ANT 101 Exam 3

Supraorbital sulcus

"valley" above and behind the eye orbits

Occipital torus

(Occipital bun): sharply angled occipital bone

Age and the Ribs

- Costal cartilages attach to the ribs to the sternum - Made so when you breath it is not locked and it can expand. - Cartilage maintains attachment to ribs throughout 80+ years of life. - End of ribs collapse with age; looks like it's eroded

Upper Paleolithic

- Cultural revolution: use of stone, bone, ivory, art - Earliest rock art does not have representations of people in it - only animals - (realistic) animals tend to be painted on top of eachother - Art is not within standing reach; is very high up. Are deep in holes/caves, not anywhere that people would really see it After rock art emerges, people migrate

Lascaux Cave

- Earliest rock art does not have representations of people in it - only animals - Animals tend to be painted on top of each other - Art is not within standing reach; is very high up. - Are deep in holes/caves, not anywhere that people would really see it

Zhoukoudian, China (600 - 400 kya)

- First evidence of 'controlled' fire - Charred food remains - Burned stone tools, plants, egg shells - Used fire potentially to keep warm - Cooked food is easier to chew and releases more nutrients - Reduction in teeth size could coincide with cooking (or shortly thereafter)

Paranthropus boisei (2-1 mya)

- Found in South and East Africa - 510-530 cc - Huge posterior teeth - Robust skull: sagittal crest - Large premolars with thick enamel - Grassland

Behavior Adaptations

- Increased reliance on cognitive abilities - Increased reliance of stone tools - Increased sophistication of stone tools - Potentially shelter construction - Potentially fire use - maybe fire control - Greater social structure

Sahelanthropus tchadensis (7-6 mya)

- Sahel Desert, central Africa mixture of primitive and derived characteristics - extreme supraorbital tori -postorbital constriction - u-shaped dental arcade - 350cc - foramen magnum suggests not bipedal

Orrorin tugenensis (6.2-5.6 mya)

- Tugen Hills, Kenya - morphological evidence for bipedal and arboreal living - Obturator externus groove suggests bipedalism - phalanges curved

Sciatic notch

- Wide in females narrow in males - Pelvis is very porous and one of the first bones to decompose

Thermoregulation

- ability to dissipate heat; overheating kills your brain - Upright posture drains hot blood from brain thus cooling - Could have helped with the expansion to a large brain - Vertical posture exposes less of the body to direct sun; increased distance from ground facilitates cooling by increased exposure to breezes

Bergmann's Rule

- animal size is heat related - animal size increases in mass as you move in latitude to a colder climate - heat-adapted mammals have smaller bodies while cold adapted mammals have larger bodies

Homo

- increased brain and body size - reduction in size of teeth (specifically molars and premolars) - Obligate bipedalism - First evidence of a true forehead (development of frontal bone) - parabolic dental arcade - decreased prognathism - first projecting nose - lack sagittal crests (smoother cranial vault; globular shaped) - lack nuchal crest (smoother occipital bone)

Homo Behavior

- increased reliance on cognitive abilities and stone tools - increased sophistication of stone tools - potentially shelter construction - potentially fire use (maybe fire control) - greater social structure

Acheulean tools

- stone tools - Potential hunting in later in species - earlier species probably still scavenging. - Increase processing of food materials with tools

Pleistocene Epoch

2.6 - 11 kya

Miocene Epoch

23 - 5.3 mya

Australopithecus africanus (3.5-2 mya)

450-500 cc Life in a grassland environment

Pliocene Epoch

5.3 - 2.6 mya

Lascaux Cave

A cave discovered in 1940 and containing exceptionally fine Paleolithic wall paintings and engravings

Genetic Adaptation

Adaptation due to natural selection, changes in body size/limb proportions, skin pigmentation, sickle-cell anemia - at population level; heritable

Homeothermic

All mammals; maintain a constant body temperature despite variation in environmental temperature

Acheulian tools

Bifacial, tear-drop shaped, flaked, hand axes for chopping / scraping (butchering food).

S-shaped spine

Biped: - Cervical and lumbar vertebrae having opposing curves - Double curvature brings the center of gravity above the hips - Weight of biped is borne down the spine to the sacrum - where it passes to the hips and then legs - Vertebrae increase in size downward to absorb shock and weight of the body

Morphology for bipedalism: Pelvis

Biped: basin shaped - Supports organs - Muscle attachment areas help support and maintain center of gravity Quadruped: long and flat

U-shaped dental arcade

Chimps parallel nature of the rows of teeth along the cheeks allows them to chew up and down

Cultural/Behavioral Adaptation

Clothing, fire, shelter, marriage, kinship, division of labor, grandparent investment, etc (technological adaptation)

Great Rift Valley

Earliest hominins resided in Northern and Eastern Africa Best fossil preservation conditions for fossils

Krapina

Exhibit cannibalism or mortuary defleshing (excarnation) May be accomplished by natural means, involving leaving a body exposed for animals to scavenge (platform burials), or it may be accomplished by butchering the corpse by hand

Vasodilation

Expansion of the blood vessel diameters to move more blood (and associated heat) away from the core to the surface - Flushed red face

Morphology for bipedalism: Cranium

Foramen magnum (big hole in base of skull) is positioned centrally at the base of the cranium at the base of the cranium to allow for the skull to be in the center of gravity Quadruped: right in the back of the skull (allows them to look up when on all fours)

Prognathism

Forward placement/projection of the face (at an angle)

Piltdown Man

Found in a backyard; evidence that big cranium was first thing to evolve in humans proved to be fake in 1953

Australopithecus

Gracile: smaller lightweight skeleton Small brain but larger than previous species Small canines Precision grip All bipedal, but only one arch in foot

Parabolic dental arcade

Humans wings out the teeth towards the back of the mouth allows us to chew in a back and forth/round motion

Ape Characteristics

Larger brains relative to body size Broader, flatter faces Y5 molar pattern No tails All apes have canine premolar honing complex

Australopithecus afarensis (3.7-2.9 mya)

Lucy: 375-500 cc Parabolic shaped dental arcade Prognathic face Curved hand phalanges indicate they potentially still used wooded areas Valgus knee

Lumpers vs. Splitters

Lumpers - fewer species - anatomical variation seen as intraspecific - sees all the variation that happens in homo erectus range Splitters - More species - variation seen as interspecific -

Ardipithecus ramidus (4.4 mya)

Middle Awash region of Ethiopia - 350cc - basin shaped pelvis, double-curve spine (suggest bipedalism and living in trees) - curved phalanges, opposable toe (suggests climbing) - reduced canine size (compared to modern chimps) - prognathic maxilla

Monogenism vs. Polygenism

Monogenism- there is a common descent for all human races Blumenbach suggested differences were adaptive responses to environments. Polygenism- each human race came from a different ancestral line

Shanidar

Northern Iraq Established that teeth were used as part of their toolkit - Neandertals used incisors as tools, to hold and grasp things when they needed to use both hands Argued to be burials with elaborate flower ceremonies

Paranthropus aethiopicus (2.6-2.3 mya)

Only found in East Africa (only one skull found: black skull) - Hyper robust teeth; megadontia - Extreme sagittal crest and big posterior teeth - 410cc - Likely lived in grassland environment

Orthognathism

Opposite of prognathism; flat-face with only the nose projecting

Venus figurines

Paleolithic carvings of the female form, often with exaggerated breasts, buttocks, hips, and stomachs, which may have had religious significance

Parietal Bossing

Protrusion from the sides of the head, leading to a round skull

C-shaped Spine

Quadruped: When standing erect a c-shaped spine puts the center of gravity in front of the feet - a continuous falling forward stance Vertebrae equal in size: allows force to be evenly distributed back and forth

Cephalic index

Ratio of head length to head breadth Franz Boas proved that foreign born parents and american born children skull shaped differently - Skull shape influenced by environmental factors NOT STATIC

Fox P2 gene

Required for proper development of speech and language, found in Neandertals

Paranthropus

Robust: large, heavy boned, stout skeleton - smaller anterior teeth, larger posterior teeth, large faces (relative to gracile) - massive sagittal crest - flaring zygomatic bones - megadontia

physiological adaptation

Shivering, elevated Basal Metabolic rate, sweating, tanning, etc (acclimatization) at individual level, can be reversed A body experiences heat stress and tries to rid itself of internal and external heat Initial response: thermoregulation

post-orbital constriction

The narrowness of the skull behind the eye orbits, a characteristic of early hominins and Homo erectus.

Oldowan tools

The oldest known tools, made by chipping stones to produce a sharper edge. Made by Homo Habilis.

Benefits of obligate bipedalism

Two legs provide better balance when a biped walks, its foot falls naturally under the center of gravity for the body

Problems with habitual bipedalism

When a quadruped stands on two legs it spends a lot of energy shifting its weight back and forth between the two

Hypoxia

When body tissues do not receive adequate oxygen to function - low levels of oxygen in the blood

Pubic Arch

Wider in females and narrower in males. Helps the pelvis be wide for childbirth

Osteoarthritis

a disorder in which the cartilage between joints wears away. Visible via eburnation and osteophytes Long bone cross-sections: differential workloads produce different long bone shapes

Mousterian Technology

a stone tool technology that used the Levallois technique to produce a variety of specialized flake tools more projectile and less hefty; easier to attach to make a spear

Valgus knee

adducted femur, or a permanent knock-kneed-ness Necessary to move to the center of gravity below the hip to save energy while walking

2 foot arches

allow us to run Transverse arch runs medial to lateral Longitudinal arch runs length of food Reduce fatigue fractures in lower leg by absorbing shock and force

Wide nasal aperture

allows neandertals to warm the air they breath in because they lived next to a glacier

large infraorbital foramen

an opening in the maxillary bone of the skull located below the infraorbital margin of the orbit. It transmits the infraorbital artery and vein, and the infraorbital nerve, a branch of the maxillary nerve.

mental eminence

chin allows for muscle attachments to control breathing and speech

Vasoconstriction

constriction of blood vessels beneath the surface of skin, reduces blood flow and heat loss

Osteodontokeratic Culture

culture in which tools were made from - osteo: bone - dento: teeth - keratic: horns Established by Raymond Dart: concluded they were the result of hunters and killers whose violent tendencies had left their mark in human behavior

Megadontia

enlarged teeth diet rich in hard foods and heavy chewing

Porotic hyperostosis and Cribra Orbitalia

extreme iron deficiency Red blood cells are produced in marrow cavities Iron deficiency signals body to make more red blood cells Marrow cavities enlarged and bone becomes spongy

Cline

gradual change in some phenotypic characteristic from one population to the next

Allen's Rule

heat-adapted animals will ahve long limbs to maximize heat dissipation while cold-adapted animals will have short limbs to maximize heat conservation

Cro-Magnon

refers to the earliest found modern humans (typically European)

Enamel hypoplasia

teeth grow like rings. wearing down of a tooth's enamel

Hominoid

term for all apes that are quadrupeds, that practice habitual bipedalism

Obturator externus groove

the groove on the posterior neck of the femur for the insertion of the obturator externus muscle, a muscle that is important during bipedal locomotion.

Flaring zygomatic bones

the projection of the zygomatic bones out to the sides

Supraorbital torus

thickened ridge of bone above the eye orbits of the skull; a browridge

Harris lines (growth arrest lines)

what happens when your body stops growing because either very ill or malnourished during childhood Line in bone forms where no new bone is created.

Hypothermia

when body temp falls below the normal core temperature

Island Phenomena

when mammals get smaller when isolated on an island for a long period of time (when you put a fish in a small tank it stays small but when in a big tank it grows)

Dished face

zygomatic bones are placed forward to give the face a flat/concave appearance while viewed laterally