ANT 140 Final

The elaborate Hawaiian cosmology, involving a creation myth, temples, annual rituals of human sacrifice, divine kings, rigid taboos, and feasting, was:

an elite construction, designed by and for the elite.

Sociologist and historian Jack A. Goldstone argues that the rise and fall of states:

are cyclical processes caused by population pressures interacting with social class structures to produce social conflict.

According to Parkinson's Law, some of the diminishing returns that accompany increases in cultural complexity occur because:

bureaucracy exhibits an inherent tendency to expand.

Wealth and power in the Chinese system derived from:

control of the labor force

Women in Chinese society:

could own their private earnings and personal belongings, and they had important ritual responsibilities in domestic ritual.

pursuit of private gain is in the public interest

invisible hand

In comparison with domestic-scale cultures, states may be especially vulnerable to collapse because:

they contain social classes based on major inequities of wealth and power.

The irrigation systems were especially important for the development of chiefdoms on Hawaii because:

they helped produce the surplus that supported the elites.

America has been called a "Patchwork Nation" because:

America is an extremely diverse nation.

One of the most important underlying reasons for the rapid disintegration of the Inca empire during the Spanish conquest was:

Andean split inheritance and the mummy cult.

The Polynesian system of mana:

provided supernatural support for chiefly status.

In relation to the emergence of the world system, sugar is best characterized as:

providing nourishment and comfort to the working classes of England.

The U.S. economy in GDP was the world's largest in 2014. It was approximately:

$17 trillion

It is assumed that Proto-Austronesian culture, which ultimately provided the cultural basis for the successful colonization of the Pacific Islands, appeared approximately:

7000 years ago

law of the vital few

80-20 rule

The early Hindu kingdoms and the Mughal Empire resembled imperial China in many respects, however:

Hindu kingdoms and the Mughal Empire were organized by caste, whereas patrilineages and filial piety were predominant features of imperial China.

The Hindu peoples of South Asia are most likely to be speakers of:

Indo-European

Oceania:

Micronesia, Melanesia, and Polynesia.

A careful look at American business elites in the 1990s revealed that:

a very small number of owners and managers exercise real power over American business.

Marshall Sahlins, who was influenced by the structuralist interpretations of Levi-Strauss, argues that cultural preferences for specific meats are largely determined by:

a cultural code of edibility.

According to scale and power theory, the first states and political centralization were probably created by:

a few individuals who were uniquely positioned to take advantage of historical circumstances to advance their self-interest.

Polynesia:

a vast triangle composed of high volcanic islands scattered across the Pacific.

Excavations at the archaeological site of Abu Hureyra on the upper Euphrates River illustrated the domestication process, a form of subsistence intensification in which:

cultivation increased workloads, but people could produce more food in a given area of land.

The collapse of the Harappan urban civilization, Chinese dynasties, and Andean civilization demonstrate that:

cultural continuity is stronger than political structure.

The city of Uruk, perhaps the world's first predominantly urban society, was supported by:

dependent villagers working under bureaucratic control.

The corporatization process, as it developed in the United States from 1810 through the 1890s, shifted power to large corporations as a result of:

elite-directed legislation, supported by court decisions.

Hindu distinctions between boiled (kacha) and fried (pakka) foods:

encode status differences in reference to concepts of purity and impurity.

Americans who believe in utopian capitalism assume that:

everyone can rise to any economic level by intelligence, hard work, and creative energy.

Some authorities have argued that the most important functional advantage of state organization in the Andean region was:

food storage to average out environmentally determined production fluctuations.

Chinese high shamanism:

full-time ritual specialists in exclusive communication with ancestors and deities that support the social hierarchy.

American agricultural statistics suggest that in America, cattle are:

good to eat (important in subsistence), and good to sell (an important farm product).

The peasantry in the early Chinese state:

had the possibility of relocating and upward social mobility, but were subject to exploitation by both the central government and local elites.

The Inca ruler resembled the Hawaiian king in that both:

headed royal lineages, were treated like gods, and wielded significant power.

According to Adam Smith in Wealth of Nations, landlords and manufacturers enjoyed a strategic advantage over laborers, because the landlords and manufacturers:

held larger stockpiles of wealth

According to Dumont, the three basic aspects of caste are:

hierarchy, separation, and division of labor.

business corporations that own other businesses

holding companies

Given their likely labor costs and different functional benefits, which of the following capital projects would the ruler of a typical ancient state likely undertake first?

irrigation canals

The mass sacrifice of children in the Chimú kingdom on the Peruvian Coast seems to have been an extreme response to the environmental disruptions caused by an El Niño (ENSO) climate event, but from a scale and power perspective, it

is an example of the politicization process coopting the humanization process.

From a cultural materialist perspective, Hawaii would be a likely place for chiefdoms to develop because:

it has rich environment resources

What proportion of Americans ages 12 and under reported any alcohol use over a past month in 2014?

just over half

The underlying cultural changes that transformed American business between 1850 and 1890 were directed by:

large investors and corporate boards who hired professional managers to run ever larger-scale business enterprises.

The market economy may be characterized as "disembodied" because it is based on a cultural assumption that:

links social well-being to individual self-interest and economic growth.

A striking aspect of the production and distribution of goods in Dynastic Mesopotamia, in comparison with the situation in domestic-scale societies, was that in Mesopotamia:

many full-time craft specialists probably worked for rations under the direction of the temple-palace bureaucracy.

Which of the following would give the earliest warning of an impending system collapse?

marginal returns decline

What Marshall Sahilins calls "the industrial revelation" is the realization that:

material progress increased human needs, leaving people perpetually unsatisfied.

Which of the following production systems requires the largest labor force to produce a given harvest?

multicrop

In sharp contrast to the production/consumption situation in the tribal world, industrial production and the market economy means that in American culture:

needs are culturally increased above the level that can ever be satisfied.

The economic systems of both Mesopotamia and Inca Peru are best characterized as:

non-market, non-monetary economies.

market dominated by only a few producers/sellers

oligopoly

Budweiser, America's "King of Beers," is:

owned by Belgian-based AB InBev, the world's largest brewer.

Probably the most basic underlying determinant of agricultural intensification is:

political factors such as taxation

In regard to India's famous sacred cow complex, Marvin Harris argues that:

practical economic choices by poor farmers are more important determinants of cattle practices than strictly religious considerations.

It seems likely that the redistribution system on Hawaii:

primarily benefited the elite, not the commoners.

The problem of diminishing returns suggests that state collapse may ultimately be attributed to:

prohibitive cost of maintaining cultural complexity.

widely dispersed ownership

socialized property

Among the most prominent features of the Andean imperial tradition are:

state organization, intensive agriculture, and monumental architecture.

The functionally most important underlying feature of civilization is:

the centralization of political power.

According to Karl Marx, the capitalist mode of production was created by:

the emergence of a monetary market for labor.

cheifdoms

the first politically-centralized societies.

As economic growth proceeded, and elites constructed the core institutions of capitalism in England between 1688 and 1812:

the number of poor households increased at a faster rate than either maintenance or elite households.

As a cultural materialist, Marvin Harris attributes the decline in the quality of American life, underway since the 1970s, to:

the rise of oligopolies and the shift from the production of goods to the production of services and information.

The 80-20 rule is that:

the top 20 percent of drinkers consume 80 percent of the alcohol.

A kin-ordered mode of production predominates in:

the tribal world

The chiefs on Tikopia derived their authority from:

their religious position as hereditary representatives of important ancestral deities.

A forty percent controlling interest of AB InBev, the world's largest brewer, was actually held by:

three Brazilian billionaires.

When the peasantry produces its own food while the state extracts the surplus, it is called:

tributary mode of production.

Stratified societies:

unequal access to both high social status and basic resources.

A close look at the costs and benefits of the British Empire suggests that by 1880 the colonial system:

was becoming a costly liability for European governments.

The open-fields system in pre-industrial Europe:

was essentially a tribal land holding system that sustained relatively self-sufficient peasants.

Historians who examined property ownership throughout nineteenth-century America concluded that:

wealth was heavily concentrated at the top of the social hierarchy, but there was still significant upward mobility.