ANT 2410 Midterm
Anthropology focuses primarily on the study of human cultures in the past.
False
According to Farmer, HIV and AIDS rates are higher among young adults in Haiti when compared to "age matched North Americans", or people the same age in the U.S. What reason does he give for the higher rates in Haiti?
Haitians experience higher rates of poverty. Those who migrated to the city for jobs, and had sexual partners who were "non-peasants", were more likely to get HIV
What core ethnographic method is mentioned as important in distinguishing anthropological fieldwork from other kinds of travel and research in both the Guneratne and Bjork (Nepal) and Baines (Belize) articles?
Participant observation
Which of the following are one of the "modes of subsistence" that humans use to produce and distribute food? Check all that apply.
Pastoralism Horticulture Foraging Intensive Agriculture
The idea that language makes it possible to communicate and think about things that are not there, or don't even exist is called _________.
abstraction
The ability of individuals and/or groups "to contest cultural norms, values, mental maps of reality, symbols, institutions, and structures of power" is known as:
agency.
Which of the following can be considered forms of ethnomedicine? Select all that apply
amchi medicine in northern India biomedicine in the United States spiritual-based healing in Hmong societies Chinese medicine in the United States
"The individual patient's experience of sickness" is best known as which of the following?
an illness
Geertz relates rich details of the ritual of cockfights held by men in Bali. He states that the birds are a metaphor for masculinity and at the same time, they represent the powers of ___________________.
animality and "Darkness"
An anthropologist has started a project comparing ethnographic data about educational techniques in Lesotho to data about educational techniques in New York City. This process is known as:
ethnology
Chan has started a project comparing ethnographic data about health care practices from a village in Mozambique to data about similar techniques in rural Kentucky. This process is known as:
ethnology.
Paula is a medical anthropologist who documents and describes local use of healing plants in the Peruvian Andes. Which of the following terms best describes her research?
ethnopharmacology
Anthropologists try to make the ______ strange.
familiar
Which of the following can be considered a culture? Select all that apply
fans of a sports team students at a particular college or university citizens of a nation
What types of evidence give us clues about the origins of human language? Select all that apply.
fossilized brain casts that reveal brain development early art found on cave walls tools made in a specific way, found over a wide range
No "isolated" communities exist that we can study as independent, standalone "cultures". This is mainly because all peoples everywhere have been affected by colonialism and __________.
globalization
According to David Harrison, while the process of ______ has forced many languages into ______ , it also offers for opportunities for these languages to spread via new media.
globilization extinction
Paul Farmer's work in Haiti: (select all that apply)
has expanded to many other sites around the world illustrates the importance of structural and material factors in determining health outcomes uses anthropology as a "tool for intervention"
Which of the following are listed in your chapter as ways in which globalization is transforming culture? Select all that apply.
homogenization two-way transference of culture through migration increased cosmopolitanism
In his article, Jared Diamond uses the example of the "fall" or collapse of the Ancient Maya Empire to illustrate the fact that: In his article, Jared Diamond uses the example of the "fall" or collapse of the Ancient Maya Empire to illustrate the fact that:
human needs and the health of the environment are linked through chains of cause and effect
In his article, Jared Diamond uses the example of the fall or collapse of the Ancient Maya Empire to illustrate the fact that:
human needs and the health of the environment are linked through chains of cause and effect
Like many anthropologists, all the authors of this week's articles conducted their research with "traditional" communities. From what they have written, what best describes what "traditional" means in an ethnographic context?
keeping many practices used by their ancestors while incorporating new ideas and items from interactions with other cultural groups
Which of the following are associated with at least some nonhuman primates? Select all that apply.
language productivity displacement call system
An anthropologist is studying how words transmitted via social media have been used both to resist and to uphold power during recent revolutionary periods in Libya, Egypt, and the Sudan. This anthropologist would most likely classify herself as a:
linguistic anthropologist
There are many roles that applied anthropologists play in carrying out their work. Check the boxes next to the roles mentioned in the lecture presentation.
mediator advocate cultural broker
Which of the following terms best describes the intersection of multiple cultural approaches to healing?
medical pluralism
Globalization refers to the process by which _______ have become more connected and integrated within and across nations.
money people ideas goods
Based on the reading on "Sustainability", sustainable development should be centered around considering and incorporating the needs of __________.
natural resources indigenous communities local people
Diamond explains to his readers that one reason leaders in both ancient and present-day societies have not acted to address pressing environmental problems is because:
of the difficulty in recognizing the seriousness of a slow, gradual change that will ultimately have disastrous consequences. In his article, Jared Diamond uses the example of the "fall" or collapse of the Ancient Maya Empire to illustrate the fact that:
Childbirth can vary across cultural contexts. One key way that the experience is different between the U.S., Yucatan, Mexico, Sweden and Holland are the ways _______________ is viewed and managed.
pain from labor
Carlos is an anthropologist who wants to learn more about American college student culture. He decided to enroll in a college, take classes, live in a dorm, and interact with students. This ethnographic technique is best known as:
participant observation.
The four subfields of anthropology are cultural, linguistic, archaeology, and
physical
A farmer encounters several bones while plowing his field and wants to know if the bones are human. Which type of anthropologist should he call?
physical anthropologist
Ethnobotany looks at the way people use, perceive, categorize and assign meaning to _______ .
plants
The "ability or potential to bring about changes through action or influence" is also known as ______.
power
The three main systems of exchange are reciprocity, market exchange and ________.
redistribution
Anthropological descriptions of cultural groups often include discussions of the role of the anthropologist herself in conducting the research. This provides important context to the reader, and is a concept known as:
reflexivity
In the Anthropology News posts about entering and leaving "the field," what facet of ethnographic fieldwork did both authors discuss as one of their primary considerations?
relationship building with community members
According to the author, which of the following pieces of legislation currently threatens the survival of Native American languages in the United States?
Proposition 203
The one component of economic systems that is found in all human populations is _____________.
Reciprocity
Which of the following did NOT help with the survival of some American Indian languages to the 21st century?
government residential school programs in the late 19th and early 20th centuries
Franz Boas believed that cultures develop in different ways because of the unique and complex sets of issues and situations that members of the cultural group face over time. This way of understanding cultural differences came to be known as:
historical particularism
The five basic ways of producing food are foraging, pastoralism, ________, agriculture, industrialized agriculture.
horticulture
The reason that people in the U.S. have a larger ecological footprint than people living in countries such as India or Lesotho is due to their __________________.
involvement in consumer capitalism
Writing assignments in college courses give students opportunities to practice writing in an academic tone. This tone is considered a reflection of the prestige language in vogue in society at a given time. It is also very different from the language you'd use when conversing with others at a party or via text message. What term best describes your ability to navigate these different linguistic situations?
Code Switching
The concept of a ________ is the idea that people have images, knowledge, and concepts of the physical landscape that affect how they actually interact with it.
Cultural Landscape
The older residents of Do Kay, a village in rural Haiti, believe _____________ was a root cause of their poverty
a hydro-electric dam
With increased migration around the globe, cultural diversity is disappearing and the future of anthropological study is uncertain.
False
One the most challenging aspects of carrying out ethnographic field research is negotiating the multiple roles that anthropologists may play in our field sites.
True
Rural Haitian women have an increased risk of developing HIV if they have had sex with a soldier or truck driver, lived in Port-au-Prince, and/or worked as a domestic.
True
Speaking an indigenous language assists individuals in maintaining Native American identities.
True
Though defined in many ways by researchers and the public, the term "sustainability" generally refers to whether natural resources are used in a way that allows future generations to meet their needs and quality of life.
True
Traditional ecological knowledge can provide an effective basis for managing resources because it is closely tied to particular environment
True
Consider the varied cultural approaches to confronting pain during childbirth in the United States, Sweden, the Netherlands, and the Yucatán (Mexico). According to Brigitte Jordan and Robbie Davis-Floyd's 1993 study Birth in Four Cultures, in which of these is receiving pain medication seen as the result of a negotiation between patient and physician?
United States
Which of the following statements about fieldwork are correct? Select all that apply.
Fieldwork begins with people. Fieldwork shapes the anthropologist. Fieldwork can be considered both social science and art.
What is the first step of ethnographic fieldwork?
Literature review
Which of the following attributes makes anthropology unique among the sciences? Select all that apply.
-Anthropology is global in scope. -Anthropologists study both people and the structures of power. -Anthropologists believe that all humans are connected.
Paulo's physician has diagnosed him with a case of influenza (the flu). Anthropologically, which term best describes Paulo's condition?
a disease
Approximately ____ indigenous languages are spoken in the United States today. This is about ____ the number spoken in the same territory when Europeans first reached the Americas.
150, 1/2
The emphasis on fieldwork in anthropology began in the:
1900s
Which of the following attributes are associated with culture? Select all that apply.
Culture is constantly changing Core cultural beliefs are often challenged The human capacity for sharing and learning culture is unique among animal species
Which of the following is suggested by the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?
Different languages create different ways of thinking.
The five most important properties of language are multimedia potential, discreteness, arbitrariness, productivity and ___________.
Displacement
Which statement is at the core of the American Anthropological Association's statement on ethics?
Do no harm
Anthropologists are increasingly worried about sharing their findings with the public or making policy recommendations because of the complexity of problems we face in the world today.
False
Foodways are tied closely with culture and personal identity, and therefore, almost never change over time.
False
Nancy Scheper-Hughes calls anthropology a "Renaissance profession" because she believes it is more art than science.
False
Proxemics is the study of the role of bodily motions and expression in human societies.
False
The "Cargo system" is a type of market exchange.
False
The author, Jon Reyhner, believes that a mulitlingual society is at the root of ethnic violence in the U.S
False
"Slash and burn" agriculture is also known as ______________.
Swidden Agriculture
What similar approach do Geertz ("Balinese Cockfight") and Arens ("Pro Football") use to better understand two very different cultural events?
a focus on the importance of symbols and rituals
Which of the following would be considered paralanguage? Select all that apply.
a guttural sound, such as a scream
What do ethnographic researchers Reeser (who wrote "Reflections on Beginnings") and Baines (who wrote "Extraction from Immersion about leaving the field) have in common?
They both conducted their studies with Indigenous communities in southern Belize.
Curtis wants to study how teachers in an urban high school feel about administrators such as the principal and superintendent. He wants to use a hidden camera in the teachers' lounge to capture teacher comments, then, in his report, to describe how these comments differ between teachers in different disciplines such as math, English, etc. Which of the following statements would apply to this scenario? Select all that apply.
This study is not ethical because there is no plan for obtaining informed consent This study is not ethical because listing teacher comments according to discipline fails to preserve anonymity.
"Ethnography" can refer to the process of collecting data, carrying out fieldwork, OR the book that is written as a result.
True
Farmer argues that one reason HIV rates are high for women in Haiti is that women in Haiti don't have the authority, or "agency", to demand that men wear condoms, and need methods of protection that do not require a man's consent.
True
For each man involved, the cockfight symbolizes a struggle for status, respect, and dignity, yet the outcome does not really impact their lives that much in the long run.
True
In the article "Professional Football", the author claims that in many societies, as men prepare for many types of "male only" rituals, sexual contact with females is often avoided.
True
In the opinion piece, "When Societies Fall" the journalist describes the negative reaction of some archaeologists to Jared Diamond's research. TRUE OR FALSE?: The main criticism the archaeologists interviewed for this story have is that Diamond's theories make it appear that no one is to blame when societies fall-it's all simply a matter of geography.
True
Jared Diamond explains that one of the key problems that arose in the ancient Maya city of Copan was deforestation in the upland slopes of the valley where it is situated, leading to soil degradation in the valley bottom and less productive farming.
True
Jared Diamond explains that one of the key problems that arose in the ancient Maya city of Copan was deforestation in the upland slopes of the valley where it is situated, leading to soil degradation in the valley bottom and less productive farming./div
True
Diamond presents evidence that ____________ may have been an important "trigger" that contributed to the collapse of the ancient Maya empire.
climate change in the form of a mega-drought
Diamond presents evidence that ____________ may have been an important trigger that contributed to the collapse of the ancient Maya empire.
climate change in the form of a mega-drought
Holly Barker's research in the Marshall Islands illustrates the important and complicated connections between all of the following except:
cultural anthropology and historical archaeology
Farmer explains that when anthropologists were asked to study the causes of high rates of HIV in Haiti, epidemiologists and other scientists thought it must be related to certain sexual practices or religious beliefs like "voodoo". He says that the most fundamental reason that HIV is an epidemic there is due to:
deepening poverty which is the result of historical and present-day inequalities between rural and urban populations.
According to Palfrey and Gaffer, which of the following terms applies to "a generation of people—including many of you reading this book—born after 1980 who have been raised in the digital age and have spent their entire lives thinking digitally"?
digital natives
Which of the theories below sees power differentials between males and females in a society as a foundation for gender-based differences in language?
dominance model
Which of the following terms refers to the process of learning culture?
enculturation
Which of the following are potential roles for medical anthropologists? Select all that apply.
establishing a public health system in central Haiti discovering how a particular disease is tied to ritual, e.g. kuru among the Fore in Papua New Guinea studying how staff attitudes affect health care delivery in a New York women's clinic
Which type of linguistics is defined as "the study of the ways in which culture shapes language and language shapes culture"?
sociolinguistics
There is evidence that a town's minority residents have less access to resources such as strong schools, libraries, and recreational centers than their majority counterparts. This is an example of:
stratification.
The varieties of ways humans have been making a living off the land and finding ways to feed, clothe, and house families and communities for millenia are called "human _________ strategies".
subsistence
Which of the following theoretical perspectives sees culture as a symbolic system of deep meaning?
the interpretivist approach
When did anthropology arise as a scientific discipline?
the mid-1800s
Anthropology is holistic -- how do anthropologists achieve this?
through the four-field approach
The suggestion that all cultures progress through a similar set of stages is no longer accepted in contemporary anthropology. This theory was known as:
unilineal cultural evolution.
A person expressing an ethnocentric perspective:
uses the norms in their own culture to judge the practices of people in other cultures
Arens argues that American "football's uniqueness and popularity" says something "essential about our culture". He explains that one thing that accounts for the widespread appeal of football is its _________________ .
violence
During fieldwork, conversational pauses or things unsaid by respondents can convey important meaning to the anthropologist. Which term is used in your chapter to describe these elements of a story that are not told or seen, or key details omitted from a conversation?
zeros
