Answers to OLI Questions (Cardiovascular unit)

Inactive G-proteins are bound to what?

A GDP molecule

Which hormone is not responsible for long-term stress response?

Adrenaline

Which of the following hormones is not properly matched with its precursor?

Aldosterone—Polyunsaturated fatty acid

Which hormone(s) secreted by the anterior pituitary control(s) the function of other endocrine gland(s)?

All of these are tropic hormones.

Which of the following accurately describes hormones?

Are chemical messengers

After a meal is consumed you would expect:

Blood glucose to go up and insulin to go up.

In addition to insulin and thyroid hormones, several other hormones affecting growth, repair and stress will directly or indirectly affect glucose levels in the blood. You will learn more about some of these effects in the next sections. Which of the following would NOT be involved in this glucose regulation?

Calcitonin

While the indirect effect of both calcitonin and PTH on osteoblasts is still being studied, what would be the expected effect of each hormone?

Calcitonin would stimulate osteoblast activity to deposit more bone matrix, removing it from the blood. PTH would inhibit osteoblasts so they don't remove the blood calcium being conserved by the kidney and absorbed by the intestine.

75-80% of adrenal medulla hormone secretions is:

Epinephrine

The catecholamines are one class of tyrosine amine hormones and include:

Epinephrine

Which of the following is not properly matched?

Glucagon stimulates the conversion of glucose to fatty acids.

Alcoholics typically have poor nutrition intake that can affect their intake of nutrients and often have reduced calcium and magnesium intake. The low magnesium decreases the body's ability to secrete parathyroid hormone. This combined condition would put them at greater risk of developing which condition?

Hypocalcemia

Which of the following statements is correct:

Hypothyroidism is associated with weight gain, cold-intolerance and fatigue.

What is the effect of an overproduction of growth hormone in children and in adults?

In children it can cause excessive proportional growth; in adults it primarily affects the bones of the face, hands and feet.

Which hormone is secreted by multiple endocrine glands?

Inhibits

Which of the following accurately describes the function of the hypothalamus?

It is a link between the nervous system and the endocrine system.

Why is it important to know the location of a specific receptor?

It is important because it provides information about how the hormone will affect the cell

Which of the following is a unique feature of the thyroid gland compared to most other endocrine glands?

It produces and stores its hormone for release as needed.

Which of the following is not matched with its primary function and its secondary endocrine function?

Kidney: Primary function is filter blood and produce urine; secondary endocrine function promotes satiety.

What hormone is produced by the pineal gland?

Melatonin

Which method of hormone production is going to help return the body to homeostasis?

Negative Feedback

Which of the following would not be stimulated by calcitonin?

Osteoporosis

Two hormones are involved in the combined production and release of milk. Which of them are involved in a positive feedback mechanism?

Oxytocin alone

Which of the following is not a hormone involved in regulating both the male and female reproductive systems?

PRH (prolactin releasing hormone)

What hormone(s) are produced by the parathyroid glands?

PTH

Some glands are stimulated by neurons rather than hormones (tropic) or receptors monitoring an internal stimulus that changes (humoral). Which of the following gland's secretion is NOT regulated by neural stimuli?

Pancreas

Which of the following glands is NOT a source of a steroid hormone?

Pancreas

What other ion's homeostasis would be linked to the calcium homeostasis regulated by these hormones?

Phosphate

Which of the following does not produce a hormone directly involved in regulating cell division and growth?

Posterior pituitary

The hormones of the adrenal cortex include:

Steroid hormones and Androgen hormones

Which of the following is correctly matched?

Steroid hormones bind to a cytoplasmic receptor. Thyroid hormones bins to a nuclear receptor.

A cell that has a receptor for a specific hormone is called a:

Target cell

In addition to the testes, what other endocrine gland produces a small amount of testosterone?

The adrenal cortex

What would happen to a body cell if a specific hormone receptor was completely blocked by another chemical, such as a drug?

The cell would not respond to the hormone

What would happen to a body cell that doesn't have a specific receptor for a specific hormone that is released and circulating in the blood?

The cell would not respond to the hormone

What gland produces the hormones that control prolactin levels?

The hypothalamus

Peptide hormones must bind to a plasma membrane hormone receptor because:

They are polar

What is a major difference between the production of thyroid hormones and other endocrine hormones?

They are stored in large amounts

Testosterone and estrogen from the gonads regulate the production of gametes. Which classification is correct for these two hormones?

Trophic

FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary regulate the release of hormones from the gonads. Which classification is correct for these two hormones?

Tropic

Explain the physiological mechanism that connects kidney stone formation to hyperparathyroidism.

Under the influence of increased PTH, the kidney tubule cells would not reabsorb calcium ions, so the level of blood would return to homeostatic levels, but a side-effect is increased calcium in the filtrate for excretion with urine. This excess calcium in the nephron tubules and kidney tubes can crystalize to form one of the common kidney stones that block tubes, damage tissue and cause pain.

Explain the physiological mechanism that connects osteoporosis to hyperparathyroidism.

Under the influence of increased PTH, the osteoclasts become more active and no longer balanced with osteoblast bone deposition for normal homeostatic bone remodeling. The level of calcium in blood is maintained homeostatically for normal function of nerves and muscle, but the bone matrix has lost calcium and can become thin and brittle.

Which endocrine gland receives hormonal signals secreted by the hypothalamus and transported via the hypophyseal portal vein?

adenohypophysis

Which of the following is an example of a peptide hormone produced by the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary?

antidiuretic hormone

Which of the following hormones is involved in short-term stress?

catecholamines

Which cells of the parathyroid gland are involved in this plasma calcium ion homeostasis?

chief cells

A different autoimmune Hashimoto's thyroiditis disease results in destruction of thyroid cells by lymphocytes. What would be the effect on the production of thyroid hormone by the thyroid gland?

decreased production of thyroid hormone

Elevated levels of cortisol, also known as the "stress hormone", can inhibit the production of thyroid stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary. What would be the effect on the production of thyroid hormone by the thyroid gland?

decreased production of thyroid hormone

The autoimmune Grave's disease results in antibodies in the blood that bind to thyroid stimulating hormone receptors, mimicking their metabolic effect on the target cell. What would be the effect on the production of thyroid hormone by the thyroid gland?

increased production of thyroid hormone

What is the best description of the hormone inhibin?

it is produced by the gonads and inhibits FSH release.

Target cell receptors for melatonin are found in the hypothalamus and pituitary. What is the functional significance of this anatomical feature?

many different targets in the body. Normally this sets up a circadian rhythm of metabolism, but it also accounts for the wide range of effects associated with jet lag or shift work.

The pancreas is both an endocrine and exocrine gland. Which of the following would fit with its endocrine, not exocrine function?

pancreatic polypeptide

Which cells of the thyroid gland are involved in this plasma calcium ion homeostasis?

parafollicular cells

Malignant cancer that invades the bone is the second most common cause of hypercalcemia (excess plasma calcium concentration). As it destroys the bone cells, it releases a substance that mimics the action of which hormone?

parathyroid hormone

Which of the following cells would not have receptors for calcitonin and PTH?

stomach cells

Which term would not apply to the location of the adrenal glands?

superficial to the kidneys

Most endocrine glands produce and secrete their hormones as needed. Which of these pairs of glands are exceptions, storing major amounts of hormone?

thyroid and posterior pituitary