 1- Reduce light 2- Prevent the uniform distribution of temp and O2 3-Increase risk of disease 4-Reduce the gills ability to absorb dissolved oxygen. Proper water filtration is very important! Establishing a nitrogen cycle in new aquarium: 1. Use gravel and/or filter media from an established and cycled tank: This will seed the tank with all of the necessary bacteria for the nitrogen cycle (generally quicker; 1-2 days) 2. Use commercial preparations of bacteria to seed your tank

Could you label a diagram of a turtle with the scutes, carapace, plastron

see photo

Can you identify key anatomical features of modern fish? 2. Lateral line

•Aids in detection of objects in water including predators and prey •Function similar to our ear

Understand key elements to consider when managing pet snakes o Feeding snakes

•All snakes are carnivores •In the wild, prey will range from insects to large mammals (e.g., earthworms, frogs, fish, rodents, rabbits, birds, eggs The size of prey (food) varies according to size of the snake •General rule: prey diameter should be about same size as widest diameter of snake Frequency of feeding depend on species, size and age of the snake: •Smaller snakes should be feed twice a week •Larger snakes once a week or every other week, •Very large snakes fed once every 3 to 4 week Most snakes will eat pre-killed prey •Freezing prey reduces bacterial count in the food and reduce chances of food borne diseases •Frozen food should the thawed to room temperature prior to feeding •Reduce handling after feeding If feeding live animals: •Carefully monitor as they can bite and gnaw on the snake •If the snake is not hungry, it may not defend itself; injuries from rodent bites can be fatal

Can you explain/identify the basic anatomical features of snakes?Vision

•Dichromatic: two primary colors (blue & green) •Visual ability differs depending on habitat and activity patterns -Often diurnal species have round pupils and nocturnal species have vertical pupils -Many diurnal species able to see UV wavelength pit viper "vision" pit has two chambers: 1. The interior chamber is the internal temperature of the snake 2. The exterior chamber is sensitive to external changes Exterior - interior = detectable difference Sensitive to a 0.002° Celsius change!

Understand the basics of building and managing freshwater aquariums What is the importance of these features in creating a good aquarium environment? - Ornamentation and decoration

•Do not use coral, limestone, marble in freshwater tanks •No metal other than stainless steel •Rocks, drift wood, wood are ok (boiled & bleached) •Provide shelter or hiding places

Can you explain/identify the basic anatomical features of snakes? Digestion

•Elongated esophagus - peristaltic movement to pass food (a radially symmetrical contraction and relaxation of muscles that propagates in a wave down a tube) •Digestive enzymes and gastric juices breakdown protein •Nutrients absorbed in small & large intestine

How do lizards shed; what is it called and how is it different from lizards?

•Overlapping scales made of keratin•Reduces water loss & protects from environment •Some species have osteoderms (bony deposits) beneath skin Unlike snakes, they shed skin in several patches

Could you describe the housing and management needs (e.g., design a cage and describe the type of attention/training required, diet, toys, perches, etc.) for a pet bird if I told you the species (i.e., general size and intelligence/space requirements)?

•Perches-Not directly over each other - vertical flight is challenging -Avoid concrete, plastic - natural wood better •Appropriate toys - variety important -Rotate & be prepared for destruction •Water for drinking, bathing options 1x/2 weeks •Proper feed •Quiet, dark time for sleep (10-12 hrs/day) •Correct size cage-Spread wings and exercise

Opportunistic Pathogens

•Present throughout most aquariums, but only under certain conditions they will flourish and cause clinical infection -Generally a secondary infection after a different issue: Predisposing factors (underlying problems) 1- Poor water quality: PH, salinity, turbidity, hardness 2- Poor hygiene such as dead fish or large amounts of decomposing organic material in the tank (high levels of ammonia or nitrites) 3- Overstocking, irregular temperature and/or oxygen distribution 4- Fish that are injured (bullying by other fishes), old, or have other diseases (stressed) 5- Improper nutrition: vitamin or mineral deficiency

Why are scales important? What are some functions of scales?

•Scales formed from epidermis •Made of keratin -Scales overlap slightly -Born with a fixed number of scales •Scale functions: -protect body -aid in locomotion -prevent dehydration -alter surface characteristic Modification Rattlesnake: Each segment of rattle represents a growth period

Can you identify key anatomical features of modern fish? 1. Skin b. Slime gland (What are the functions of slime?)

•Skin contains glands that produce a slimy mucus layer over the fish body •Slime provides a selective interface to maintain internal/external ionic balance Role of Slime 1. Protection against parasites-By making the surface of the fish slippery, and suffocates pathogens 2. A bandage by covering over a wound caused by trauma or infection 3. Reduces turbulence: Especially for fast-moving fish 4. Protection against predation: •Slime makes the fish slippery which can help to escape •Some fish produce toxins in the slime layer, which immobilize or suffocate predators: e.g., Hagfish 5. Alarm Substances: •Some species can produce alarm substances when they are under attack or when their skin is broken that notifies others that something is wrong : "fright signaling" - These substances are not species specific 6. Nest Building Materials: •In some species such as Bettas, slime is utilized in the construction of "Bubble Nests

How do snakes shed; what is it called and how is it different from lizards?

•Snakes shed their old skin to accommodate growth -Shed in 1 piece -Lack of moisture may cause shed problems •Prior to shedding, skin appears dull -Due to fluid buildup between layer

External structure of birds' ears is different from that of mammals—how?

•The opening to the ear is covered by feathers in adult birds-Feathers cut down on wind noise •Internally the ear structure is similar to reptiles •Different species have different hearing ability -Generally 1kHz - 4kHz -Particularly sensitive to changes in pitch, tone, and rhythm

What are signs of respiratory disease in turtles?

•URI & Pneumonia can occur in turtles - Bacterial, fungal; chronically low environmental temperatures •Will often see nasal, ocular discharge, weight loss - X-rays & observation can diagnose

Can you explain/identify the basic anatomical features of snakes? Olfaction

•Well developed sense of smell •Snakes bring air particles with tongue to organ on roof of oral cavity Vomeronasal organ: condensed, highly specialized olfactory nerve

What are the different types of strategies for hand feeding baby chicks? o Are there risks to hand feeding baby birds?

•What if you need (want) to hand feed? -Newly hatched birds have very rapid early growth; some species can increase their body weight 10-fold in the first 10 days - need to eat every 2 hours Remember: Newly hatched birds need to be kept warm 1.Check temperature of formula -Must be between 102-108 degrees F (wrist check/thermometer) -Water warmed before mixing -Crop burns are common from food that is too hot...! Owners may not notice crop burn until it is fistulated (forms a hole on outside) -Serious bacterial and fungal infections can occur -Vet will prescribe an antibiotic & antifungal; will suture crop if needed